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Four Theories of the Madden-Julian Oscillation 马登-朱利安振荡的四种理论
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000685
C. Zhang, á. F. Adames, B. Khouider, B. Wang, D. Yang

Studies of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) have progressed considerably during the past decades in observations, numerical modeling, and theoretical understanding. Many theoretical attempts have been made to identify the most essential processes responsible for the existence of the MJO. Criteria are proposed to separate a hypothesis from a theory (based on the first principles with quantitative and testable assumptions, able to predict quantitatively the fundamental scales and eastward propagation of the MJO). Four MJO theories are selected to be summarized and compared in this article: the skeleton theory, moisture-mode theory, gravity-wave theory, and trio-interaction theory of the MJO. These four MJO theories are distinct from each other in their key assumptions, parameterized processes, and, particularly, selection mechanisms for the zonal spatial scale, time scale, and eastward propagation of the MJO. The comparison of the four theories and more recent development in MJO dynamical approaches lead to a realization that theoretical thinking of the MJO is diverse and understanding of MJO dynamics needs to be further advanced.

在过去的几十年里,对麦登-朱利安涛动(MJO)的研究在观测、数值模拟和理论理解方面取得了相当大的进展。人们从理论上进行了许多尝试,以确定导致MJO存在的最基本过程。提出了区分假设和理论的标准(基于具有定量和可测试假设的第一原理,能够定量地预测MJO的基本尺度和向东传播)。本文选取了四种MJO理论进行了总结和比较:MJO的骨架理论、湿模理论、重力波理论和三相互作用理论。这四种MJO理论在其关键假设、参数化过程,特别是对MJO纬向空间尺度、时间尺度和东向传播的选择机制等方面具有不同之处。通过对这四种理论的比较和MJO动力学方法的最新发展,我们认识到MJO的理论思维是多样化的,对MJO动力学的理解需要进一步提高。
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引用次数: 60
Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea-Level Change and the Implications for the Future 了解当代区域海平面变化及其对未来的影响
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-04-17 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000672
Benjamin D. Hamlington, Alex S. Gardner, Erik Ivins, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, J. T. Reager, David S. Trossman, Edward D. Zaron, Surendra Adhikari, Anthony Arendt, Andy Aschwanden, Brian D. Beckley, David P. S. Bekaert, Geoffrey Blewitt, Lambert Caron, Don P. Chambers, Hrishikesh A. Chandanpurkar, Knut Christianson, Beata Csatho, Richard I. Cullather, Robert M. DeConto, John T. Fasullo, Thomas Frederikse, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Daniel M. Gilford, Manuela Girotto, William C. Hammond, Regine Hock, Nicholas Holschuh, Robert E. Kopp, Felix Landerer, Eric Larour, Dimitris Menemenlis, Mark Merrifield, Jerry X. Mitrovica, R. Steven Nerem, Isabel J. Nias, Veronica Nieves, Sophie Nowicki, Kishore Pangaluru, Christopher G. Piecuch, Richard D. Ray, David R. Rounce, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Hélène Seroussi, Manoochehr Shirzaei, William V. Sweet, Isabella Velicogna, Nadya Vinogradova, Thomas Wahl, David N. Wiese, Michael J. Willis

Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea-level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea-level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea-level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea-level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea-level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea-level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea-level observation network—particularly as related to satellite observations—in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea-level change.

全球海平面是气候变暖状况的重要指标,但区域海平面的变化与世界各地沿海社区最为相关。近年来,随着海平面观测系统的改进,对区域海平面变化的认识有了很大的提高。卫星测量与现场观测相结合,可以对导致海平面在空间和时间上变化的各种驱动因素进行全面研究,并增进对这些驱动因素的了解。尽管取得了这些进展,但对当代海平面变化的理解仍然存在差距,这阻碍了预测相关过程如何导致未来变化的能力。造成这些差距的部分原因是海平面变化驱动因素之间联系的复杂性。在这里,我们回顾了导致海平面变化的个别过程,然后描述了它们如何结合起来并在区域内变化。本文的目的是概述目前对导致区域海平面变化的过程的理解状况,并确定和讨论我们对这些过程的理解中的局限性和不确定性。由于缺乏了解或知识上的差距而无法为全面规划工作提供所需资料的领域尤其受到关注。最后,本文的一个目标是强调扩大的海平面观测网的作用,特别是与卫星观测有关的作用,在提高对区域海平面变化贡献者的科学认识方面。
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引用次数: 46
The Structure of Climate Variability Across Scales 气候变率的跨尺度结构
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-05 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000657
Christian L. E. Franzke, Susana Barbosa, Richard Blender, Hege-Beate Fredriksen, Thomas Laepple, Fabrice Lambert, Tine Nilsen, Kristoffer Rypdal, Martin Rypdal, Manuel G, Scotto, Stéphane Vannitsem, Nicholas W. Watkins, Lichao Yang, Naiming Yuan

One of the most intriguing facets of the climate system is that it exhibits variability across all temporal and spatial scales; pronounced examples are temperature and precipitation. The structure of this variability, however, is not arbitrary. Over certain spatial and temporal ranges, it can be described by scaling relationships in the form of power laws in probability density distributions and autocorrelation functions. These scaling relationships can be quantified by scaling exponents which measure how the variability changes across scales and how the intensity changes with frequency of occurrence. Scaling determines the relative magnitudes and persistence of natural climate fluctuations. Here, we review various scaling mechanisms and their relevance for the climate system. We show observational evidence of scaling and discuss the application of scaling properties and methods in trend detection, climate sensitivity analyses, and climate prediction.

气候系统最吸引人的一个方面是,它在所有时间和空间尺度上都表现出可变性;明显的例子是温度和降水。然而,这种可变性的结构并不是任意的。在一定的空间和时间范围内,它可以用概率密度分布和自相关函数的幂律形式的比例关系来描述。这些标度关系可以通过标度指数来量化,该指数衡量了变异性如何在不同尺度上变化,以及强度如何随发生频率变化。尺度决定了自然气候波动的相对幅度和持续时间。在这里,我们回顾了各种尺度机制及其与气候系统的相关性。我们展示了尺度化的观测证据,并讨论了尺度化特性和方法在趋势检测、气候敏感性分析和气候预测中的应用。
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引用次数: 67
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis at Regional and National Scales: State of the Art and Future Challenges 区域和国家尺度的概率地震灾害分析:技术现状和未来挑战
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000653
M. C. Gerstenberger, W. Marzocchi, T. Allen, M. Pagani, J. Adams, L. Danciu, E. H. Field, H. Fujiwara, N. Luco, K.-F. Ma, C. Meletti, M. D. Petersen

Seismic hazard modeling is a multidisciplinary science that aims to forecast earthquake occurrence and its resultant ground shaking. Such models consist of a probabilistic framework that quantifies uncertainty across a complex system; typically, this includes at least two model components developed from Earth science: seismic source and ground motion models. Although there is no scientific prescription for the forecast length, the most common probabilistic seismic hazard analyses consider forecasting windows of 30 to 50 years, which are typically an engineering demand for building code purposes. These types of analyses are the topic of this review paper. Although the core methods and assumptions of seismic hazard modeling have largely remained unchanged for more than 50 years, we review the most recent initiatives, which face the difficult task of meeting both the increasingly sophisticated demands of society and keeping pace with advances in scientific understanding. A need for more accurate and spatially precise hazard forecasting must be balanced with increased quantification of uncertainty and new challenges such as moving from time-independent hazard to forecasts that are time dependent and specific to the time period of interest. Meeting these challenges requires the development of science-driven models, which integrate all information available, the adoption of proper mathematical frameworks to quantify the different types of uncertainties in the hazard model, and the development of a proper testing phase of the model to quantify its consistency and skill. We review the state of the art of the National Seismic Hazard Modeling and how the most innovative approaches try to address future challenges.

地震危险性建模是一门多学科的科学,其目的是预测地震的发生及其引起的地面震动。这样的模型由一个概率框架组成,该框架量化了一个复杂系统的不确定性;通常,这包括至少两个从地球科学发展出来的模型组成部分:震源和地面运动模型。虽然没有科学的预测长度的规定,但最常见的概率地震危害分析考虑了30至50年的预测窗口,这通常是建筑规范目的的工程需求。这些类型的分析是这篇综述文章的主题。尽管地震灾害建模的核心方法和假设在50多年来基本保持不变,但我们回顾了最近的举措,这些举措面临着既满足日益复杂的社会需求又与科学认识的进步保持同步的艰巨任务。在需要更准确和空间上更精确的灾害预报的同时,必须增加对不确定性的量化和新的挑战,例如从不依赖于时间的灾害转向依赖于时间和特定于感兴趣的时间段的预测。为了应对这些挑战,需要开发科学驱动的模型,将现有的所有信息整合起来,采用适当的数学框架来量化危险模型中不同类型的不确定性,并开发适当的模型测试阶段,以量化其一致性和技能。我们回顾了国家地震灾害建模的最新进展,以及最具创新性的方法如何应对未来的挑战。
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引用次数: 63
Thank You to Our Peer Reviewers for 2019 感谢我们2019年的同行评审
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-25 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000699
Fabio Florindo, Ann Marie Carlton, Paolo D'Odorico, Qingyun Duan, Jasper S. Halekas, Gesine Mollenhauer, Eelco J. Rohling

On behalf of the authors and readers of Reviews of Geophysics (RoG), the American Geophysical Union (AGU), and the broader scientific community, the editors wish to wholeheartedly thank those who reviewed manuscripts for RoG in 2019.

编辑们谨代表《地球物理学评论》(Reviews of Geophysics, RoG)、美国地球物理联合会(American Geophysical Union, AGU)以及更广泛的科学界的作者和读者,衷心感谢2019年《地球物理学评论》的审稿人员。
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引用次数: 0
Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling 陆地上臭氧的干沉积:过程、测量和模拟
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-02-03 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000670
Olivia E. Clifton, Arlene M. Fiore, William J. Massman, Colleen B. Baublitz, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Silvano Fares, Delphine K. Farmer, Pierre Gentine, Giacomo Gerosa, Alex B. Guenther, Detlev Helmig, Danica L. Lombardozzi, J. William Munger, Edward G. Patton, Sally E. Pusede, Donna B. Schwede, Sam J. Silva, Matthias S?rgel, Allison L. Steiner, Amos P. K. Tai
Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near‐surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short‐lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely used models. If coordinated with short‐term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long‐term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.
臭氧干沉降是近地面空气中臭氧的重要汇。当干沉降通过植物气孔发生时,臭氧会伤害植物,改变水和碳循环,降低作物产量。准确量化气孔和非气孔吸收对于理解臭氧作为一种空气污染物对人类健康的影响以及作为一种强有力的短期温室气体对气候的影响以及对几种活性温室气体和空气污染物去除的主要控制具有重要意义。可靠的臭氧干沉积估计需要了解单个沉积途径的相对重要性,但对非气孔沉积的时空变异性了解甚少。在这里,我们通过综合大气化学、生态学和气象学等领域的研究,整合对臭氧沉积过程的理解。我们批判性地回顾了测量和建模方法,强调了支持建模的经验主义,从而解释了观察结果。我们对沉积途径,特别是土壤和叶片角质层的前所未有的综合知识,揭示了尚未包括在广泛使用的模型中的过程理解。如果与短期野外强度、实验室研究和机械建模相协调,从几个长期地点进行的测量将架起从分子尺度到生态系统尺度的桥梁,从而确定单个沉积途径的相对重要性及其在空间和时间上的变化程度。我们推荐的方法旨在缩小目前限制臭氧干沉降对空气质量、生态系统和气候影响量化的知识差距。
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引用次数: 80
Recent Advances and Challenges of Waveform-Based Seismic Location Methods at Multiple Scales 基于波形的多尺度地震定位方法研究进展与挑战
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-15 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000667
Lei Li, Jingqiang Tan, Benjamin Schwarz, Franti?ek Staněk, Natalia Poiata, Peidong Shi, Leon Diekmann, Leo Eisner, Dirk Gajewski

Source locations provide fundamental information on earthquakes and lay the foundation for seismic monitoring at all scales. Seismic source location as a classical inverse problem has experienced significant methodological progress during the past century. Unlike the conventional traveltime-based location methods that mainly utilize kinematic information, a new category of waveform-based methods, including partial waveform stacking, time reverse imaging, wavefront tomography, and full waveform inversion, adapted from migration or stacking techniques in exploration seismology has emerged. Waveform-based methods have shown promising results in characterizing weak seismic events at multiple scales, especially for abundant microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing in unconventional and geothermal reservoirs or foreshock and aftershock activity potentially preceding tectonic earthquakes. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current status of waveform-based location methods, through elaboration of the methodological principles, categorization, and connections, as well as illustration of the applications to natural and induced/triggered seismicity, ranging from laboratory acoustic emission to field hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity, regional tectonic, and volcanic earthquakes. Taking into account recent developments in instrumentation and the increasing availability of more powerful computational resources, we highlight recent accomplishments and prevailing challenges of different waveform-based location methods and what they promise to offer in the near future.

震源位置提供了有关地震的基本信息,并为所有尺度的地震监测奠定了基础。震源定位作为一个经典的反演问题,在过去的一个世纪里取得了重大的方法进步。与传统的主要利用运动学信息的基于旅行时的定位方法不同,一种新的基于波形的方法应运而生,包括部分波形叠加、时间逆成像、波前层析成像和全波形反演,这些方法都是基于勘探地震学中的偏移或叠加技术。基于波形的方法在表征多尺度弱地震事件方面显示出良好的效果,特别是对于非常规油气藏和地热储层中水力压裂引起的大量微地震,或者可能在构造地震之前发生的前震和余震活动。本文通过阐述方法原理、分类和联系,全面总结了基于波形的定位方法的现状,并举例说明了波形定位方法在自然和诱发/触发地震活动中的应用,包括实验室声发射、现场水力压裂诱发地震活动、区域构造和火山地震等。考虑到仪器仪表的最新发展和更强大的计算资源的日益可用性,我们强调了不同的基于波形的定位方法的最新成就和当前的挑战,以及它们在不久的将来有望提供的服务。
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引用次数: 75
Methane Mitigation: Methods to Reduce Emissions, on the Path to the Paris Agreement 甲烷减排:在达成《巴黎协定》的道路上减少排放的方法
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-14 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000675
E. G. Nisbet, R. E. Fisher, D. Lowry, J. L. France, G. Allen, S. Bakkaloglu, T. J. Broderick, M. Cain, M. Coleman, J. Fernandez, G. Forster, P. T. Griffiths, C. P. Iverach, B. F. J. Kelly, M. R. Manning, P. B. R. Nisbet-Jones, J. A. Pyle, A. Townsend-Small, A. al-Shalaan, N. Warwick, G. Zazzeri

The atmospheric methane burden is increasing rapidly, contrary to pathways compatible with the goals of the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement. Urgent action is required to bring methane back to a pathway more in line with the Paris goals. Emission reduction from “tractable” (easier to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as the fossil fuel industries and landfills is being much facilitated by technical advances in the past decade, which have radically improved our ability to locate, identify, quantify, and reduce emissions. Measures to reduce emissions from “intractable” (harder to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as agriculture and biomass burning have received less attention and are also becoming more feasible, including removal from elevated-methane ambient air near to sources. The wider effort to use microbiological and dietary intervention to reduce emissions from cattle (and humans) is not addressed in detail in this essentially geophysical review. Though they cannot replace the need to reach “net-zero” emissions of CO2, significant reductions in the methane burden will ease the timescales needed to reach required CO2 reduction targets for any particular future temperature limit. There is no single magic bullet, but implementation of a wide array of mitigation and emission reduction strategies could substantially cut the global methane burden, at a cost that is relatively low compared to the parallel and necessary measures to reduce CO2, and thereby reduce the atmospheric methane burden back toward pathways consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement.

大气中的甲烷负担正在迅速增加,这与2015年《联合国气候变化框架公约》《巴黎协定》的目标背道而驰。需要采取紧急行动,使甲烷排放回到更符合巴黎目标的道路上。过去十年来,技术进步极大地提高了我们定位、识别、量化和减少排放的能力,大大促进了化石燃料工业和垃圾填埋场等“可处理”(更容易缓解)人为来源的减排。减少农业和生物质燃烧等“棘手”(更难缓解)人为来源排放的措施受到的关注较少,而且也变得更加可行,包括从排放源附近的高浓度甲烷环境空气中去除。使用微生物和饮食干预来减少牛(和人类)排放的更广泛的努力,在这篇本质上是地球物理学的综述中没有详细讨论。虽然它们不能取代实现二氧化碳“净零”排放的需要,但甲烷负担的显著减少将缓解实现任何特定未来温度限制所需的二氧化碳减排目标所需的时间尺度。没有什么灵丹妙药,但实施一系列广泛的缓解和减排战略可以大幅减少全球甲烷负担,而成本与减少二氧化碳的平行和必要措施相比相对较低,从而将大气甲烷负担减少到与《巴黎协定》目标相一致的道路上。
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引用次数: 134
The Physics of Sediment Transport Initiation, Cessation, and Entrainment Across Aeolian and Fluvial Environments 风沙和河流环境中泥沙搬运的开始、停止和夹带的物理学
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2020-01-05 DOI: 10.1029/2019RG000679
Thomas P?htz, Abram H. Clark, Manousos Valyrakis, Orencio Durán

Predicting the morphodynamics of sedimentary landscapes due to fluvial and aeolian flows requires answering the following questions: Is the flow strong enough to initiate sediment transport, is the flow strong enough to sustain sediment transport once initiated, and how much sediment is transported by the flow in the saturated state (i.e., what is the transport capacity)? In the geomorphological and related literature, the widespread consensus has been that the initiation, cessation, and capacity of fluvial transport, and the initiation of aeolian transport, are controlled by fluid entrainment of bed sediment caused by flow forces overcoming local resisting forces, whereas aeolian transport cessation and capacity are controlled by impact entrainment caused by the impacts of transported particles with the bed. Here the physics of sediment transport initiation, cessation, and capacity is reviewed with emphasis on recent consensus-challenging developments in sediment transport experiments, two-phase flow modeling, and the incorporation of granular physics' concepts. Highlighted are the similarities between dense granular flows and sediment transport, such as a superslow granular motion known as creeping (which occurs for arbitrarily weak driving flows) and system-spanning force networks that resist bed sediment entrainment; the roles of the magnitude and duration of turbulent fluctuation events in fluid entrainment; the traditionally overlooked role of particle-bed impacts in triggering entrainment events in fluvial transport; and the common physical underpinning of transport thresholds across aeolian and fluvial environments. This sheds a new light on the well-known Shields diagram, where measurements of fluid entrainment thresholds could actually correspond to entrainment-independent cessation thresholds.

预测由河流和风成流引起的沉积景观的形态动力学需要回答以下问题:水流是否足够强大以启动泥沙运输,水流是否足够强大以维持泥沙运输,以及在饱和状态下水流运输了多少泥沙(即,运输能力是什么)?在地貌学和相关文献中,广泛的共识是,河流输运的开始、停止和容量以及风成输运的开始是由水流力克服局部阻力引起的河床泥沙的流体夹带控制的,而风成输运的停止和容量是由被输送颗粒与河床碰撞引起的冲击夹带控制的。本文回顾了泥沙输运开始、停止和能力的物理学,重点介绍了泥沙输运实验、两相流建模和颗粒物理概念的结合等方面的最新进展。重点强调了密集颗粒流和沉积物输运之间的相似之处,例如被称为爬行的超慢颗粒运动(发生在任意弱驱动流中)和抵抗床沉积物夹带的系统跨越力网络;湍流波动事件的大小和持续时间在流体夹带中的作用;传统上被忽视的颗粒床冲击在触发河流搬运夹带事件中的作用;以及风成和河流环境中运输阈值的共同物理基础。这为众所周知的希尔兹图提供了新的线索,在希尔兹图中,流体夹带阈值的测量实际上可以对应于夹带无关的停止阈值。
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引用次数: 95
The Tides They Are A-Changin': A Comprehensive Review of Past and Future Nonastronomical Changes in Tides, Their Driving Mechanisms, and Future Implications 他们正在改变的潮汐:对过去和未来潮汐的非天文变化、其驱动机制和未来影响的全面回顾
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-13 DOI: 10.1029/2018RG000636
Ivan D. Haigh, Mark D. Pickering, J. A. Mattias Green, Brian K. Arbic, Arne Arns, S?nke Dangendorf, David F. Hill, Kevin Horsburgh, Tom Howard, Déborah Idier, David A. Jay, Leon J?nicke, Serena B. Lee, Malte Müller, Michael Schindelegger, Stefan A. Talke, Sophie-Berenice Wilmes, Philip L. Woodworth

Scientists and engineers have observed for some time that tidal amplitudes at many locations are shifting considerably due to nonastronomical factors. Here we review comprehensively these important changes in tidal properties, many of which remain poorly understood. Over long geological time scales, tectonic processes drive variations in basin size, depth, and shape and hence the resonant properties of ocean basins. On shorter geological time scales, changes in oceanic tidal properties are dominated by variations in water depth. A growing number of studies have identified widespread, sometimes regionally coherent, positive, and negative trends in tidal constituents and levels during the 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries. Determining the causes is challenging because a tide measured at a coastal gauge integrates the effects of local, regional, and oceanic changes. Here, we highlight six main factors that can cause changes in measured tidal statistics on local scales and a further eight possible regional/global driving mechanisms. Since only a few studies have combined observations and models, or modeled at a temporal/spatial resolution capable of resolving both ultralocal and large-scale global changes, the individual contributions from local and regional mechanisms remain uncertain. Nonetheless, modeling studies project that sea level rise and climate change will continue to alter tides over the next several centuries, with regionally coherent modes of change caused by alterations to coastal morphology and ice sheet extent. Hence, a better understanding of the causes and consequences of tidal variations is needed to help assess the implications for coastal defense, risk assessment, and ecological change.

一段时间以来,科学家和工程师观察到,由于非天文因素,许多地方的潮汐振幅发生了相当大的变化。在这里,我们全面回顾潮汐性质的这些重要变化,其中许多仍然知之甚少。在漫长的地质时间尺度上,构造过程驱动了盆地的大小、深度和形状的变化,从而导致了海洋盆地的共振特性。在较短的地质时间尺度上,海洋潮汐性质的变化主要受水深变化的支配。越来越多的研究发现,在19世纪、20世纪和21世纪初,潮汐成分和水位存在广泛的、有时是区域性连贯的、积极的和消极的趋势。确定原因是具有挑战性的,因为在海岸测量的潮汐综合了当地、区域和海洋变化的影响。在这里,我们强调了可以引起局部尺度潮汐测量统计变化的六个主要因素以及另外八个可能的区域/全球驱动机制。由于只有少数研究将观测和模式结合起来,或在能够解决超局部和大尺度全球变化的时间/空间分辨率上进行模拟,因此地方和区域机制的个别贡献仍然不确定。尽管如此,模拟研究预测,海平面上升和气候变化将在未来几个世纪继续改变潮汐,沿海形态和冰盖范围的变化将导致区域一致的变化模式。因此,需要更好地了解潮汐变化的原因和后果,以帮助评估对海岸防御、风险评估和生态变化的影响。
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引用次数: 122
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Reviews of Geophysics
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