Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.1177/14777606211042028
Alif Walong, B. Thongnuanchan, N. Uthaipan, T. Sakai, N. Lopattananon
Flame retardant rubber foams of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (NR)/layered silicate blends filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) were prepared by using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as a blowing agent. Specifically, SiO2 was added in EVA/NR blend nanocomposites to produce good flame retardant foams. The properties of EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams with different SiO2 loading (0, 20, 30, 40 parts per hundred rubber, phr) were investigated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological property test, mechanical property measurement, flammability tests, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC-MS). Compared with the simple EVA/NR blend nanocomposite, the added SiO2 increased the blend compatibility between EVA and NR phases and melt strength/viscosity of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposites, thus promoting cellular structure of the EVA/NR nanocomposite foams. Increasing SiO2 loading resulted in higher cell density, smaller cell size, and lower volume of void. These improvements caused higher strength and elastomeric recovery. The LOI test results showed that flame retardancy of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams increased at higher SiO2 loading as a result of formation of insulation silicon dioxide-based char. TGA and pyrolysis-GC-MS analyses also validated the finding that the silicon dioxide-based char in the foamed samples containing higher SiO2 loading was more effective on improving thermal stability, which was responsible for lower material combustibility and better flame retardancy. Based on our finding, it was concluded that a good flame retardant EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foam with the best improvement in strength and elastomeric recovery was achieved when combined with 40 phr SiO2.
{"title":"Enhancing cellular structure, mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardation of EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams by silicon dioxide-based flame retardant","authors":"Alif Walong, B. Thongnuanchan, N. Uthaipan, T. Sakai, N. Lopattananon","doi":"10.1177/14777606211042028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211042028","url":null,"abstract":"Flame retardant rubber foams of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (NR)/layered silicate blends filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) were prepared by using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as a blowing agent. Specifically, SiO2 was added in EVA/NR blend nanocomposites to produce good flame retardant foams. The properties of EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams with different SiO2 loading (0, 20, 30, 40 parts per hundred rubber, phr) were investigated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological property test, mechanical property measurement, flammability tests, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC-MS). Compared with the simple EVA/NR blend nanocomposite, the added SiO2 increased the blend compatibility between EVA and NR phases and melt strength/viscosity of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposites, thus promoting cellular structure of the EVA/NR nanocomposite foams. Increasing SiO2 loading resulted in higher cell density, smaller cell size, and lower volume of void. These improvements caused higher strength and elastomeric recovery. The LOI test results showed that flame retardancy of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams increased at higher SiO2 loading as a result of formation of insulation silicon dioxide-based char. TGA and pyrolysis-GC-MS analyses also validated the finding that the silicon dioxide-based char in the foamed samples containing higher SiO2 loading was more effective on improving thermal stability, which was responsible for lower material combustibility and better flame retardancy. Based on our finding, it was concluded that a good flame retardant EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foam with the best improvement in strength and elastomeric recovery was achieved when combined with 40 phr SiO2.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"70 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80408363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1177/14777606211038956
Roberto C Vázquez Fletes, Erick O Cisneros López, Pedro Ortega Gudiño, E. Mendizábal, Rubén González Núñez, D. Rodrigue
This study investigates the addition of ground tire rubber (GTR) into virgin polyamide 6 (PA6) to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends. In particular, a wide range of GTR concentration (0–100% wt.) was possible by using a simple dry blending technique of the materials in a powder form followed by compression molding. The molded samples were characterized in terms of morphological (scanning electron microscopy), physical (density and hardness) and mechanical (tension, flexion and impact) properties. The results showed a decrease in tensile and flexural moduli and strengths with GTR due to its elastomeric nature. However, significant increases were observed on the tensile elongation at break (up to 167%) and impact strength (up to 131%) compared to the neat PA6 matrix. Based on the results obtained, an optimum GTR content around 75% wt. was observed which represents a balance between high recycled rubber content and a sufficient amount of matrix to recover all the particles. These results represent a first step showing that a simple processing method can be used to produce low cost PA6/GTR compounds with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties.
{"title":"Ground tire rubber/polyamide 6 thermoplastic elastomers produced by dry blending and compression molding","authors":"Roberto C Vázquez Fletes, Erick O Cisneros López, Pedro Ortega Gudiño, E. Mendizábal, Rubén González Núñez, D. Rodrigue","doi":"10.1177/14777606211038956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211038956","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the addition of ground tire rubber (GTR) into virgin polyamide 6 (PA6) to produce thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) blends. In particular, a wide range of GTR concentration (0–100% wt.) was possible by using a simple dry blending technique of the materials in a powder form followed by compression molding. The molded samples were characterized in terms of morphological (scanning electron microscopy), physical (density and hardness) and mechanical (tension, flexion and impact) properties. The results showed a decrease in tensile and flexural moduli and strengths with GTR due to its elastomeric nature. However, significant increases were observed on the tensile elongation at break (up to 167%) and impact strength (up to 131%) compared to the neat PA6 matrix. Based on the results obtained, an optimum GTR content around 75% wt. was observed which represents a balance between high recycled rubber content and a sufficient amount of matrix to recover all the particles. These results represent a first step showing that a simple processing method can be used to produce low cost PA6/GTR compounds with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"38 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88958253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-12DOI: 10.1177/14777606211038957
N. S. Sri Aprilia, Abdul Khalil Hps, N. Olaiya, A. Amin, C. Abdullah, Suraiya Kamarazaman, Z. Zuhra, Khairul Rahmah, F. Fitriani, D. Gopakumar
PVA used in packaging applications has been faced with a UV light degradation challenge, which often reduces its durability while in use. The UV light stability enhancement effect of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) reinforcement in PVA was studied. Polyvinyl alcohol composite film was reinforced with NCC from palm oil waste (PVA-NCC film) and exposed to UV light (22 W, SUV-16 254 nm) for different time duration to study the material durability enhancement. The percentage weight loss of the samples was measured to observe the UV light degradation effect. Furthermore, the samples’ structural, morphological, and tensile properties were studied before and after exposure to UV light with FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile test. The results showed physical degradation, morphological and tensile properties enhancement of PVA with NCC’s addition. The addition of NCC to the PVA matrix reduced the degradation rate under UV light significantly. Also, the percentage of weight loss was observed to change with the exposure time to UV light.
{"title":"Ultraviolet light exposure degradation effect on the properties of nanocrystalline cellulose-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol composite film","authors":"N. S. Sri Aprilia, Abdul Khalil Hps, N. Olaiya, A. Amin, C. Abdullah, Suraiya Kamarazaman, Z. Zuhra, Khairul Rahmah, F. Fitriani, D. Gopakumar","doi":"10.1177/14777606211038957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211038957","url":null,"abstract":"PVA used in packaging applications has been faced with a UV light degradation challenge, which often reduces its durability while in use. The UV light stability enhancement effect of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) reinforcement in PVA was studied. Polyvinyl alcohol composite film was reinforced with NCC from palm oil waste (PVA-NCC film) and exposed to UV light (22 W, SUV-16 254 nm) for different time duration to study the material durability enhancement. The percentage weight loss of the samples was measured to observe the UV light degradation effect. Furthermore, the samples’ structural, morphological, and tensile properties were studied before and after exposure to UV light with FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile test. The results showed physical degradation, morphological and tensile properties enhancement of PVA with NCC’s addition. The addition of NCC to the PVA matrix reduced the degradation rate under UV light significantly. Also, the percentage of weight loss was observed to change with the exposure time to UV light.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"21 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86518820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1177/14777606211028982
V. Cherubini, F. Lamastra, M. Bragaglia, F. Nanni
This work focuses on the replacement of mineral oils with bio-based waste cooking oils in rubber compounding. Two different waste cooking oils from potatoes and chicken frying process were analyzed by means of chemical and rheological tests to evaluate the chemical composition, the oxidative stability and the viscosity. Waste oils have been introduced in elastomeric compounds as substitute for typical processing aids (i.e. lubricants). Cure kinetics of rubber compounds was studied by rheological characterization. Mechanical properties of vulcanized samples were determined by means of tensile tests, hardness tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. The waste oils showed a rheological behavior very similar to the mineral oils conventionally employed in rubber manufacturing leading to almost the same processability of the resulting compound. The waste oils did not significantly affect the vulcanization kinetics of the rubber compound, as expected for conventional lubricants. Waste cooking oils and mineral oil show analogous influence on mechanical properties of cured compounds. At increasing oil content, the elongation at break and the tensile strength increased whereas the values of Elastic Modulus at 100% strain, the Storage Modulus and Shore A Hardness decreased with respect to the oil-free sample. These results are very promising, confirming the possibility to replace the mineral oils, in a good practice of circular economy.
{"title":"Waste cooking oils as processing aids for eco-sustainable elastomeric compounding","authors":"V. Cherubini, F. Lamastra, M. Bragaglia, F. Nanni","doi":"10.1177/14777606211028982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211028982","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the replacement of mineral oils with bio-based waste cooking oils in rubber compounding. Two different waste cooking oils from potatoes and chicken frying process were analyzed by means of chemical and rheological tests to evaluate the chemical composition, the oxidative stability and the viscosity. Waste oils have been introduced in elastomeric compounds as substitute for typical processing aids (i.e. lubricants). Cure kinetics of rubber compounds was studied by rheological characterization. Mechanical properties of vulcanized samples were determined by means of tensile tests, hardness tests and dynamic mechanical analysis. The waste oils showed a rheological behavior very similar to the mineral oils conventionally employed in rubber manufacturing leading to almost the same processability of the resulting compound. The waste oils did not significantly affect the vulcanization kinetics of the rubber compound, as expected for conventional lubricants. Waste cooking oils and mineral oil show analogous influence on mechanical properties of cured compounds. At increasing oil content, the elongation at break and the tensile strength increased whereas the values of Elastic Modulus at 100% strain, the Storage Modulus and Shore A Hardness decreased with respect to the oil-free sample. These results are very promising, confirming the possibility to replace the mineral oils, in a good practice of circular economy.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"86 1","pages":"3 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77307624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019422
Xingshuo Zhang, Ruotao Feng, Zhaobo Wang
A simple, effective and inexpensive method was proposed to reuse ground tire rubber (GTR) powder by preparing a superhydrophobic surface via a molding process. The obtained superhydrophobic surface was based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) / ground tire rubber (GTR) thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) where the styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) was used as compatibilizer and series sandpapers were used as templates. The mechanical properties, hydrophobic properties, surface morphology and self-cleaning property were investigated systematically. The results showed that both of the mechanical properties and superhydrophobicity could be greatly improved with a certain amount of SBS. The superhydrophobic surface based on molded LDPE/SBS/GTR (weight ratio = 40/15/60) TPE exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity (with a contact angle of 164.6° ± 3.0° and a tilt angle of 4.4° ± 1.9°). Furthermore, abundant tearing microstructure could be found obviously by morphology observation. Optical images indicated the surface possessed of low adhesion force and self-cleaning property.
{"title":"Reusing ground tire rubber powder as thermoplastic elastomers with excellent superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning performance","authors":"Xingshuo Zhang, Ruotao Feng, Zhaobo Wang","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019422","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, effective and inexpensive method was proposed to reuse ground tire rubber (GTR) powder by preparing a superhydrophobic surface via a molding process. The obtained superhydrophobic surface was based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) / ground tire rubber (GTR) thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) where the styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) was used as compatibilizer and series sandpapers were used as templates. The mechanical properties, hydrophobic properties, surface morphology and self-cleaning property were investigated systematically. The results showed that both of the mechanical properties and superhydrophobicity could be greatly improved with a certain amount of SBS. The superhydrophobic surface based on molded LDPE/SBS/GTR (weight ratio = 40/15/60) TPE exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity (with a contact angle of 164.6° ± 3.0° and a tilt angle of 4.4° ± 1.9°). Furthermore, abundant tearing microstructure could be found obviously by morphology observation. Optical images indicated the surface possessed of low adhesion force and self-cleaning property.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"441 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83572654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019413
Peerzada Mosir Shah, M. S. Mir
The purpose of this study aims at investigating the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT’s) on the properties of low viscosity grade asphalt binder. Asphalt binder with viscosity grade-10 is selected as the control binder and later it is modified with different percentages of MWCNT’s (0.5–2.5%). Penetration, softening point, ductility and rotational viscosity test were employed for evaluating the effect of MWCNT’s on basic physical properties of modified asphalt binder. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) is used for evaluating the rheological properties of the base and modified bitumen, for both aged and unaged bitumen. Based on the conventional and basic rheological tests, it was seen that the addition of MWCNT’s improved the high-temperature performance of modified bitumen. Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test results revealed that the addition of MWCNT’s improved the creep and recovery of modified binders for both stress intensities (0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa) which confirms that the modified binder is more rut resistant. Moreover, it was observed that there was a significant improvement in the aging resistance of the asphalt binder due to addition of MWCNTs. However low temperature performance of MWCNTs was not encouraging. Also, MWCNTs addition to asphalt binder was found to be stable under high-temperature storage condition. Overall, there is a significant amount of improvement using MWCNTs in the base asphalt binder.
{"title":"Investigating the influence of carbon nanotube on the performance of asphalt binder","authors":"Peerzada Mosir Shah, M. S. Mir","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019413","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study aims at investigating the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT’s) on the properties of low viscosity grade asphalt binder. Asphalt binder with viscosity grade-10 is selected as the control binder and later it is modified with different percentages of MWCNT’s (0.5–2.5%). Penetration, softening point, ductility and rotational viscosity test were employed for evaluating the effect of MWCNT’s on basic physical properties of modified asphalt binder. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) is used for evaluating the rheological properties of the base and modified bitumen, for both aged and unaged bitumen. Based on the conventional and basic rheological tests, it was seen that the addition of MWCNT’s improved the high-temperature performance of modified bitumen. Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test results revealed that the addition of MWCNT’s improved the creep and recovery of modified binders for both stress intensities (0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa) which confirms that the modified binder is more rut resistant. Moreover, it was observed that there was a significant improvement in the aging resistance of the asphalt binder due to addition of MWCNTs. However low temperature performance of MWCNTs was not encouraging. Also, MWCNTs addition to asphalt binder was found to be stable under high-temperature storage condition. Overall, there is a significant amount of improvement using MWCNTs in the base asphalt binder.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"422 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87877044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019408
Kadir Özkaya, Taner Dizel, H. O. Imirzi
The amount of waste produced by people increases with the increasing population in the world. Especially non-recyclable wastes have become a major environmental problem. Waste tires that emerge as car demands of people increase are one of the non-recyclable wastes. In this study, the usage possibilities of powder rubbers obtained from waste car tires were examined in the production of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) boards, which are preferred as furniture and decoration material in the forest products industry. For this, three different tree species (Scotch Pine—Pinus silvestris L., Oriental Beech—Fagus orientalis L., Stinking Juniper—Juniperus foetidissima Wild.) and two different types of glue (UF and PVAc glues) were used. Waste tire rubbers (WTR) were mixed into the glue in different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%). Physical (full dry and equilibrium moisture density, contraction in the transversal and longitudinal direction) and mechanical tests (MoR, MoE, bonding resistance) were performed on the LVL samples prepared. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that the mixtures of 10% and 20% WTR increase the LVL resistance. An eco-friendly building material has been obtained by using WTR produced from waste car tires in production of LVL.
随着世界人口的增加，人们产生的废物量也在增加。特别是不可回收的垃圾已经成为一个重大的环境问题。废轮胎是随着人们对汽车需求的增加而出现的不可回收废弃物之一。在这项研究中，从废弃汽车轮胎中获得的粉末橡胶在生产复合单板木材(LVL)板中的使用可能性进行了研究，这种木材是林产品工业中首选的家具和装饰材料。为此，使用了三种不同的树种(苏格兰松-西洋松，东方山毛榉-东方fagus orientalis L.，臭杜松- foetidissima Wild.)和两种不同类型的胶水(UF和PVAc胶)。将废轮胎橡胶(WTR)按不同比例(0%、10%、20%、30%)掺入胶中。对所制备的LVL样品进行了物理(完全干燥和平衡水分密度，横向和纵向收缩)和力学测试(MoR, MoE，粘结阻力)。结果表明，10%和20% WTR的掺量均能提高LVL电阻。利用废旧汽车轮胎生产的WTR生产LVL，获得了一种环保型建筑材料。
{"title":"Study of effect of waste tire rubber which is a recycling material in production of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) boards","authors":"Kadir Özkaya, Taner Dizel, H. O. Imirzi","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019408","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of waste produced by people increases with the increasing population in the world. Especially non-recyclable wastes have become a major environmental problem. Waste tires that emerge as car demands of people increase are one of the non-recyclable wastes. In this study, the usage possibilities of powder rubbers obtained from waste car tires were examined in the production of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) boards, which are preferred as furniture and decoration material in the forest products industry. For this, three different tree species (Scotch Pine—Pinus silvestris L., Oriental Beech—Fagus orientalis L., Stinking Juniper—Juniperus foetidissima Wild.) and two different types of glue (UF and PVAc glues) were used. Waste tire rubbers (WTR) were mixed into the glue in different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%). Physical (full dry and equilibrium moisture density, contraction in the transversal and longitudinal direction) and mechanical tests (MoR, MoE, bonding resistance) were performed on the LVL samples prepared. According to the results obtained, it has been seen that the mixtures of 10% and 20% WTR increase the LVL resistance. An eco-friendly building material has been obtained by using WTR produced from waste car tires in production of LVL.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"412 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88885793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019404
M. Nunes, A. F. Farias, E. Medeiros, J. Oliveira, I. Santos, L. H. Carvalho, Amélia S F Santos
One way to optimize composite mechanical properties is through hybridization with small amounts of reinforcing fillers. Thus, this study investigates the effect of incorporation of 3 wt% of clay (BT) and organoclay (OBT) on the properties of a recycled wood plastic composite (WPC) based on HDPE and 20 wt% of coir fiber compounded with 5 wt% of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA), as coupling agent, and 5 wt% of Struktol TPW 113, as lubricating agent. Raw materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Coir fiber was characterized by optical microscopy and TGA. Wood plastic formulations (with clay and organoclay) were prepared in an internal mixer coupled to a torque rheometer operating at 190°C, 60 rpm for 10 min. Then, the mixtures were compression molded. Formulations were characterized by SEM, TGA, DSC, tensile and water absorption tests. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of organophilic clay. XRD showed an increment in the interplanar distance of the clay, after the incorporation of quaternary ammonium salt (distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, Praepagen® WB), confirming the organoclay formation. Organophilization decreases the clay hydrophilic character and reduces the water uptake of WPC-BT. Despite the fact that BT incorporation led to WPC nanocomposite with intercalated structure, this WPC-clay composition did not show a significant increase in tensile strength and elongation at break. The poor interfacial adhesion between the raw materials and the polymer matrix, the low aspect ratio provided by coir fibers and also, the partially intercalated structure of composites have contributed to this behavior.
{"title":"The effect of clay organophilization on wood plastic composite (WPC) based on recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) and coir fiber","authors":"M. Nunes, A. F. Farias, E. Medeiros, J. Oliveira, I. Santos, L. H. Carvalho, Amélia S F Santos","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019404","url":null,"abstract":"One way to optimize composite mechanical properties is through hybridization with small amounts of reinforcing fillers. Thus, this study investigates the effect of incorporation of 3 wt% of clay (BT) and organoclay (OBT) on the properties of a recycled wood plastic composite (WPC) based on HDPE and 20 wt% of coir fiber compounded with 5 wt% of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA), as coupling agent, and 5 wt% of Struktol TPW 113, as lubricating agent. Raw materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Coir fiber was characterized by optical microscopy and TGA. Wood plastic formulations (with clay and organoclay) were prepared in an internal mixer coupled to a torque rheometer operating at 190°C, 60 rpm for 10 min. Then, the mixtures were compression molded. Formulations were characterized by SEM, TGA, DSC, tensile and water absorption tests. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of organophilic clay. XRD showed an increment in the interplanar distance of the clay, after the incorporation of quaternary ammonium salt (distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, Praepagen® WB), confirming the organoclay formation. Organophilization decreases the clay hydrophilic character and reduces the water uptake of WPC-BT. Despite the fact that BT incorporation led to WPC nanocomposite with intercalated structure, this WPC-clay composition did not show a significant increase in tensile strength and elongation at break. The poor interfacial adhesion between the raw materials and the polymer matrix, the low aspect ratio provided by coir fibers and also, the partially intercalated structure of composites have contributed to this behavior.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"394 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79657996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019420
F. Cadena, M. Aldás, Alex Darío Aguilar, Allyson Inga, D. Cando
Plastic waste generated by the Ecuadorian agro-industrial sector represents one of the main environmental impacts, particularly in floricultural and banana production, as a result of its use as a greenhouse cover and as a protective element for the fruit cluster, respectively. The situation become more complicated because of the level of degradation caused by environmental exposure and the degree of contamination due to the use of agrochemicals that plastics present once their useful life has expired. The current research was divided into two stages: characterization of plastic waste and conditioning prior to reprocessing. The results revealed the plastic waste of the floricultural and banana sector, whose predominant material corresponds to LDPE and HDPE, respectively, presents a level of contamination that allows them to be considered as “non-hazardous” waste, which allows them to be recycled, but their processes must be properly controlled and carried out by qualified people. The level of degradation in the exposed banana bags showed losses of mechanical properties of tensile less than 50%, which means that the material is not degraded and it is feasible to recycle it directly. Additionally, the FTIR-ATR spectra on both sides of the film in the samples did not register representative bands of oxidation. On the other hand, in the greenhouse waste, the losses of mechanical properties of tensile strength above 50% as well as the noticeable formation of carbonyl groups in the structure of the material showed the degradation of the plastic. Therefore, the feasibility of recycling will depend on the incorporation of virgin material. The conditioning of the waste for subsequent recycling revealed the need of a washing process consisting of four stages: initial cleaning, pre-wash, washing, and air-drying.
{"title":"Technical possibilities for recycling plastics from agribusiness","authors":"F. Cadena, M. Aldás, Alex Darío Aguilar, Allyson Inga, D. Cando","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019420","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic waste generated by the Ecuadorian agro-industrial sector represents one of the main environmental impacts, particularly in floricultural and banana production, as a result of its use as a greenhouse cover and as a protective element for the fruit cluster, respectively. The situation become more complicated because of the level of degradation caused by environmental exposure and the degree of contamination due to the use of agrochemicals that plastics present once their useful life has expired. The current research was divided into two stages: characterization of plastic waste and conditioning prior to reprocessing. The results revealed the plastic waste of the floricultural and banana sector, whose predominant material corresponds to LDPE and HDPE, respectively, presents a level of contamination that allows them to be considered as “non-hazardous” waste, which allows them to be recycled, but their processes must be properly controlled and carried out by qualified people. The level of degradation in the exposed banana bags showed losses of mechanical properties of tensile less than 50%, which means that the material is not degraded and it is feasible to recycle it directly. Additionally, the FTIR-ATR spectra on both sides of the film in the samples did not register representative bands of oxidation. On the other hand, in the greenhouse waste, the losses of mechanical properties of tensile strength above 50% as well as the noticeable formation of carbonyl groups in the structure of the material showed the degradation of the plastic. Therefore, the feasibility of recycling will depend on the incorporation of virgin material. The conditioning of the waste for subsequent recycling revealed the need of a washing process consisting of four stages: initial cleaning, pre-wash, washing, and air-drying.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"378 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90665848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1177/14777606211019416
S. Kokul, S. Bhowmik
This investigation highlights effective technology to convert crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar panel waste to composite products. The main problem with recycling photovoltaic modules is to economically separate and extract the materials in the laminated structure. This investigation was attempted to recycle c-Si photovoltaic modules using an unconventional method in which the cumbersome process of separating the materials in the module is avoided altogether. The aluminium frame, outer glass and junction box are removed mechanically and the rest of the c-Si PV module waste is powdered and blended with recycled polypropylene (PP) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) each to make compression moulded tiles. A total of six compression moulded tiles were made. Three tiles from each base material blended in three blend ratios (0%, 10% and 20%) with the powdered PV module waste. The tensile strengths of the tiles were tested and compared. The results prove that tiles made with recycled PP as a base material show very low tensile strength. However, recycled tiles made by blending with LDPE show appreciable tensile strength of more than 8 MPa. These tiles may be used to make furniture.
{"title":"Recycling of crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar panel waste to modified composite products","authors":"S. Kokul, S. Bhowmik","doi":"10.1177/14777606211019416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606211019416","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation highlights effective technology to convert crystalline silicon photovoltaic solar panel waste to composite products. The main problem with recycling photovoltaic modules is to economically separate and extract the materials in the laminated structure. This investigation was attempted to recycle c-Si photovoltaic modules using an unconventional method in which the cumbersome process of separating the materials in the module is avoided altogether. The aluminium frame, outer glass and junction box are removed mechanically and the rest of the c-Si PV module waste is powdered and blended with recycled polypropylene (PP) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) each to make compression moulded tiles. A total of six compression moulded tiles were made. Three tiles from each base material blended in three blend ratios (0%, 10% and 20%) with the powdered PV module waste. The tensile strengths of the tiles were tested and compared. The results prove that tiles made with recycled PP as a base material show very low tensile strength. However, recycled tiles made by blending with LDPE show appreciable tensile strength of more than 8 MPa. These tiles may be used to make furniture.","PeriodicalId":20860,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Rubber Plastics and Recycling Technology","volume":"35 1","pages":"327 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81269608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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