Pub Date : 1995-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526128
P. Seppälä
Experiences on computerization in different occupational groups, such as department heads, lawyers, architects, clerical workers, and draftspersons were studied by distributing a questionnaire in a large, municipal organization. The results presented in this article are based on the responses of 566 employees. The attitude toward computerization was positive, and the majority expected further developments in information technology to affect their future positively. The anticipated benefits of computerization were more interesting job contents and increased effectiveness in performing tasks. On the other hand, many respondents felt that computers had also made their work more difficult. Furthermore, it was felt that the capability to use various application software was deficient, and further training was required in all groups. Draftspersons, architects, and the administrative management required the most training. The main reasons for computer‐related stress were defects and failures in computer systems,...
{"title":"Experiences on computerization in different occupational groups","authors":"P. Seppälä","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526128","url":null,"abstract":"Experiences on computerization in different occupational groups, such as department heads, lawyers, architects, clerical workers, and draftspersons were studied by distributing a questionnaire in a large, municipal organization. The results presented in this article are based on the responses of 566 employees. The attitude toward computerization was positive, and the majority expected further developments in information technology to affect their future positively. The anticipated benefits of computerization were more interesting job contents and increased effectiveness in performing tasks. On the other hand, many respondents felt that computers had also made their work more difficult. Furthermore, it was felt that the capability to use various application software was deficient, and further training was required in all groups. Draftspersons, architects, and the administrative management required the most training. The main reasons for computer‐related stress were defects and failures in computer systems,...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"12 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130668281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526124
C. Ntuen, E. Park, A. A. Setty, Michael S. Kim
A mining environment is one of the most complex and unstructured in the manufacturing industry. In order to minimize the problems associated with these characteristics, recent strategies in mining operation are to automate the task performance and to design mining machines that are “intelligent.” These strategies, among other things, will require that the human operators and the machine interact and collaborate to perform tasks in a symbiotic manner. To achieve this, a prototype dialogue‐based interaction platform has been developed. The platform known as OASIP is a knowledge‐based system driven by the operator‐planned actions and behaviors known as intentions. OASIP is an adaptive system which exploits several sources of environmental knowledge from built‐in blackboard cells.
{"title":"A dialogue-based (natural language) platform for human interaction with an intelligent mining machine","authors":"C. Ntuen, E. Park, A. A. Setty, Michael S. Kim","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526124","url":null,"abstract":"A mining environment is one of the most complex and unstructured in the manufacturing industry. In order to minimize the problems associated with these characteristics, recent strategies in mining operation are to automate the task performance and to design mining machines that are “intelligent.” These strategies, among other things, will require that the human operators and the machine interact and collaborate to perform tasks in a symbiotic manner. To achieve this, a prototype dialogue‐based interaction platform has been developed. The platform known as OASIP is a knowledge‐based system driven by the operator‐planned actions and behaviors known as intentions. OASIP is an adaptive system which exploits several sources of environmental knowledge from built‐in blackboard cells.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132104878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526125
Joachim Meyer, Yuval Bitan, D. Shinar
Two experiments assessed the effect of displaying a boundary on duration estimates and preference ratings for dynamic displays that were shown while users waited for the system's response. Displays were either symbolic (changing numbers) or graphic (increasing rectangles) and could contain a boundary that indicated when the interval was expected to be over. Duration estimates were similar for symbolic and graphic displays and for displays with and without a boundary. However, when the displays were encountered successively, participants assessed the graphic displays as having shorter durations than the symbolic displays. Faster rates of change in both types of displays led to increased duration estimates. Although displaying a boundary did not affect duration estimates, participants preferred displays in which a boundary was shown and preferred the graphic displays over the symbolic displays. Hence, bounded graphic displays are recommended as “wait” displays for computerized applications.
{"title":"Displaying a boundary in graphic and symbolic \"wait\" displays: Duration estimates and users' preferences","authors":"Joachim Meyer, Yuval Bitan, D. Shinar","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526125","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments assessed the effect of displaying a boundary on duration estimates and preference ratings for dynamic displays that were shown while users waited for the system's response. Displays were either symbolic (changing numbers) or graphic (increasing rectangles) and could contain a boundary that indicated when the interval was expected to be over. Duration estimates were similar for symbolic and graphic displays and for displays with and without a boundary. However, when the displays were encountered successively, participants assessed the graphic displays as having shorter durations than the symbolic displays. Faster rates of change in both types of displays led to increased duration estimates. Although displaying a boundary did not affect duration estimates, participants preferred displays in which a boundary was shown and preferred the graphic displays over the symbolic displays. Hence, bounded graphic displays are recommended as “wait” displays for computerized applications.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133337536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526121
Jerzy Grobelny, W. Karwowski, J. Zurada
The main objective of this study was to develop a modeling framework which would unify different aspects of computer screen design and result in a quantitative criterion for an optimized computer screen format. The fuzzy set‐based linguistic design patterns were utilized as a tool to build this model. The linguistic patterns are based on categories of expressions related closely to natural language and truth values, which are close to a human designer's intuition. The proposed framework is capable of assessing the quality of computer screen design based on existing knowledge in human‐computer interface domain using the fuzzy‐based linguistic pattern approach. Exemplary patterns for an optimal screen density, information grouping, and some aspects of screen layout are presented, along with a sequence of calculations based on the exemplary screen format. This study showed that it is possible to achieve a rational and relatively easy to interpret assessment of different screen designs in the form of the degr...
{"title":"Applications of fuzzy-based linguistic patterns for the assessment of computer screen design quality","authors":"Jerzy Grobelny, W. Karwowski, J. Zurada","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526121","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study was to develop a modeling framework which would unify different aspects of computer screen design and result in a quantitative criterion for an optimized computer screen format. The fuzzy set‐based linguistic design patterns were utilized as a tool to build this model. The linguistic patterns are based on categories of expressions related closely to natural language and truth values, which are close to a human designer's intuition. The proposed framework is capable of assessing the quality of computer screen design based on existing knowledge in human‐computer interface domain using the fuzzy‐based linguistic pattern approach. Exemplary patterns for an optimal screen density, information grouping, and some aspects of screen layout are presented, along with a sequence of calculations based on the exemplary screen format. This study showed that it is possible to achieve a rational and relatively easy to interpret assessment of different screen designs in the form of the degr...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116020313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526123
B. Caldwell, P. V. Paradkar
This article addresses nontechnology factors influencing the acceptance of system performance in an electronic voice messaging (“voice mail”) system. Over 1,000 state government and university employees in a midwestern U.S. state responded to a survey evaluating voice mail systems previously installed in employees’ phone systems. Situational constraints of message urgency, message content, and sender‐receiver distance were examined. These constraints, as well as two measures of user experience, were studied to determine relationships between task or situational factors and user acceptance (tolerance) for message transmission delay. Results of the study demonstrated significant main effects of all three situation factors, as well as two situation interaction effects, on delay tolerance. User experience as measured by frequency of use, but not length of system availability, was also significantly related to tolerance for message transmission delay. This article discusses these results in the context of user...
{"title":"Factors affecting user tolerance for voice mail message transmission delays","authors":"B. Caldwell, P. V. Paradkar","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526123","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses nontechnology factors influencing the acceptance of system performance in an electronic voice messaging (“voice mail”) system. Over 1,000 state government and university employees in a midwestern U.S. state responded to a survey evaluating voice mail systems previously installed in employees’ phone systems. Situational constraints of message urgency, message content, and sender‐receiver distance were examined. These constraints, as well as two measures of user experience, were studied to determine relationships between task or situational factors and user acceptance (tolerance) for message transmission delay. Results of the study demonstrated significant main effects of all three situation factors, as well as two situation interaction effects, on delay tolerance. User experience as measured by frequency of use, but not length of system availability, was also significantly related to tolerance for message transmission delay. This article discusses these results in the context of user...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124879600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526122
K. Mahach, D. Boehm-Davis, R. Holt
The effects of two different computer user interfaces on the process of writing are examined. English composition students (matched on computer experience) used a computer and keyboard (either with function keys or with a mouse) to write essays during their English classes. Essays generated using either a mouse or command‐driven interface were compared across different stages of writing. The impact of using a mouse versus command‐driven interface is described by analyzing the differences in the process used to create the essays and the quality of the essays produced by each group. Results indicate that students who used the command‐driven interface scored better on organization of the paper, creativity, number of supporting arguments, grammar/spelling, and letter grade than did their mouse counterparts, as perceived by graders. However, there were no significant differences between the two interface conditions on any grammatical indices.
{"title":"The effects of mice and pull-down menus versus command-driven interfaces on writing","authors":"K. Mahach, D. Boehm-Davis, R. Holt","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526122","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of two different computer user interfaces on the process of writing are examined. English composition students (matched on computer experience) used a computer and keyboard (either with function keys or with a mouse) to write essays during their English classes. Essays generated using either a mouse or command‐driven interface were compared across different stages of writing. The impact of using a mouse versus command‐driven interface is described by analyzing the differences in the process used to create the essays and the quality of the essays produced by each group. Results indicate that students who used the command‐driven interface scored better on organization of the paper, creativity, number of supporting arguments, grammar/spelling, and letter grade than did their mouse counterparts, as perceived by graders. However, there were no significant differences between the two interface conditions on any grammatical indices.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126657810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526114
Christian Bastien, D. Scapin
The usefulness of a set of ergonomic criteria for the evaluation of user interfaces was assessed using a mixed two‐factors experimental design. Two groups of usability specialists (control, criteria) were asked to evaluate the interface of a musical database management system in two phases. In the first phase of the experiment, all the participants relied solely on their expertise; in the second phase they were instructed to evaluate the management system again but this time through the replay of their previous exploration: Participants in the criteria group used a set of ergonomic criteria whereas the participants in the control group did not. In the first phase, the two groups did not differ in terms of: (a) the number of usability problems detected, and (b) the proportions of usability problems uncovered as well as the proportion of usability problems found in common, with respect to the number of single evaluations (one by participant) that were computed into combined evaluations (i.e., aggregates). I...
{"title":"Evaluating a user interface with ergonomic criteria","authors":"Christian Bastien, D. Scapin","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526114","url":null,"abstract":"The usefulness of a set of ergonomic criteria for the evaluation of user interfaces was assessed using a mixed two‐factors experimental design. Two groups of usability specialists (control, criteria) were asked to evaluate the interface of a musical database management system in two phases. In the first phase of the experiment, all the participants relied solely on their expertise; in the second phase they were instructed to evaluate the management system again but this time through the replay of their previous exploration: Participants in the criteria group used a set of ergonomic criteria whereas the participants in the control group did not. In the first phase, the two groups did not differ in terms of: (a) the number of usability problems detected, and (b) the proportions of usability problems uncovered as well as the proportion of usability problems found in common, with respect to the number of single evaluations (one by participant) that were computed into combined evaluations (i.e., aggregates). I...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121554823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526118
Bernadette Szajna, J. Mackay
A model was developed that incorporates several potential predictors of computer‐user learning performance in a software training situation. The predictors in the model are: computer anxiety, computing aptitude, computing experience, and prior general achievement. The results show that computing aptitude and achievement are related to learning performance, whereas anxiety and experience are not. Several demographic traits of the subjects were also considered but no significant differences were found. Suggestions for future research include the evaluation of other potential predictors of computer‐user learning performance and the assessment of different types of training programs to deal with differing levels of computing aptitude.
{"title":"Predictors of learning performance in a computer-user training environment: A path-analytic study","authors":"Bernadette Szajna, J. Mackay","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526118","url":null,"abstract":"A model was developed that incorporates several potential predictors of computer‐user learning performance in a software training situation. The predictors in the model are: computer anxiety, computing aptitude, computing experience, and prior general achievement. The results show that computing aptitude and achievement are related to learning performance, whereas anxiety and experience are not. Several demographic traits of the subjects were also considered but no significant differences were found. Suggestions for future research include the evaluation of other potential predictors of computer‐user learning performance and the assessment of different types of training programs to deal with differing levels of computing aptitude.","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130279177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526115
S. Kishino, Y. Hayashi
A time estimation method for manual code entry is proposed. It estimates the reasonable time required for the students to key in their own code written in Pascal programming language. Actual time needed to key in varies depending on their knowledge, but this method does not estimate an individual student's manual entry time. For example, reasonable time means that 75% of the students finish their work within it. We are not interested in knowing every student's manual entry time. The features of our estimation process are as follows: First, the short parts of the Pascal code named reading units (RUs) were defined. It was assumed that all students read a code and type keys with every reading unit (RU). RUs were fixed for all students. Second, Method Time Measurement (MTM) was adopted to determine the time required for the basic elemental motions of manual entry operation. MTM is one of the Predetermined Time Standard (PTS) methods and is usually applied to the field of industrial work studies. Third, only s...
{"title":"A method for estimating code key-in times of college students","authors":"S. Kishino, Y. Hayashi","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526115","url":null,"abstract":"A time estimation method for manual code entry is proposed. It estimates the reasonable time required for the students to key in their own code written in Pascal programming language. Actual time needed to key in varies depending on their knowledge, but this method does not estimate an individual student's manual entry time. For example, reasonable time means that 75% of the students finish their work within it. We are not interested in knowing every student's manual entry time. The features of our estimation process are as follows: First, the short parts of the Pascal code named reading units (RUs) were defined. It was assumed that all students read a code and type keys with every reading unit (RU). RUs were fixed for all students. Second, Method Time Measurement (MTM) was adopted to determine the time required for the basic elemental motions of manual entry operation. MTM is one of the Predetermined Time Standard (PTS) methods and is usually applied to the field of industrial work studies. Third, only s...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126212753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-01DOI: 10.1080/10447319509526116
J. Gulliksen, B. Sandblad
The use of graphical user interfaces in a computerized work environment is often considered to substantially improve the work situation. The outcome can, however, often be the opposite. Inappropriate use of windowing techniques, scrolling, and colors can result in tedious and confusing interaction with the computer. Today's standards and style guides define basic design principles but are insufficient for design of interfaces to end‐user applications. Here detailed domain knowledge is indeed essential. A domain‐specific style guide (DSSG) is an extension of today's standard with domain‐specific primitives, interface elements, and forms, together with domain‐specific guidelines. Careful dedicated analysis of information utilization in a domain is the development basis for a DSSG. The development is performed with an object‐oriented approach to facilitate the reuse of interface components and to support consistency and structure. Using a DSSG, the development of applications can be performed with a simplifi...
{"title":"Domain-specific design of user interfaces","authors":"J. Gulliksen, B. Sandblad","doi":"10.1080/10447319509526116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447319509526116","url":null,"abstract":"The use of graphical user interfaces in a computerized work environment is often considered to substantially improve the work situation. The outcome can, however, often be the opposite. Inappropriate use of windowing techniques, scrolling, and colors can result in tedious and confusing interaction with the computer. Today's standards and style guides define basic design principles but are insufficient for design of interfaces to end‐user applications. Here detailed domain knowledge is indeed essential. A domain‐specific style guide (DSSG) is an extension of today's standard with domain‐specific primitives, interface elements, and forms, together with domain‐specific guidelines. Careful dedicated analysis of information utilization in a domain is the development basis for a DSSG. The development is performed with an object‐oriented approach to facilitate the reuse of interface components and to support consistency and structure. Using a DSSG, the development of applications can be performed with a simplifi...","PeriodicalId":208962,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114964514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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