Resources Policy最新文献_第7页

Diamond artisanal mining and trafficking in the South Kasaï region of the Congo during the decolonization period (1957–1964) 非殖民化时期刚果南部Kasaï地区手工开采和贩运钻石（1957-1964）

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105763

Véronique Pouillard, Kristin Ranestad

This paper examines the diamond extraction and commerce in South Kasaï, a key diamond-producing region in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Focusing on the late colonial years through the post-independence militarization of the province in 1964, the article examines the role of the multinational firms Forminière and Bécéka in consolidating control over diamond resources. Drawing on archival materials from both firms, held in the Sibeka archives (after the postcolonial renaming of these operations), we analyze how these firms exploited Congo’s extractive institutions, contributing to violence and state fragility. Shortly after the Congo gained independence on June 30, 1960, South Kasaï declared secession from the new republic and remained a semi-autonomous entity until 1962. Despite the ban on artisanal mining by the multinationals present in the region and by the South Kasaï provincial authorities, clandestine mining increased and started fostering the cross-border trade in diamonds, creating alternative circuits of commerce outside the monopoly of the De Beers international cartel. Against this backdrop, our findings show a ‘cycle of repression’, in which multinational management employed corruption, local exploitation, and violent measures to suppress artisanal mining and maintain dominance. We argue that the transition to independence intensified legal pluralism and informal mining cultures, undermining state authority and reinforcing the ‘resource curse’ framework. The paper contributes to debates on natural resources, extractive institutions, and conflict, offering a microhistorical perspective on diamond mining and its implications for Congolese governance.

本文考察了刚果民主共和国（DRC）主要钻石产区Kasaï南部的钻石开采和商业。利用这两家公司的档案材料，在Sibeka档案馆保存（在这些业务的后殖民更名之后），我们分析了这些公司如何利用刚果的采掘机构，助长暴力和国家脆弱性。刚果于1960年6月30日获得独立后不久，南方Kasaï宣布脱离新共和国，直到1962年仍然是一个半自治的实体。尽管该区域和南方Kasaï省当局禁止跨国公司手工采矿，但秘密采矿活动增加，并开始促进钻石跨境贸易，在戴比尔斯国际卡特尔垄断之外创造了另一种商业途径。在此背景下，我们的研究结果显示了一个“压迫循环”，其中跨国公司管理层采用腐败、当地剥削和暴力措施来压制手工采矿并保持主导地位。我们认为，向独立的过渡强化了法律多元化和非正式的采矿文化，破坏了国家权威，强化了“资源诅咒”框架。这篇论文对自然资源、采掘制度和冲突的讨论做出了贡献，提供了钻石开采的微观历史视角及其对刚果治理的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Scheduling by Pushbacks: A historical review of optimization approaches for strategic open pit mine planning 推回调度：露天矿战略规划优化方法的历史回顾

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105759

P. Abalos , A. Brickey , M. Goycoolea

Since the 1960s, the Scheduling by Pushbacks methodology has been the cornerstone of strategic open-pit mine planning, providing a structured way to balance operational feasibility with economic value. This paper offers the first comprehensive historical review of the methodology, with a focus on optimization methods, drawing on academic literature, industry conference proceedings, software manuals, doctoral theses, patent filings, and interviews with early developers. We highlight how early computational limitations gave rise to optimization-based heuristic approaches such as nested pit parameterization and cutoff grade optimization. We examine how these approaches were transformed into practical planning methods that flourished into a rich software industry, producing tools that remain widely adopted to this day. Finally, we trace how these methods have evolved to adopt modern integer programming approaches, enabling the solution of much larger and more detailed models, thereby increasing project value and reducing computation times. Our contribution is to bring these developments together in a review that shows how the various models and algorithms fit within a common framework and notation, highlights key methodological contributions, clarifies the range of approaches offered today in both academia and industry, and discusses current challenges, including producing mine plans that respect operational requirements such as minimum widths and ramp access, and integrating environmental constraints into scheduling.

自20世纪60年代以来，推回调度方法已成为露天矿战略规划的基石，为平衡运营可行性和经济价值提供了一种结构化的方法。本文提供了该方法的第一个全面的历史回顾，重点是优化方法，借鉴了学术文献、行业会议记录、软件手册、博士论文、专利申请和对早期开发人员的采访。我们强调了早期的计算限制如何导致基于优化的启发式方法，如嵌套坑参数化和截止品位优化。我们研究了这些方法是如何转化为实际的计划方法的，这些方法在丰富的软件工业中蓬勃发展，产生了至今仍被广泛采用的工具。最后，我们追溯了这些方法如何演变为采用现代整数规划方法，从而能够解决更大更详细的模型，从而增加项目价值并减少计算时间。我们的贡献是将这些发展结合在一起，在一篇综述中展示了各种模型和算法如何适应一个共同的框架和符号，突出了关键的方法贡献，澄清了学术界和工业界目前提供的方法范围，并讨论了当前的挑战，包括制定尊重运营要求（如最小宽度和坡道通道）的矿山计划，以及将环境约束纳入调度。

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引用次数: 0

Does US energy policy uncertainty drive FDI to Africa? 美国能源政策的不确定性是否推动了外国直接投资进入非洲？

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105783

Yinka S. Hammed , Moses O. Ogunniran , Solomon T. Ademosu

This study seeks to answer the question: Does US energy policy uncertainty drive FDI to Africa? This pattern is consistent with theoretical submissions of regulatory arbitrage, institutional voids and push-pull dynamics, where investment reallocation often occurs in an environment with stable, flexible, and strategically favourable factors. We, therefore, employ the GMM approach for a data scope that spans the period from 1996 to 2022 to present the key analysis. Three countries that host nearly 50 % of US foreign direct investment in Africa are considered and the findings are as follows: A rise in US energy policy uncertainty tends to increase FDI flows to African economies that offer less restrictive regulatory environments. We further find evidence of FDI inertia in Egypt and South Africa, where prior investment trends are sustained. However, the results for Nigeria are more sensitive to the inclusion of total factor productivity. This reinforces the idea that domestic fundamentals, such as institutional quality and productivity capacity, interact more intensely with the energy uncertainty in Nigeria than in the other two countries. Evidence from asymmetric results in all models confirms the presence of non-linearity in the spillover effect of energy uncertainty, especially between pre- and post-GFC periods. The post-GFC period tends to have stronger effects, suggesting a shift in investor behaviour. Results from a sensitivity analysis further confirm the robustness of our findings. Thus, we suggest that key African-US partners adopt investment-friendly energy policies as a strategic measure to attract and sustain greater foreign investment in their economies.

本研究试图回答这样一个问题：美国能源政策的不确定性是否推动了对非洲的外国直接投资？这种模式与理论提出的监管套利、制度空白和推拉动态相一致，其中投资再配置往往发生在具有稳定、灵活和战略有利因素的环境中。因此，我们采用GMM方法对1996年至2022年的数据范围进行了关键分析。美国在非洲的外国直接投资有近50%来自三个国家，研究结果如下：美国能源政策不确定性的上升往往会增加对监管环境限制较少的非洲经济体的外国直接投资流量。我们进一步发现了埃及和南非FDI惯性的证据，这两个国家之前的投资趋势仍在持续。然而，尼日利亚的结果对全要素生产率的纳入更为敏感。这强化了一种观点，即与其他两个国家相比，尼日利亚国内的基本因素（如制度质量和生产力）与能源不确定性的相互作用更为强烈。来自所有模型的不对称结果的证据证实，能源不确定性的溢出效应存在非线性，尤其是在全球金融危机前后。后全球金融危机时期的影响往往更大，表明投资者行为发生了转变。敏感性分析的结果进一步证实了我们研究结果的稳健性。因此，我们建议非洲-美国的主要合作伙伴采取投资友好型能源政策，作为吸引和维持更多外国投资的战略措施。

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引用次数: 0

Legal effectiveness of business contracts in tin mining: Socio-legal and governance challenges in corporate–community relations in Indonesia 锡矿商业合同的法律效力：印度尼西亚企业与社区关系中的社会-法律和治理挑战

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105767

Derita Prapti Rahayu , Muhammad Rustamaji , Faisal Faisal , Rafiqa Sari

The governance of mineral resources in developing economies often reveals tensions between formal legal frameworks and informal extraction practices. Indonesia’s tin sector exemplifies this dynamic within broader global debates on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) formalization and contractual governance. Despite successive legal reforms, including the 2020 and 2025 Mineral and Coal Law amendments, community-based mining remains weakly regulated. In this context, private contracts between mining firms and artisanal miners have emerged as the primary cooperation mechanism, yet their legal effectiveness and fairness remain uncertain. Using a normative–empirical socio-legal method, this study integrates doctrinal interpretation with field data from five tin-producing districts in Bangka and Belitung to examine how contracts are negotiated, enforced, and experienced. The analysis, guided by Friedman’s legal-effectiveness framework, contractual-justice principles, and legal pluralism, identifies four persistent challenges: (1) bargaining asymmetries favoring corporations; (2) limited legal literacy among miners; (3) fragmented oversight; and (4) absence of sustainability and safety clauses. The findings show that informal norms fill governance gaps but fail to ensure substantive fairness or enforceability. Policy reform should promote transparent and standardized contracts, community legal empowerment, and mandatory environmental and social safeguards to strengthen equitable extractive governance in Indonesia and comparable contexts.

发展中经济体对矿产资源的管理往往显示出正式法律框架与非正式开采做法之间的紧张关系。印度尼西亚的锡业在关于手工和小规模采矿（ASM）正规化和合同治理的更广泛的全球辩论中体现了这种动态。尽管进行了一系列法律改革，包括2020年和2025年的《矿产和煤炭法》修正案，但社区采矿仍然监管不力。在这种情况下，矿业公司和手工采矿者之间的私人合同已成为主要的合作机制，但其法律效力和公平性仍然不确定。本研究采用规范-经验的社会法律方法，将理论解释与邦加和别里洞五个锡矿产区的实地数据相结合，考察了合同是如何谈判、执行和经历的。在弗里德曼的法律效力框架、契约正义原则和法律多元主义的指导下，该分析确定了四个持续存在的挑战：(1)有利于公司的谈判不对称；(2)矿工法律素养有限；(3)分散监管；(4)缺乏可持续性和安全性条款。调查结果表明，非正式规范填补了治理空白，但未能确保实质性的公平性或可执行性。政策改革应促进透明和标准化的合同、社区法律授权以及强制性的环境和社会保障，以加强印度尼西亚和类似国家的公平采掘治理。

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引用次数: 0

Towards a circular economy: Secondary raw materials price prediction based on their listings on global stock quotes 迈向循环经济：基于全球股票报价的二级原材料价格预测

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105765

Mohamed Alwaeli , Konrad Kaczmarek

This study aims to develop and validate a statistical model of the purchase price and price prediction of secondary raw materials, depending on the price of their original counterparts on the global stock markets. The paper investigates the relationship between the prices of secondary raw materials and their original counterparts, estimating a linear model to represent this relationship. The derived equations were statistically validated, yielding models of purchase prices that are determined by stock prices with a time delay.

The data indicates that the model for predicting the purchase price of copper cable scrap in Poland, considering stock quotes in the UK and the USA from four days prior, explains about 98 % of the variance of the considered purchase prices, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (

R^{2}

value). Similarly, models for predicting purchase prices of pieces of aluminum sector considering stock quotes in the UK from 21 days prior and for scrap nickel considering stock quotes in the UK from 19 days prior explain about 95 % and 91 % of the variance of the considered purchase prices, respectively.

Detailed verification of these models indicates that they meet the necessary assumptions for linear regression, affirming their suitability for prediction. It is likely that the resulting forecasts will only contain relatively small errors, which was confirmed by empirical tests for models obtained for copper and aluminum. However, empirical tests for the nickel model only indicated small partial errors.

本研究旨在建立并验证二手原材料的购买价格和价格预测的统计模型，该模型依赖于全球股票市场上原始原材料的价格。本文研究了二次原材料价格与原始原材料价格之间的关系，估计了一个线性模型来表示这种关系。导出的方程经过统计验证，得到了由股票价格决定的购买价格模型。数据表明，考虑到英国和美国四天前的股票报价，预测波兰废铜电缆购买价格的模型可以解释考虑的购买价格的98%的方差，如决定系数（R2值）所示。同样，预测铝材采购价格的模型考虑了英国21天前的股票报价，预测废镍采购价格的模型考虑了英国19天前的股票报价，分别解释了95%和91%的考虑采购价格差异。对这些模型的详细验证表明，它们满足线性回归的必要假设，肯定了它们的预测适用性。由此得出的预测很可能只包含相对较小的误差，对铜和铝所获得的模型进行的经验检验证实了这一点。然而，对镍模型的经验检验仅显示出很小的局部误差。

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引用次数: 0

Towards global cooperation in securing critical minerals: Game theory analyses of policy discourses from the United States, the European Union, South Africa and Australia 争取确保关键矿物的全球合作：美国、欧洲联盟、南非和澳大利亚政策话语的博弈论分析

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105792

Desire Runganga , Bishal Bharadwaj , Helen Cabalu , Peta Ashworth

This paper analyses over 2000 critical minerals policy submissions from the United States, the European Union, Australia, and South Africa (2010–2024). Integrating game theory with critical discourse analysis reveals how four dominant discursive strategies—securitisation of dependence, recontextualisation of exclusion, moralisation of domestic hierarchy, and moralisation of unilateral rule-setting—map onto specific non-cooperative game archetypes: the Prisoner's Dilemma, Stackelberg Followership, Assurance Game and Stag Hunt. Together, these strategies form a multi-level game that incentivises subsidy races and regulatory arbitrage, pushing the global system toward suboptimal outcomes of underfunded and inequitable value chains. To escape this equilibrium, the paper proposes an Integrative Mineral Criticality (IMC) framework to reconceptualise global governance of critical minerals as a cooperative game.

本文分析了来自美国、欧盟、澳大利亚和南非（2010-2024年）的2000多份关键矿产政策意见书。将博弈论与批判性话语分析相结合，揭示了四种占主导地位的话语策略——依赖证券化、排斥重新语境化、家庭等级道德化和单方面规则制定道德化——如何映射到特定的非合作博弈原型：囚徒困境、斯塔克尔伯格追随、保证博弈和猎鹿。总之，这些策略形成了一个多层次的游戏，激励补贴竞争和监管套利，将全球体系推向资金不足和不公平的价值链的次优结果。为了摆脱这种平衡，本文提出了一个综合矿物临界性（IMC）框架，将关键矿物的全球治理重新定义为合作博弈。

引用次数: 0

Sales vs. profit-based royalties: Evidence from lithium in LAC countries 销售额与基于利润的特许权使用费：来自拉丁美洲和加勒比地区国家锂的证据

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105779

Gerardo Reyes-Tagle, Claudio Karl Estupiñan

Lithium is central to the global energy transition, with Argentina, Brazil, and Chile holding a significant portion of the world's reserves. Designing royalty regimes that capture rents without discouraging investment is therefore a critical policy challenge. While theory emphasizes the neutrality of profit-based instruments, common practice relies on administratively simpler sales-based royalties. In the analysis of these alternatives, existing studies have mostly used partial equilibrium approaches that overlook economy-wide effects.

This paper, on the other hand, develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model designed to capture the economy-wide effects of four royalty schemes: a flat sales-based scheme, a flat profit-based scheme, a progressive sales-based scheme, and a progressive profit-based scheme. The model is calibrated with data from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, and is used to simulate the effects of a 10% lithium price shock on production, investment, and fiscal balances. Results show that sales-based regimes transmit higher prices more effectively to investment, while progressive schemes capture more rents but risk discouraging marginal projects. Profit-based progressivity stabilizes fiscal balances but underperforms in rent capture. These findings can serve to inform royalty design in Latin America and other resource-rich economies facing energy transition challenges.

锂是全球能源转型的核心，阿根廷、巴西和智利拥有世界上很大一部分锂储量。因此，设计既能获取租金又不阻碍投资的版税制度是一项关键的政策挑战。虽然理论强调以利润为基础的工具的中立性，但通常的做法依赖于行政上更简单的以销售为基础的版税。在对这些替代方案的分析中，现有的研究大多使用了部分均衡方法，忽略了整个经济的影响。另一方面，本文开发了一个动态随机一般均衡（DSGE）模型，旨在捕捉四种权利金方案在经济范围内的影响：基于销售的扁平方案、基于利润的扁平方案、基于销售的渐进式方案和基于利润的渐进式方案。该模型使用阿根廷、巴西和智利的数据进行了校准，并用于模拟10%的锂价格冲击对生产、投资和财政平衡的影响。结果显示，以销售为基础的制度更有效地将更高的价格传递给投资，而累进制的制度获得更多租金，但有可能抑制边际项目。以利润为基础的累进性稳定了财政平衡，但在租金获取方面表现不佳。这些发现可以为拉丁美洲和其他面临能源转型挑战的资源丰富经济体的特许权使用费设计提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

The benefits of enhanced circularity on strategic autonomy: Titanium metal in the EU 加强循环对战略自主的好处：欧盟的钛金属

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105793

Alejandro Buesa , Pablo Piñero , Luis Pedauga , José Manuel Rueda-Cantuche , Brian Baldassarre

Strategic autonomy can benefit from circular economy initiatives, such as reducing primary inputs and recycling critical raw materials in key technologies. Using titanium metal in the EU as a showcase, we start by combining information from heterogeneous sources: non-systematic data, macroeconomic statistics and micro-level information from Customs agencies. This procedure allows us to disaggregate secondary (i.e., titanium scrap) flows depending on their production stage, sector of origin and quality. Building upon this novel dataset, we design two enhanced circularity scenarios with marked strategic autonomy implications: a reduction of scrap buyback agreements in the EU with the US, and an increase in scrap collection from end-of-life aircraft. Finally, these scenarios are fed into an inter-country input–output model to compute their economic and employment impact. The results of our simulations show that the EU would benefit from retaining and valorizing secondary titanium flows domestically instead of routing it to third countries, most notably if domestic processing capacity is also increased, by up to 40 million euros in value added and around 620 jobs.

战略自主可以从循环经济举措中受益，例如减少主要投入和回收关键技术中的关键原材料。以欧盟的钛金属为例，我们首先结合来自不同来源的信息：非系统数据、宏观经济统计数据和来自海关机构的微观层面信息。该程序允许我们根据生产阶段、来源部门和质量对二级（即钛废料）流进行分解。在这个新数据集的基础上，我们设计了两个具有显著战略自主意义的增强循环方案：减少欧盟与美国的废料回购协议，增加报废飞机的废料收集。最后，将这些情景输入国家间投入产出模型，以计算其对经济和就业的影响。我们的模拟结果表明，欧盟将受益于在国内保留和估价二次钛流，而不是将其运往第三国，最显著的是，如果国内加工能力也得到提高，可增加高达4000万欧元的附加值和约620个就业岗位。

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引用次数: 0

To mine or not to mine, that is the question: Assessing public preferences for deep-sea mining using a choice experiment in Norway 开采还是不开采，这是一个问题：通过挪威的一项选择实验来评估公众对深海采矿的偏好

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105788

Thomas M. van Rensburg, Mohammad Asif Khan, Noreen Brennan

引用次数: 0

Subaltern environmentalism and small-scale mining reforms in Ghana: the new government's five-point strategy and a model for mining site reclamation 加纳的基层环保主义和小规模矿业改革：新政府的五点战略和矿区复垦模式

IF 10.2 2区经济学 0 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Resources Policy

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105762

Albert Kobina Mensah , Francis Xavier Dery Tuokuu

Mineral extraction is a major driver of environmental degradation in many mining areas across the world. Regardless of scale, whether through basic tools or advanced technology, unsustainable mining practices result in significant ecological harm. In Ghana, government interventions to regulate the sector have largely been coercive, disproportionately targeting artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), which is primarily undertaken by marginalized Ghanaians ‘digging for survival’. This study applies for the first-time the framework of subaltern environmentalism to evaluate the new Ghanaian government's five key strategies for addressing the challenges confronting the ASM sector: regulatory reforms, law enforcement, equipment seizures, stakeholder engagement, and land reclamation. This study examines the government's commitments and progress toward these policy objectives by analysing materials related to ASM reforms published between January and July 2025, coinciding with the government's first six months in office. The data included weekly news reports, official government communications, reports from recognized organisations, and expert commentaries. The study reveals that regulatory reforms, law enforcement, and land reclamation recorded the highest levels of activity and commitment from the government. We propose a concurrent reclamation model—an integrated approach that couples active mining with ongoing environmental rehabilitation—as an effective strategy for restoring and repurposing degraded mining sites.

矿物开采是世界上许多矿区环境退化的主要驱动因素。无论规模如何，无论是通过基本工具还是先进技术，不可持续的采矿做法都会造成严重的生态危害。在加纳，政府监管该行业的干预措施在很大程度上是强制性的，不成比例地针对手工和小规模采矿（ASM），这些采矿主要是由边缘化的加纳人“为生存而挖”。本研究首次应用下层环境保护主义框架来评估加纳新政府为解决ASM部门面临的挑战所采取的五个关键战略：监管改革、执法、设备没收、利益相关者参与和土地复垦。本研究通过分析2025年1月至7月公布的与ASM改革相关的材料，考察了政府对这些政策目标的承诺和进展，与政府执政的前六个月一致。这些数据包括每周新闻报道、官方政府通讯、来自公认组织的报告和专家评论。研究显示，政府在监管改革、执法和土地复垦方面的活动和承诺最高。我们提出了一种并行复垦模型——一种将积极采矿与持续的环境恢复结合起来的综合方法——作为恢复和重新利用退化矿区的有效策略。

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引用次数: 0