Psychiatria polska最新文献

Objectives: Tattooing as a permanent way of modifying the body is most likely to be closely related to the way the bodily self is experienced. Previous research in tattooed people has mainly addressed their self-esteem and sense of uniqueness. In contrast, the elaboration of bodily experiences in the form of mental representations: body image, body schema and sense of body have rarely been addressed. To date, the psychological functions of tattooing and the associated psychological mechanisms underlying the acts of tattooing have also not been explored. The research presented here is an attempt to fill this lack. Their main aim was to explore the associations of the psychological functions of tattooing with psychological representations of the body and self-esteem in women in emerging adulthood.

Methods: The following methods were used in the study: (1) The Tattoo Psychological Function Questionnaire, (2) The Battery of Tests of The Body Psychological Representations BT-BSR and (3) Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (SES).

Results: Depending on the arrangement of the psychological functions of tattooing, the subjects differed in terms of psychological representations of the body and self-esteem. Women in whom the domina nt function of the tattoo was the expression of emotions were characterised by weaker mental representations of the body (body image, body schema and sense of body), as well as a lower level of self-esteem compared to women in whom the dominant function of the tattoos was self-creation.

Conclusions: The present study shows that among women with tattoos there are significant differences in the way the body is experienced as expressed in mental representations of the body. The pattern of mental functions of tattoos in which expression of emotion dominates over self-creation remains significantly related to weaker body image, body schema and sense of body, as well as to lower levels of self-esteem.

Objectives: To assess the potential increased risk of eating disorders among women during the first year after childbirth.

Methods: In this study involving 288 women between the ages of 21 and 45, the SCOFF questionnaire was used. This tool was used to evaluate and analyse the collected responses, using a predetermined dataset. After data collection, in-depth statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13.3 software. Analytical techniques included the χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis rank ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test.

Results: The results were considered statistically significant at a threshold of p ≤ 0.05. The results underscore that most women have concerns about their postpartum weight. The infant feeding method showed a clear correlation with satisfaction with current body weight. Women who chose to breastfeed were more likely to report satisfaction with their body weight. Interestingly, about 50% of female respondents showed a predisposition to developing an eating disorder.

Conclusions: This propensity appears to depend on variables such as the chosen method of feeding the baby, weight satisfaction and body mass index (BMI). To ensure the well-being of both mothers and infants, a comprehensive study of eating disorders in the perinatal phase is necessary. There is therefore an urgent need for educational initiatives that include mental well-being and nutritional knowledge, targeting pregnant and postpartum women.

No summary.

Up to 40% of patients with depression do not respond to first-line treatment and among those who do respond, only about half achieve remission. For this reason, guidelines for treating depression mainly focus on how to proceed in cases of treatment failure or only partial response. The aim of this review paper is to present studies evaluating the effectiveness of vortioxetine in treatment of patients with depression following treatment failure with an SSRI/SNRI drug. Vortioxetine is an effective antidepressant that, after treatment failure with an SSRI/SNRI drug, allows 32-55% of patients to achieve remission. However, the assessed dosing regimen of vortioxetine deviated from that used in the initial therapy of depression, i.e. by the second week (8th day) of therapy the dose was increased to the maximum - 20 mg/day and the period for treatment effectiveness assessment was 8-12 weeks. This dosing regimen more closely resembles the pharmacological approach utilised in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder rather than depression. The administration of a high dose of vortioxetine did not negatively impact the tolerability of the treatment, even among patient groups at high risk of adverse events (elderly patients, co-existence of anxiety). The most common adverse effect was nausea; however, it was not observed that rapid dose escalation intensified this effect. This is most likely attributable to the receptor profile of vortioxetine.

In terms of object relations theory, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a structural abnormality of identity, conflicting representations of self and others, and disorganization of attachment - a construct rooted in an individual's early experiences and central to the relationships established later in life. A special role in the formation of attachment style is attributed to the relationship with the caregiver and to difficult experiences or traumas from early developmental stages. These experiences not only provide the psychological basis for the development of an insecure attachment style, but also leave a biological mark in the body in the form of epigenetic modifications. Although research on epigenetic modifications in BPD is scarce, a growing body of evidence supports the importance of oxytocin - the "social peptide" underlying attachment - in the etiology of BPD. We believe that the study of epigenetic modifications that affect the action of oxytocin in the BPD clinical population will provide a better understanding of the basis and process of development of the disorder, as well as provide a therapeutic direction to work effectively in the major areas of BPD.

COVID-19 is a systemic disease. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there have been increasing reports of neuropsychiatric complications of the infection. The excessive inflammatory response during the infection induces changes in neurotransmission, which can result in nonspecific manifestations of affective and psychotic disorders, among other symptoms. We present descriptions of two cases involving previously untreated psychiatric patients, in whom the first-episode psychosis occurred immediately after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The commonality between both cases, besides the preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection, was the nonspecific and highly variable course of the psychotic disorder episode. This led to numerous diagnostic challenges and the necessity to change the diagnosis during treatment for both patients. In the case of a 58-year-old woman, persistent delusional disorders were initially diagnosed, followed by organic affective disorders. However, the evolution of symptoms ultimately led to the diagnosis of severe psychotic depression. In the case of a 68-year-old man, initially diagnosed psychotic depression turned out to be a first-episode of late-onset schizophrenia. Due to significant symptom exacerbation and evident treatment resistance, electroconvulsive therapy was implemented, resulting in complete symptomatic and functional remission. The first-episode psychosis post-COVID-19 is a newly emerging complication of infection, increasingly reported but still poorly defined and described in the literature. It appears to exhibit significant differences from previously encountered disease entities. The described cases underscore the ongoing need to consider a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a precipitating factor for first-episode psychoses, as it can impact both the course of the illness and diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

No summary.

The authors present a subjective review of recent research on the use of selected techniques influencing the state of the autonomic nervous system, based on the Western tradition, i.e. autogenic training by Johannes Heinrich Schultz and progressive muscle relaxation by Edmund Jacobson. The basic assumptions of both methods are discussed, taking into account the modifications that have occurred since their creation, pointing to their consequences and the necessity of taking them into account in research. The importance of including as accurate descriptions of the used interventions as possible in publications was also pointed out. The current subjective review focuses on studies of adults from clinical populations, suffering from mental disorders. Selected studies from the period 2020-2023 (July 30, 2023) and earlier ones, including literature reviews, listed in the PubMed database were included. The most important results and conclusions of the authors of previous research and reviews were discussed, including pointing out the numerous modifications of the discussed techniques, which make it difficult to compare the results, and the need for further, better quality research. The results of this subjective review allow us to agree with previous suggestions of the potential usefulness of autogenic training and progressive muscle relaxation as additional techniques in the treatment of mental health disorders.

This review aims to summarise the current knowledge on structural brain changes among people diagnosed with gaming disorder and the resulting clinical implications. The review will show the theoretical psychological and neurobiological models of computer gaming disorder in conjunction with the results of structural neuroimaging studies. Previous epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of gaming disorder in the population may reach approx. 2%. Researchers indicate that the aetiopathogenesis of computer game use disorder is complex and includes psychological, social, as well as neurological and hormonal factors. From the perspective of psychological research exploring gaming disorder, it can be concluded that a person has certain specific psychopathological features and/or symptoms, which, through mediating factors, such as the inability to cope with stress or negative emotions, influence the formation of the symptoms of the disorder. In the context of the neurobiology of behavioural addictions, researchers point to disorders in the mesocorticolimbic reward system, which is influenced by dysfunctional neuronal mechanisms of emotion and stress regulation. When describing structural changes in the brain, researchers most often report differences in the volume of grey matter, which include areas of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporooccipital cortex, superior and posterior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, insular cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia.