Resources Policy最新文献_第2页

Mining contracts and investment law: Governance, disputes, and sustainability in Iran 采矿合同和投资法：伊朗的治理、纠纷和可持续性

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105861

Satar Mahdevari

The global mining sector serves as a vital engine for economic development, where effective governance requires a careful balance between national sovereignty, international investment protection, and sustainable resource management. This study explores this balance with a focus on Iran, a country richly endowed with substantial mineral resources and possessing strong potential for sustainable sectoral growth. Like many resource-rich nations, Iran's mining governance is shaped by its distinctive historical trajectory and geopolitical circumstances, encompassing legal frameworks, specialized contractual models, evolving engagement with international arbitration, and the operational challenges presented by external economic pressures and inequitable sanctions. This paper employs a qualitative-analytical methodology to examine how international instruments such as ICSID and UNCITRAL arbitration rules, bilateral investment treaties, and ESG standards can constructively inform Iran's mining governance. By drawing insights from landmark arbitration cases and reform experiences in selected comparator jurisdictions, the analysis demonstrates that modernizing legal and contractual frameworks, embedding robust sustainability and community safeguards, and strengthening dispute-resolution mechanisms can enhance investor confidence while protecting Iran's national interests. The study concludes with a phased, actionable reform roadmap designed to harmonize sovereignty, investor rights, and social equity. Key recommendations include clarifying arbitration pathways, diversifying contractual models, institutionalizing community benefit-sharing, and pursuing gradual alignment with global standards. Through such deliberate and credible reforms, Iran is well-positioned to unlock its considerable mineral potential, attract sustainable investment, and emerge as a responsible participant in global resource governance.

全球矿业部门是经济发展的重要引擎，有效的治理需要在国家主权、国际投资保护和可持续资源管理之间取得谨慎的平衡。本研究探讨了这种平衡，重点是伊朗，这个国家拥有丰富的矿产资源，并具有可持续部门增长的强大潜力。与许多资源丰富的国家一样，伊朗的矿业治理受到其独特的历史轨迹和地缘政治环境的影响，包括法律框架、专业合同模式、与国际仲裁的不断发展，以及外部经济压力和不公平制裁带来的运营挑战。本文采用定性分析方法来研究ICSID和UNCITRAL仲裁规则、双边投资条约和ESG标准等国际文书如何建设性地为伊朗的矿业治理提供信息。通过借鉴具有里程碑意义的仲裁案件和选定比较国司法管辖区的改革经验，分析表明，实现法律和合同框架的现代化，嵌入强有力的可持续性和社区保障措施，以及加强争议解决机制，可以增强投资者信心，同时保护伊朗的国家利益。报告最后提出了一个分阶段、可操作的改革路线图，旨在协调主权、投资者权利和社会公平。主要建议包括澄清仲裁途径，使合同模式多样化，使社区利益分享制度化，并逐步与全球标准保持一致。通过这些经过深思熟虑和可信的改革，伊朗完全有能力释放其巨大的矿产潜力，吸引可持续投资，并成为全球资源治理中负责任的参与者。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the resource curse in Zambia: Institutional mediation and the long-run effects of resource rents 重新审视赞比亚的资源诅咒：制度调解和资源租金的长期影响

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105859

Chali Nondo , Harun Ozturker

This study investigates the associations among mineral rents, institutional quality, and key development outcomes in Zambia from 1970 to 2021. Rather than treating the resource curse as a single outcome, the analysis evaluates whether resource dependence operates through distinct economic channels and whether institutional quality mediates these relationships uniformly or selectively. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds-testing framework, the study estimates long-run and short-run associations across three models: GDP per capita, manufacturing value added, and capital formation. The results reveal pronounced heterogeneity. Mineral rents are positively associated with GDP per capita in the long run, yet short-run dynamics exhibit volatility and mean reversion, with alternating signs on lagged rent terms consistent with commodity price cycles. By contrast, mineral rents are negatively associated with capital formation, suggesting that greater rent dependence coincides with weaker investment allocation and slower structural transformation. Real exchange rate appreciation is negatively associated with manufacturing performance, which is consistent with Dutch Disease pressures. Institutional quality, proxied by the Polity IV index, enters negatively in all three long-run equations. The interaction between institutional quality and mineral rents is positive and statistically significant, indicating that stronger institutions are associated with a weaker adverse relationship between rents and economic performance. However, this moderation does not necessarily offset adverse investment dynamics or income volatility. Overall, the findings demonstrate that institutional mediation of resource rents is outcome-specific rather than uniform. Resource wealth alone is insufficient for structural transformation, and institutional reforms are most effective when paired with policies that stabilize revenues, manage exchange-rate pressures, and strengthen investment allocation.

本研究调查了1970年至2021年赞比亚矿产租金、制度质量和关键发展成果之间的关系。该分析没有将资源诅咒视为单一的结果，而是评估了资源依赖是否通过不同的经济渠道发挥作用，以及制度质量是否统一地或选择性地调节了这些关系。利用自回归分布滞后（ARDL）边界检验框架，该研究估计了三个模型之间的长期和短期关联：人均GDP、制造业增加值和资本形成。结果显示出明显的异质性。从长期来看，矿产租金与人均GDP呈正相关，但短期动态表现出波动性和均值回归，滞后租金条款的交替迹象与商品价格周期一致。相比之下，矿产租金与资本形成呈负相关，表明更大的租金依赖与更弱的投资配置和更慢的结构转型相一致。实际汇率升值与制造业业绩呈负相关，这与荷兰病的压力是一致的。以政体指数IV为代表的制度质量，在所有三个长期方程中均为负值。制度质量和矿产租金之间的相互作用是积极的，具有统计学意义，这表明更强大的制度与租金和经济绩效之间的不利关系较弱。然而，这种适度并不一定抵消不利的投资动态或收入波动。总体而言，研究结果表明，资源租金的制度中介是针对结果的，而不是统一的。仅靠资源财富不足以实现结构转型，只有与稳定收入、管理汇率压力和加强投资配置的政策相结合，体制改革才最有效。

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引用次数: 0

The ‘past’ in the present (and futures) of a colliery basti: Case study of a resettled coal community in Eastern India 煤矿基地的现在（和未来）的“过去”：印度东部一个重新安置的煤炭社区的案例研究

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105856

Pooja Narnoli, Deepak K. Mishra

A resettled colony is visualised as a living space which provides agency to individuals, groups, and institutions to reconstruct the lives and livelihoods of the displaced. Through individual and collective memories of the resettled, meanings are infused into the lived space by real and symbolic acts of reconnecting. The collective and individual memories of the pasts are critical to the daily reproduction of livelihoods, meaning and identities of the resettled. Hence, resource communities that move away from coal spaces navigate their livelihoods through space and time, wherein multiple linkages to their overlapping social identities of indigeneity, class, caste and gender, mining identity and the resettled identity are reinstated, rediscovered and/or reimagined in the process of remembering or forgetting the past relative to the present while seeking for alternative livelihood futures. Through an ethnographic study of the displaced colliery bastis in the Jharia coalfields of Jharkhand who are resettled away from coal, we discuss the role of memories in multiple interrelated spheres: the relational living space that intersects with the neighbourhoods, the public spaces and ‘social’ infrastructure, the livelihoods space, and the institutionalised spaces of governance, and thereafter, relate these experiences to the future pathways for the resource community. The authors find that resettled livelihoods, in the multiplicity of identities, are intertwined with immediate and distant memories, hence migration or local history provides alternative pathways to the young and the older generations, respectively while many of them remain entangled in the circuits of mining capital by moving back to coal.

重新安置的殖民地被视为一个生活空间，为个人、团体和机构提供代理，以重建流离失所者的生活和生计。通过重新安置的个人和集体记忆，通过重新连接的真实和象征性行为将意义注入生活空间。过去的集体和个人记忆对于重新安置的生计、意义和身份的日常再现至关重要。因此，远离煤炭空间的资源社区通过空间和时间来导航他们的生计，其中与其重叠的社会身份，土著，阶级，种姓和性别，采矿身份和重新安置身份的多重联系在记忆或忘记过去相对于现在的过程中被恢复，重新发现和/或重新想象，同时寻求替代生计的未来。通过对贾坎德邦贾哈里亚煤田煤矿工人的民族志研究，我们讨论了记忆在多个相互关联的领域中的作用：与社区相交的关系生活空间、公共空间和“社会”基础设施、生计空间和治理的制度化空间，然后将这些经验与资源社区的未来道路联系起来。作者发现，在身份的多样性中，重新安置的生计与眼前和遥远的记忆交织在一起，因此移民或当地历史分别为年轻人和老年人提供了另一种途径，而他们中的许多人仍然通过回到煤炭行业而纠缠在矿业资本的循环中。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying operational uncertainties in mining machinery fleet productivity using a stochastic Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) analysis 使用随机整体设备效率（OEE）分析量化矿山机械机队生产率的操作不确定性

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105874

A. Jandaghi Jafari , S.H. Hoseinie , R. Bagherpour , M. Mofidi , B. Ghodrati

In resource-rich but data-constrained mining regions, deterministic estimates of equipment productivity often mask critical operational risks, leading to flawed strategic decisions on fleet investment, maintenance, and national resource forecasting. This paper bridges a key gap in the literature by introducing a probabilistic Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) framework that quantifies uncertainty in the shovel–truck fleet performance at one of the world's largest copper mines. Using Monte Carlo simulation calibrated with extensive field data—including photogrammetry-based cycle production and dispatch logs—we model joint variability in availability, utilization, and performance efficiency. Results reveal wide OEE distributions: 8–52% (mean: 25%) for shovels and 27–53% (mean: 38%) for dump trucks, where low utilization, driven by suboptimal dispatch and operational coordination, is the dominant constraint. Critically, we demonstrate that probabilistic OEE is essential for robust, risk-aware planning in aging fleets. The framework offers a low-cost, transferable tool for evidence-based resource policy and operational optimization in developing economies.

在资源丰富但数据受限的矿区，对设备生产率的确定性估计往往会掩盖关键的操作风险，从而导致在机队投资、维护和国家资源预测方面的战略决策存在缺陷。本文通过引入一个概率总体设备效率（OEE）框架来弥补文献中的一个关键空白，该框架量化了世界上最大的铜矿之一的铲车车队性能的不确定性。通过蒙特卡罗模拟，包括基于摄影测量的周期生产和调度日志，我们对可用性、利用率和性能效率的联合可变性进行了建模。研究结果显示，挖掘机的OEE分布范围很广：铲子的OEE分布为8-52%（平均为25%），自卸卡车的OEE分布为27-53%（平均为38%），而自卸卡车的OEE分布主要是由于调度和操作协调不佳导致的利用率低。至关重要的是，我们证明了概率OEE对于老化车队的稳健、风险意识规划至关重要。该框架为发展中经济体的循证资源政策和业务优化提供了一个低成本、可转让的工具。

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引用次数: 0

From rents to rights: How resource dependence shapes democratic trajectories 从租金到权利：资源依赖如何塑造民主轨迹

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105849

Roland Brandtjen

This article offers a systematic, descriptive mapping of how natural resource dependence, economic development, and democratic governance co-vary across 167 countries from 2006 to 2024, with focused analysis for 2012–2021 when resource-rent data are available. Using a deliberately non-causal correlation design, it examines associations among the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index, GDP per capita (PPP, constant 2021 USD), and total natural resource rents (percent of GDP). The article makes three contributions. First, it updates global democracy–resource–development patterns for the current wave of democratic backsliding. Second, it shows that the strength and even the sign of democracy–resource correlations vary markedly across regions, consistent with the view that institutional quality and economic diversification mediate rentier and resource-curse dynamics. Third, it revisits modernization claims by documenting that democracy is strongly associated with higher prosperity levels globally yet often correlates with slower growth in mature democracies while remaining positively associated with growth in several developing regions. The conclusion outlines an institutionally moderated typology of resource–democracy configurations and highlights implications for governing fossil fuels and emerging “green transition” minerals.

本文对167个国家从2006年到2024年的自然资源依赖、经济发展和民主治理如何共同变化进行了系统的描述性映射，并对2012-2021年的资源租金数据进行了重点分析。采用非因果关联设计，研究了经济学人智库民主指数、人均GDP （PPP， 2021年不变美元）和总自然资源租金（占GDP的百分比）之间的关系。这篇文章有三点贡献。首先，它为当前的民主倒退浪潮更新了全球民主资源开发模式。其次，它表明民主-资源相关性的强度甚至迹象在地区之间存在显著差异，这与制度质量和经济多样化调节食利者和资源诅咒动态的观点一致。第三，它通过记录民主与全球更高的繁荣水平密切相关，但往往与成熟民主国家的缓慢增长相关，而与几个发展中地区的增长保持正相关，重新审视了现代化的主张。结论概述了一种制度上适度的资源民主配置类型，并强调了管理化石燃料和新兴“绿色转型”矿物的含义。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic competition in lithium mining and refining: A multi-stage game theoretic model 锂矿开采与精炼的战略竞争：一个多阶段博弈论模型

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105823

Maxwell Brown, Mirali Seyedrezaei

In this work, we develop and apply a model of global lithium production that captures strategic behavior across mining and refining stages. We integrate multiple types of game formulations into a bi-level framework and calibrate the resulting system using a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC); in doing so, the model aligns closely with observed data despite sparse information, while enforcing game-theoretic equilibrium conditions. First, we show that the strategic game setup (e.g., Cournot vs. Stackelberg) can impact the ability of the MPEC to match observed data, particularly for fringe and follower actors. Next, we estimate the deadweight loss from market power across upstream and downstream stages. Results show that market structure significantly influences production levels, pricing, and the allocation of surplus, with the most pronounced effects observed in the relatively more concentrated downstream refining markets. Finally, we simulate the effects of exogenous entry to highlight how new supply at mining and refining stages could affect incumbent producers’ profits and demonstrate differences in each actor’s market exposure.

在这项工作中，我们开发并应用了一个全球锂生产模型，该模型捕捉了采矿和精炼阶段的战略行为。我们将多种类型的游戏公式整合到一个双层框架中，并使用带有平衡约束（MPEC）的数学程序校准结果系统；在这样做的过程中，尽管信息稀疏，但该模型与观测数据密切一致，同时强制执行博弈论的平衡条件。首先，我们展示了战略博弈设置（例如，Cournot vs. Stackelberg）可以影响MPEC匹配观察数据的能力，特别是对于边缘和追随者参与者。接下来，我们估计了市场力量在上游和下游阶段的载重损失。结果表明，市场结构显著影响生产水平、定价和剩余配置，在相对集中度较高的下游炼油市场影响最为显著。最后，我们模拟了外生进入的影响，以突出采矿和炼油阶段的新供应如何影响现有生产商的利润，并展示了每个参与者的市场敞口的差异。

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引用次数: 0

Bibliometric and systematic analysis of literature on royalties in non-renewable resources 不可再生资源特许权使用费文献计量学与系统分析

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105829

Juan Ignacio Guzmán , Patricio Faúndez , Mariel Carrión

This paper presents a mixed-methods review of academic research on royalties in non-renewable resources. Drawing on 156 peer-reviewed articles published between 1978 and 2025, we combine bibliometric indicators (Bibliometrix), text mining (VOSviewer co-occurrence with binary counting), and directed qualitative content analysis to map the evolution, structure, and substantive focus of the field. The literature grows gradually over time (CAGR 1.52 % up to 2024) with a peak in 2023, and remains concentrated in a handful of journals. International collaboration is modest: 15.75 % of publications are multi-country. To gauge the sensitivity of scholarship to market conditions, we correlate annual publication counts with real commodity prices: the annual correlation with WTI oil is 0.38 (0.53 with a two-year lag), and with LME copper is 0.54 (0.67 with a three-year lag), indicating that publication surges tend to follow commodity booms with short lags, consistent with rent-seeking pressures and policy debates triggered by rising rents.

Term co-occurrence reveals three recurrent vocabularies that structure the field: (1) Royalties in fiscal regimes (comparisons of ad valorem, specific, and profit-based designs; revenue properties and cyclicality), (2) Royalty design and institutions (legal/contractual architectures, administrative mechanics, and project-level effects such as cut-off grades and resource sterilization), and (3) Economic and developmental outcomes (intergovernmental distribution, local development, governance). Bridging terms such as revenue and rate indicate partial overlap, yet the fiscal-design and developmental strands have advanced largely in parallel.

By integrating science-mapping with qualitative synthesis, the study systematizes a fragmented literature and highlights priorities for future work: stronger cross-country designs, closer linkage of fiscal design to developmental evaluation, and attention to royalty reform under the energy-transition and critical-minerals agenda.

本文对不可再生资源特许权使用费的学术研究进行了综合综述。利用1978年至2025年间发表的156篇同行评议文章，我们结合文献计量指标（Bibliometrix）、文本挖掘（VOSviewer共现与二进制计数）和定向定性内容分析来绘制该领域的演变、结构和实质性重点。随着时间的推移，文献逐渐增长（到2024年复合年增长率为1.52%），2023年达到顶峰，并且仍然集中在少数期刊上。国际合作是适度的：15.75%的出版物是多国的。为了衡量学术对市场条件的敏感性，我们将年度出版物数量与实际大宗商品价格联系起来：与WTI石油的年度相关性为0.38（滞后两年为0.53），与LME铜的年度相关性为0.54（滞后三年为0.67），表明出版物激增往往伴随着短期滞后的大宗商品繁荣，与寻租压力和租金上涨引发的政策辩论一致。术语共生揭示了构建该领域的三个反复出现的词汇：(1)财政制度中的特许权使用费（从价、特定和基于利润的设计的比较；收入属性和周期性）；(2)特许权使用费设计和制度（法律/合同架构、行政机制和项目层面的影响，如截止等级和资源灭菌）；(3)经济和发展成果（政府间分配、地方发展、治理）。财政收入和税率等衔接术语显示出部分重叠，但财政设计和发展方面在很大程度上是并行推进的。通过将科学制图与定性综合相结合，该研究将支离破碎的文献系统化，并强调了未来工作的优先事项：加强跨国设计，将财政设计与发展评估更紧密地联系起来，并关注能源转型和关键矿产议程下的权利金改革。

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引用次数: 0

Limits to base metals recycling: A meta-analysis of the literature from 2013 to 2023 贱金属回收的限制：2013 - 2023年文献荟萃分析

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105850

François Guy, Florian Fizaine

Recycling is the most frequent lever cited in public and scientific debate to help reach a circular economy. However, end-of-life recycling rate (EOL-RR) of metals seems to be stagnating for decades. In order to understand why, this article takes a look at the literature on limits to base metals recycling, through bibliometric and textual analysis. The goal is two-fold: identifying limits affecting base metals recycling and understanding how the literature about it is structured. We include publications having limits to base metal recycling on end-of-life wastes written in the text, between 2013 and 2023. Our sample comprised of 372 publications, both from scientific and gray literature, illustrate a growing interest in this topic over the years, mostly carried by peer-reviewed articles and reports from various institutions.

The results indicate that most limits to recycling are technical or economical by nature, and affect mostly either the recovery step or the overall process at once. The literature itself is focused on OECD countries and overlooks recycling chains in developing countries. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, we observe an underlying structure around specific topics, with a focus on batteries, steel recycling and electronic wastes as three notably distinct clusters. Our findings can help policymakers define public policies in order to increase recycling at a global level while reducing side-effects between metals recycling chains, and scholars to close the identified research gaps.

在公共和科学辩论中，回收利用是帮助实现循环经济的最常用手段。然而，金属的报废回收率（EOL-RR）似乎已经停滞了几十年。为了理解其中的原因，本文通过文献计量学和文本分析，研究了有关贱金属回收限制的文献。目标有两个：确定影响贱金属回收的限制，并了解有关它的文献是如何结构的。我们包括了在2013年至2023年期间对报废废物回收贱金属进行限制的出版物。我们的样本包括372份出版物，既有科学文献，也有灰色文献，这些都表明，多年来，人们对这一主题的兴趣日益浓厚，其中大部分是同行评议的文章和来自不同机构的报告。结果表明，大多数回收限制都是技术性的或经济性的，并且主要影响回收步骤或整个过程。文献本身侧重于经合组织国家，而忽视了发展中国家的回收链。使用潜在狄利克雷分配，我们观察到围绕特定主题的潜在结构，重点关注电池，钢铁回收和电子废物作为三个明显不同的集群。我们的研究结果可以帮助决策者制定公共政策，以便在全球范围内增加回收，同时减少金属回收链之间的副作用，并帮助学者缩小已确定的研究差距。

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引用次数: 0

Uncovering the whys behind the prevalence of galamsey despite regulatory efforts; A principal-agent model analysis 尽管监管努力，但揭示galamsey流行背后的原因；委托代理模型分析

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105854

Mercedes Asamani

Illegal mineral resource mining remains a troubling issue in the Global South. In Ghana, illegal small-scale gold mining commonly known as “galamsey”- a term coined from “gather and sell” has become a major environmental, health, and economic challenge in Ghana. While the current literature is useful in establishing motivating factors for illegal small-scale mining activities, they fail to account for the relationship dynamics between principals and agents, rational choices or incentives, and the misalignment of interests that could be accounting for the proliferation of ‘galamsey’ activities in Ghana. Using the Principal-Agent theory as an analytical framework for the prevalence of galamsey in Ghana, the paper uncovers and provides deeper insights into the prevalence of illegal small-scale mining in Ghana despite regulatory efforts and policy interventions. The paper argues that galamsey persists not because of the absence of policy interventions or regulatory efforts but as a result of misaligned interests and incentives structures, and weak accountability in delegated governance relationships. The paper offers key policy takeaways in realigning incentives to curb illegal mining activities through multilateralization, investment in monitoring and technologies, licensing reforms, refocusing livelihood policies, environmental education campaigns, and stiffer sanctions.

非法开采矿产资源仍然是全球南方一个令人不安的问题。在加纳，非法的小规模金矿开采通常被称为“galamsey”——一个由“收集和销售”创造的术语，已经成为加纳环境、健康和经济方面的主要挑战。虽然目前的文献在建立非法小规模采矿活动的激励因素方面很有用，但它们未能解释委托人和代理人之间的关系动态，理性选择或激励，以及可能导致加纳“galamsey”活动扩散的利益错位。使用委托代理理论作为加纳galamsey流行的分析框架，本文揭示了尽管有监管努力和政策干预，但加纳非法小规模采矿的流行情况，并提供了更深入的见解。这篇论文认为，galamsey之所以持续存在，不是因为缺乏政策干预或监管努力，而是因为利益和激励结构不一致，以及委托治理关系中的问责不力。本文提出了通过多边化、监测和技术投资、许可改革、重新调整生计政策重点、环境教育运动和更严厉的制裁措施来重新调整遏制非法采矿活动的激励措施的关键政策要点。

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引用次数: 0

Converting cocoa farms into gold mines – negotiations, compensation and outcomes for farmers in Ghana 把可可农场变成金矿——加纳农民的谈判、补偿和结果

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105843

Josephine Montford , Regina Birner , Christine Bosch , Boateng Kyereh

引用次数: 0