It is expected that radiation damage in austenitic stainless steels caused by Au and Ag ions will result in a forward martensitic transformation (MT), which should be proportional to the induced radiation stresses and hence the fluence. However, contrary to this intuitive understanding, we find that up to a critical fluence, instead of showing a forward MT, cold-worked SS316 shows restoration of austenite through reverse MT. Our x-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetization measurements confirm these results. It is observed that despite a lower DPA in Au-damaged steel as compared to Ag, forward MT is observed only in the former case. With the help of ab-initio calculations, we have explained why reverse MT due to Au ions is more than the Ag ions till a critical fluence. Our studies show a strong interplay of irradiation stress and phase stabilizer in determining the direction of MT in SS316.
{"title":"Interplay of irradiation stress and phase stabilizer in determining the direction of martensitic transformation in SS316","authors":"Sarita Ahlawat , Nandini Garg , K.K. Pandey , Velaga Srihari , Debdulal Kabiraj , Manju Bala , Sonu Hooda , Niharendu Choudhury , Aniruddha Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is expected that radiation damage in austenitic stainless steels caused by Au and Ag ions will result in a forward martensitic transformation (MT), which should be proportional to the induced radiation stresses and hence the fluence. However, contrary to this intuitive understanding, we find that up to a critical fluence, instead of showing a forward MT, cold-worked SS316 shows restoration of austenite through reverse MT. Our x-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetization measurements confirm these results. It is observed that despite a lower DPA in Au-damaged steel as compared to Ag, forward MT is observed only in the former case. With the help of ab-initio calculations, we have explained why reverse MT due to Au ions is more than the Ag ions till a critical fluence. Our studies show a strong interplay of irradiation stress and phase stabilizer in determining the direction of MT in SS316.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112532
Mustafa Mohammad Rafiei , Alessandro Bartoloni , Sara Parsaei , Lidia Strigari
Today, estimating ionizing radiation doses through simulations using Monte Carlo codes is essential in many fields, particularly space radiobiology. Simulations are engaging because they are risk-free and significantly more cost-effective than experimental methods. Consequently, various codes have been developed to transport a broad spectrum of charged and uncharged particles across an extensive energy range from several keV to hundreds of TeV and beyond. These codes have diverse physical models, enabling users to select the most appropriate one for their simulations. Assessing the differences between these models is crucial for accurately estimating radiation doses. In this study, three different physical models from GEANT4 11.1.3 (FTFP_BERT, FTFP_INCLXX, and FTF_BIC) and the physical model of FLUKA 4–4.0 were evaluated to determine the depth dose distribution of protons (0.1 GeV–10 GeV) within the Snyder head phantom. The findings reveal that varying physical models yield different dose values. The paper thoroughly investigates the relative differences in the results obtained from FLUKA and GEANT4, expressed as percentages.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of proton depth dose distribution in the Snyder head phantom: FLUKA vs GEANT4 physics models","authors":"Mustafa Mohammad Rafiei , Alessandro Bartoloni , Sara Parsaei , Lidia Strigari","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Today, estimating ionizing radiation doses through simulations using Monte Carlo codes is essential in many fields, particularly space radiobiology. Simulations are engaging because they are risk-free and significantly more cost-effective than experimental methods. Consequently, various codes have been developed to transport a broad spectrum of charged and uncharged particles across an extensive energy range from several keV to hundreds of TeV and beyond. These codes have diverse physical models, enabling users to select the most appropriate one for their simulations. Assessing the differences between these models is crucial for accurately estimating radiation doses. In this study, three different physical models from GEANT4 11.1.3 (FTFP_BERT, FTFP_INCLXX, and FTF_BIC) and the physical model of FLUKA 4–4.0 were evaluated to determine the depth dose distribution of protons (0.1 GeV–10 GeV) within the Snyder head phantom. The findings reveal that varying physical models yield different dose values. The paper thoroughly investigates the relative differences in the results obtained from FLUKA and GEANT4, expressed as percentages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112532"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112535
Yucheng Zhou , Xiaoming Chen , Yijian Zhan , Zhiyao Xue , Jifeng Hu , Xiaohe Wang , Mintao Zhu , Deliang Li
Fourth-generation advanced reactor systems have extremely high safety and antinuclear radiation diffusion requirements. The material design of nuclear radiation shielding concrete in reactor construction is important. In this work, the thermal neutron shielding performance of serpentine concrete (SC) is examined for a thermal neutron reactor—the molten salt reactor project. The effects of thermal neutrons in different energy segments on the SC shielding are investigated using a photoneutron source (PNS) driven by a 15 MeV electron linear accelerator (LINAC) and Monte Carlo (MCNP) simulations. The results show that the difference between SC and normal concrete (NC) lies in its higher content of H, Fe and Mg; among these elements, the comprehensive cross sections of H and Fe are greater than those of the other main elements, and the thermal neutron shielding effect of SC is approximately 25% greater than that of NC. Due to the thermal neutron scattering (TNS) effect, the <0.01 eV thermal neutron transmission of concrete significantly increases, and the thermal neutron transmission difference of the low thickness concrete is significant and needs to be considered in engineering construction. This study provides support for the engineering construction of advanced reactors and is highly important for reducing the spread of nuclear radiation.
{"title":"Research on thermal neutron shielding effect of serpentine concrete (SC)","authors":"Yucheng Zhou , Xiaoming Chen , Yijian Zhan , Zhiyao Xue , Jifeng Hu , Xiaohe Wang , Mintao Zhu , Deliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fourth-generation advanced reactor systems have extremely high safety and antinuclear radiation diffusion requirements. The material design of nuclear radiation shielding concrete in reactor construction is important. In this work, the thermal neutron shielding performance of serpentine concrete (SC) is examined for a thermal neutron reactor—the molten salt reactor project. The effects of thermal neutrons in different energy segments on the SC shielding are investigated using a photoneutron source (PNS) driven by a 15 MeV electron linear accelerator (LINAC) and Monte Carlo (MCNP) simulations. The results show that the difference between SC and normal concrete (NC) lies in its higher content of H, Fe and Mg; among these elements, the comprehensive cross sections of H and Fe are greater than those of the other main elements, and the thermal neutron shielding effect of SC is approximately 25% greater than that of NC. Due to the thermal neutron scattering (TNS) effect, the <0.01 eV thermal neutron transmission of concrete significantly increases, and the thermal neutron transmission difference of the low thickness concrete is significant and needs to be considered in engineering construction. This study provides support for the engineering construction of advanced reactors and is highly important for reducing the spread of nuclear radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In MRI-based proton therapy, obtaining relative stopping power (RSP) maps from MRI involves converting MRI to CT, which introduces errors and uncertainties.
Purpose
We proposed a method based on deep learning to generate RSP values directly from MR images, eliminating the need for CT imaging. By bypassing the CT conversion step, our method improves the accuracy and efficiency of the RSP generation process.
Method
We implemented a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (cycleGAN) to learn the nonlinear mapping between MR images and corresponding reference RSP maps. A total of 1000 pairs of T1-weighted MRI images from 5 patients and their related RSP maps were used to train the network. We had MR-CT paired images available, and to create reference RSP maps, we utilized the Hounsfield Look-Up Table (HLUT) to relate each Hounsfield unit (HU) value in the CT image to its corresponding RSP value.
Results
The method was evaluated with 100 random slices of head images from 5 patients. Mean absolute error (MAE), normalized mean squared error (NMSE), mutual information (MI), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean error (ME) were used to quantify the differences between the generated and reference RSP maps. The predicted RSP maps showed an average MAE of 1.13%, average NMSE of 1.51%, average MI of 3.61, average RMSE of 1.37%, and ME of −0.95%.
Conclusion
The proposed method offers an alternative approach for deriving RSP values directly from MR images, potentially reducing costs compared to state-of-the-art approaches that rely on CT images. Our method bypasses the need for CT-based RSP calculation, providing a more streamlined and cost-effective solution.
{"title":"Direct creation of the relative stopping power maps from MRI images using a cycleGAN deep-learning network for proton therapy","authors":"Hamid Omidi , Reza Faghihi , Mohammadreza Parishan , Mohammad Hossein Sadeghi","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In MRI-based proton therapy, obtaining relative stopping power (RSP) maps from MRI involves converting MRI to CT, which introduces errors and uncertainties.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We proposed a method based on deep learning to generate RSP values directly from MR images, eliminating the need for CT imaging. By bypassing the CT conversion step, our method improves the accuracy and efficiency of the RSP generation process.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We implemented a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (cycleGAN) to learn the nonlinear mapping between MR images and corresponding reference RSP maps. A total of 1000 pairs of T1-weighted MRI images from 5 patients and their related RSP maps were used to train the network. We had MR-CT paired images available, and to create reference RSP maps, we utilized the Hounsfield Look-Up Table (HLUT) to relate each Hounsfield unit (HU) value in the CT image to its corresponding RSP value.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The method was evaluated with 100 random slices of head images from 5 patients. Mean absolute error (MAE), normalized mean squared error (NMSE), mutual information (MI), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean error (ME) were used to quantify the differences between the generated and reference RSP maps. The predicted RSP maps showed an average MAE of 1.13%, average NMSE of 1.51%, average MI of 3.61, average RMSE of 1.37%, and ME of −0.95%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The proposed method offers an alternative approach for deriving RSP values directly from MR images, potentially reducing costs compared to state-of-the-art approaches that rely on CT images. Our method bypasses the need for CT-based RSP calculation, providing a more streamlined and cost-effective solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to fabricate a flexible, lightweight and less toxic alternative to pure lead for shielding against ionizing radiation. Composite material based on room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber with different weight percentages of tungsten carbide, bismuth oxide and a smaller percentage of lead enrichment with Aramid fibre were fabricated. The mechanical parameters like tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and physical property like density were measured for the prepared composites. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed for visualisation and characterization of the prepared composite. Radiation attenuation parameters like determination of Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) & Mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) were carried out. Morphological and mechanical observations showed that the composition with 20% tungsten carbide: 60% Bismuth Oxide and 20% Lead showed superior mechanical properties as the concentration of Bismuth Oxide increased across the filler matrix. The sample prepared with 40 % tungsten carbide: 40% Bismuth Oxide and 20 % of Lead (TSN 3) exhibited good radiation shielding properties against the commonly used radioisotopes. Monte Carlo Neutron-Photon (MCNP) Simulation tools, are used to estimate the attenuation parameters, which are later experimentally determined using a radioactive source (Cesium-137) and Sodium Iodide detector for TSN-3 with the elemental composition.
{"title":"Fabrication of Kevlar based shielding material for attenuation of ionizing radiations","authors":"Shubham Ghag , Shivanand Bhushan , Sibi Oommen , Suhas Yeshwant Nayak , J.P. Jaideep , S.V. Suryanarayana , P.M. Prajapati , Sachin Shet , Subbaiah Kv , Paresh Prajapati","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to fabricate a flexible, lightweight and less toxic alternative to pure lead for shielding against ionizing radiation. Composite material based on room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber with different weight percentages of tungsten carbide, bismuth oxide and a smaller percentage of lead enrichment with Aramid fibre were fabricated. The mechanical parameters like tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and physical property like density were measured for the prepared composites. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed for visualisation and characterization of the prepared composite. Radiation attenuation parameters like determination of Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) & Mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) were carried out. Morphological and mechanical observations showed that the composition with 20% tungsten carbide: 60% Bismuth Oxide and 20% Lead showed superior mechanical properties as the concentration of Bismuth Oxide increased across the filler matrix. The sample prepared with 40 % tungsten carbide: 40% Bismuth Oxide and 20 % of Lead (TSN 3) exhibited good radiation shielding properties against the commonly used radioisotopes. Monte Carlo Neutron-Photon (MCNP) Simulation tools, are used to estimate the attenuation parameters, which are later experimentally determined using a radioactive source (Cesium-137) and Sodium Iodide detector for TSN-3 with the elemental composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112520
Chang-Shiun Lin , Yi-Chun Tsai , Chun-Wei Wang , Liang-Hsin Chen , Hsiang-Chin Lu , Tsung-Yu Lin , Chia-Jung Wu , Li-Chien Wei , Hsiang-Kung Liang , Sung-Hsin Kuo
{"title":"A method to obtain optimal relative electron densities of metallic samples for a density scaling-based commercial photon dose calculation algorithm","authors":"Chang-Shiun Lin , Yi-Chun Tsai , Chun-Wei Wang , Liang-Hsin Chen , Hsiang-Chin Lu , Tsung-Yu Lin , Chia-Jung Wu , Li-Chien Wei , Hsiang-Kung Liang , Sung-Hsin Kuo","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112533
Andrea Labouriau, Loren Espada-Castillo, John R. Stockdale, Adam Pacheco, Shelbie A. Legett, Steve Simmonds, Clinton Shonrock, Santosh Adhikari
This study examines the stability of thermoplastics when submitted to high neutron and electron beam fluxes. Two thermoplastics were investigated, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) containing up to 40 wt % isotopically enriched boron-10, and 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) containing 60 wt % tungsten. FT-IR of exposed borated-UHMWPE showed small changes to its chemical structure due to oxidative degradation. Whereas thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that about 15 wt% of tungsten was removed from the surface of 3D printed W-ABS that was directly facing the electron beam. This effect is due to the rapid energy deposition on the metal causing ablation. This study demonstrates that these two thermoplastics are not only useful in multiple industrial applications, but are also fairly resilient to extreme radiation environments.
{"title":"Chemical and thermal stability of thermoplastics in fast and mixed irradiation extremes","authors":"Andrea Labouriau, Loren Espada-Castillo, John R. Stockdale, Adam Pacheco, Shelbie A. Legett, Steve Simmonds, Clinton Shonrock, Santosh Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the stability of thermoplastics when submitted to high neutron and electron beam fluxes. Two thermoplastics were investigated, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) containing up to 40 wt % isotopically enriched boron-10, and 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) containing 60 wt % tungsten. FT-IR of exposed borated-UHMWPE showed small changes to its chemical structure due to oxidative degradation. Whereas thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that about 15 wt% of tungsten was removed from the surface of 3D printed W-ABS that was directly facing the electron beam. This effect is due to the rapid energy deposition on the metal causing ablation. This study demonstrates that these two thermoplastics are not only useful in multiple industrial applications, but are also fairly resilient to extreme radiation environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112534
E.S. Fathy , Heba A. Raslan , H. Radi , Magdy A. Ali , Khaled F. El-Nemr
In the present work, at room temperature via a mechanical rotary mill, various composites based on Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) have been prepared. As a comparative behavior in both types of rubber, different types of composites were fabricated based on different ratios of silica (S) and lignin (L). After that, all composites were subjected to gamma radiation at different doses to study the effect of ionizing radiation on the prepared composites. The anisotropy comparisons were performed for fabricated composites derived from NBR and HNBR. The prepared composites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical parameters, swelling in brake oil, and mechanical properties after immersion in oil. In general, the presence of silica and lignin in the rubber matrix improved the properties of the composites and revealed anisotropy behavior towards the two kinds of rubber. Significances moreover show that when 10 phr of silica is substituted by lignin, the mass loss temperatures for composites are decreased because lignin has a lower thermal degradation temperature than silica filler. Furthermore, the mechanical properties after brake oil immersion reveal that HNBR is more oil-resistant than NBR. Also, the studied parameters insured a strong coordination interaction occurred between Zn2+ of ZnCl2 particles and CN groups of NBR or HNBR matrix during heat pressing, which resulting in an enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties.
{"title":"The influence of gamma radiation on the mechanical performance, anisotropy, and oil resistance of NBR and HNBR composites reinforced with silica and lignin fillers","authors":"E.S. Fathy , Heba A. Raslan , H. Radi , Magdy A. Ali , Khaled F. El-Nemr","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work, at room temperature via a mechanical rotary mill, various composites based on Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) have been prepared. As a comparative behavior in both types of rubber, different types of composites were fabricated based on different ratios of silica (S) and lignin (L). After that, all composites were subjected to gamma radiation at different doses to study the effect of ionizing radiation on the prepared composites. The anisotropy comparisons were performed for fabricated composites derived from NBR and HNBR. The prepared composites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical parameters, swelling in brake oil, and mechanical properties after immersion in oil. In general, the presence of silica and lignin in the rubber matrix improved the properties of the composites and revealed anisotropy behavior towards the two kinds of rubber. Significances moreover show that when 10 phr of silica is substituted by lignin, the mass loss temperatures for composites are decreased because lignin has a lower thermal degradation temperature than silica filler. Furthermore, the mechanical properties after brake oil immersion reveal that HNBR is more oil-resistant than NBR. Also, the studied parameters insured a strong coordination interaction occurred between Zn<sup>2+</sup> of ZnCl<sub>2</sub> particles and CN groups of NBR or HNBR matrix during heat pressing, which resulting in an enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112534"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112536
Shu-Xin Zeng , Rui Shi , Guang Yang , Xiong Zeng , Zhou Wang , Xian-Guo Tuo
Rapid full-spectrum analysis of gamma-ray spectra is crucial for public radiation safety. Existing analytical algorithms face challenges in low-count, low-resolution, and overlapping gamma spectra. To address these issues, an improved Attention-Unet neural network method for full-spectrum gamma-ray analysis is proposed, aiming to establish a mapping relationship between the gamma-ray spectra and incident spectra based on the principles of gamma-ray spectra formation, for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results indicate that, with a gamma-ray branching ratio threshold of 10 %, the Attention-Unet model achieves an accuracy of over 95 % in peak position detection for more than 80 % of the characteristic peaks in the incident spectra output. For correctly identified characteristic peaks, the positive relative error in peak counts is less than 5 %, and the negative relative error is below 10 %. In addition, the model achieves an accuracy of over 97 % in separating overlapping peaks between 276.40 keV, 279.54 keV, 284.31 keV, 356.01 keV, and 364.49 keV, with the maximum separation error in peak counts being 16 %. The model demonstrates a certain degree of generalization and anti-interference capability when applied to characteristic peak mixed spectra and drift spectra that have not been encountered during training. Finally, the ablation experiments of Attention-Unet demonstrated the effectiveness of the Attention improvement. The Attention-Unet approach simplifies the spectral analysis process, providing a technical foundation and research perspective for the application of deep learning methods in spectrum analysis.
{"title":"Attention-Unet based gamma-ray full spectrum qualitative and quantitative analysis method","authors":"Shu-Xin Zeng , Rui Shi , Guang Yang , Xiong Zeng , Zhou Wang , Xian-Guo Tuo","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid full-spectrum analysis of gamma-ray spectra is crucial for public radiation safety. Existing analytical algorithms face challenges in low-count, low-resolution, and overlapping gamma spectra. To address these issues, an improved Attention-Unet neural network method for full-spectrum gamma-ray analysis is proposed, aiming to establish a mapping relationship between the gamma-ray spectra and incident spectra based on the principles of gamma-ray spectra formation, for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results indicate that, with a gamma-ray branching ratio threshold of 10 %, the Attention-Unet model achieves an accuracy of over 95 % in peak position detection for more than 80 % of the characteristic peaks in the incident spectra output. For correctly identified characteristic peaks, the positive relative error in peak counts is less than 5 %, and the negative relative error is below 10 %. In addition, the model achieves an accuracy of over 97 % in separating overlapping peaks between 276.40 keV, 279.54 keV, 284.31 keV, 356.01 keV, and 364.49 keV, with the maximum separation error in peak counts being 16 %. The model demonstrates a certain degree of generalization and anti-interference capability when applied to characteristic peak mixed spectra and drift spectra that have not been encountered during training. Finally, the ablation experiments of Attention-Unet demonstrated the effectiveness of the Attention improvement. The Attention-Unet approach simplifies the spectral analysis process, providing a technical foundation and research perspective for the application of deep learning methods in spectrum analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.112502
Meenu Pandey, Bobby Antony
The understanding of electron interaction with molecular targets in deposition techniques such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PA-CVD) and focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is important for advancement in these fields. So, in this research work, we have computed the integral scattering cross section due to electron collision for a few important molecular targets such as , , and , which are used in these techniques as halide precursors for deposition. We have employed spherical complex optical potential (SCOP) and complex scattering potential-ionization contribution (CSP-ic) formalisms to calculate integral elastic, total, momentum transfer, and ionization cross sections in the energy range from ionization energy up to 5 . We have also compared the computed results with the available data in the literature. Based on our information, this is the first effort to theoretically work out cross-sectional data for and precursor molecules.
{"title":"Computation of electron interaction with halide precursors","authors":"Meenu Pandey, Bobby Antony","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.112502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.112502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The understanding of electron interaction with molecular targets in deposition techniques such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PA-CVD) and focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is important for advancement in these fields. So, in this research work, we have computed the integral scattering cross section due to electron collision for a few important molecular targets such as <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>TiCl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SnCl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SnCl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>SiH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Cl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, which are used in these techniques as halide precursors for deposition. We have employed spherical complex optical potential (SCOP) and complex scattering potential-ionization contribution (CSP-ic) formalisms to calculate integral elastic, total, momentum transfer, and ionization cross sections in the energy range from ionization energy up to 5 <span><math><mi>keV</mi></math></span>. We have also compared the computed results with the available data in the literature. Based on our information, this is the first effort to theoretically work out cross-sectional data for <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SnCl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>SiH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Cl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> precursor molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 112502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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