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From Fluid Flow to Coupled Processes in Fractured Rock: Recent Advances and New Frontiers 从流体流动到裂隙岩石的耦合过程:最新进展和新领域
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1029/2021RG000744
H. S. Viswanathan, J. Ajo-Franklin, J. T. Birkholzer, J. W. Carey, Y. Guglielmi, J. D. Hyman, S. Karra, L. J. Pyrak-Nolte, H. Rajaram, G. Srinivasan, D. M. Tartakovsky

Quantitative predictions of natural and induced phenomena in fractured rock is one of the great challenges in the Earth and Energy Sciences with far-reaching economic and environmental impacts. Fractures occupy a very small volume of a subsurface formation but often dominate fluid flow, solute transport and mechanical deformation behavior. They play a central role in CO2 sequestration, nuclear waste disposal, hydrogen storage, geothermal energy production, nuclear nonproliferation, and hydrocarbon extraction. These applications require predictions of fracture-dependent quantities of interest such as CO2 leakage rate, hydrocarbon production, radionuclide plume migration, and seismicity; to be useful, these predictions must account for uncertainty inherent in subsurface systems. Here, we review recent advances in fractured rock research covering field- and laboratory-scale experimentation, numerical simulations, and uncertainty quantification. We discuss how these have greatly improved the fundamental understanding of fractures and one's ability to predict flow and transport in fractured systems. Dedicated field sites provide quantitative measurements of fracture flow that can be used to identify dominant coupled processes and to validate models. Laboratory-scale experiments fill critical knowledge gaps by providing direct observations and measurements of fracture geometry and flow under controlled conditions that cannot be obtained in the field. Physics-based simulation of flow and transport provide a bridge in understanding between controlled simple laboratory experiments and the massively complex field-scale fracture systems. Finally, we review the use of machine learning-based emulators to rapidly investigate different fracture property scenarios and accelerate physics-based models by orders of magnitude to enable uncertainty quantification and near real-time analysis.

裂缝性岩石中自然现象和诱发现象的定量预测是地球和能源科学的重大挑战之一,具有深远的经济和环境影响。裂缝在地下地层中只占很小的体积,但往往主导着流体流动、溶质运移和力学变形行为。它们在二氧化碳封存、核废料处理、储氢、地热能生产、核不扩散和碳氢化合物开采方面发挥着核心作用。这些应用需要预测与裂缝相关的相关量,如二氧化碳泄漏率、油气产量、放射性核素羽流迁移和地震活动性;为了发挥作用,这些预测必须考虑到地下系统固有的不确定性。在这里,我们回顾了裂缝岩石研究的最新进展,包括现场和实验室规模的实验、数值模拟和不确定性量化。我们讨论了这些如何极大地提高了对裂缝的基本理解以及预测裂缝系统中流动和输送的能力。专门的现场站点提供了裂缝流动的定量测量,可用于识别主要耦合过程并验证模型。实验室规模的实验通过提供在受控条件下无法在现场获得的裂缝几何形状和流动的直接观察和测量,填补了关键的知识空白。基于物理的流动和输运模拟为理解受控的简单实验室实验和大规模复杂的现场压裂系统提供了一座桥梁。最后,我们回顾了基于机器学习的模拟器的使用,以快速研究不同的裂缝性质场景,并通过数量级加速基于物理的模型,以实现不确定性量化和近实时分析。
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引用次数: 41
Radiocarbon as a Dating Tool and Tracer in Paleoceanography 放射性碳作为古海洋学测年工具和示踪剂
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000720
L. C. Skinner, E. Bard

Radiocarbon is an extremely useful carbon cycle tracer and radiometric dating tool. Here, we review the main principles and challenges involved in the use of radiocarbon in paleoceanography. First, we present a conceptual framework in which there are three possible uses of a radiocarbon measurement: (a) to obtain a calendar age interval, or a fossil entity's age; (b) to obtain an estimate of a carbon reservoir's past radiocarbon activity; or (c) to compare the relative radiocarbon activities of two contemporary carbon reservoirs. We discuss the analysis of marine fossil material, the generation of an atmospheric reference curve, and the interpretation of marine radiocarbon “ventilation metrics” in relation to this reference curve. It is emphasized that marine radiocarbon integrates the influences of: changing radiocarbon production; air-sea gas exchange effects at the sea surface; transport times within the ocean interior; and the mixing of water parcels with different transit times from the sea surface, and different sea-surface sources. These controls are what make radiocarbon such a powerful paleoceanographic tracer, though the difficulty of disentangling them is what makes marine radiocarbon dating and tracer studies so challenging. We discuss the implementation of radiocarbon in numerical models, and explore the theory linking ocean-atmosphere partitioning of radiocarbon and CO2. Finally, we review existing records of marine radiocarbon variability over the last ∼25,000 years, which highlight the influence of ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange on past atmospheric CO2 and climate, and point to emerging opportunities for resolving the global radiocarbon- and carbon budgets over the last glacial cycle.

放射性碳是一种非常有用的碳循环示踪剂和放射性测年工具。在这里,我们回顾了放射性碳在古海洋学中使用的主要原理和挑战。首先,我们提出了一个概念框架,其中放射性碳测量有三种可能的用途:(a)获得日历年龄间隔或化石实体的年龄;(b)获得对碳库过去放射性碳活度的估计;或(c)比较两个当代碳储集层的相对放射性碳活度。我们讨论了海洋化石材料的分析,大气参考曲线的生成,以及与该参考曲线相关的海洋放射性碳“通风指标”的解释。强调海洋放射性碳综合了以下因素的影响:变化的放射性碳产量;海面海气交换效应;海洋内部的运输时间;以及来自不同海面和不同海面来源的不同过境时间的水团的混合。这些控制因素使放射性碳成为一种强大的古海洋示踪剂,尽管解开它们的困难使海洋放射性碳测年和示踪剂研究变得如此具有挑战性。我们讨论了放射性碳在数值模式中的实现,并探讨了放射性碳与CO2在海洋-大气中分配的理论联系。最后,我们回顾了过去~ 25000年来海洋放射性碳变率的现有记录,这些记录强调了海洋-大气碳交换对过去大气CO2和气候的影响,并指出了解决上一个冰期周期全球放射性碳和碳收支的新机会。
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引用次数: 13
Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World 世界山区的气候变化及其海拔格局
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-11 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000730
N. C. Pepin, E. Arnone, A. Gobiet, K. Haslinger, S. Kotlarski, C. Notarnicola, E. Palazzi, P. Seibert, S. Serafin, W. Sch?ner, S. Terzago, J. M. Thornton, M. Vuille, C. Adler

Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or amplify what is occurring elsewhere. Accelerating mountain climate change has extensive environmental impacts, including depletion of snow/ice reserves, critical for the world's water supply. Whilst the concept of elevation-dependent warming (EDW), whereby warming rates are stratified by elevation, is widely accepted, no consistent EDW profile at the global scale has been identified. Past assessments have also neglected elevation-dependent changes in precipitation. In this comprehensive analysis, both in situ station temperature and precipitation data from mountain regions, and global gridded data sets (observations, reanalyses, and model hindcasts) are employed to examine the elevation dependency of temperature and precipitation changes since 1900. In situ observations in paired studies (using adjacent stations) show a tendency toward enhanced warming at higher elevations. However, when all mountain/lowland studies are pooled into two groups, no systematic difference in high versus low elevation group warming rates is found. Precipitation changes based on station data are inconsistent with no systematic contrast between mountain and lowland precipitation trends. Gridded data sets (CRU, GISTEMP, GPCC, ERA5, and CMIP5) show increased warming rates at higher elevations in some regions, but on a global scale there is no universal amplification of warming in mountains. Increases in mountain precipitation are weaker than for low elevations worldwide, meaning reduced elevation-dependency of precipitation, especially in midlatitudes. Agreement on elevation-dependent changes between gridded data sets is weak for temperature but stronger for precipitation.

山区气候变化速率的量化具有相当大的意义,尤其是因为山区被视为气候“热点”,其变化可以预测或放大其他地方正在发生的变化。山区气候变化的加速对环境产生了广泛的影响,包括对世界供水至关重要的冰雪储备的枯竭。虽然海拔依赖性变暖(EDW)的概念被广泛接受,其中变暖速率按海拔分层,但尚未确定全球尺度上一致的EDW剖面。过去的评估也忽略了降水的海拔依赖性变化。本文综合分析了1900年以来的气温和降水变化对海拔的依赖关系,采用了山区的现场站温度和降水数据,以及全球网格化数据集(观测、再分析和模式预测)。成对研究(利用相邻站点)的现场观测显示,高海拔地区的增温趋势增强。然而,当所有山地/低地研究合并为两组时,没有发现高海拔和低海拔组变暖速率的系统差异。基于台站资料的降水变化不一致,山地和低地降水趋势没有系统对比。格网数据集(CRU、GISTEMP、GPCC、ERA5和CMIP5)显示,在一些地区,高海拔地区的变暖速度增加,但在全球尺度上,山区的变暖没有普遍放大。全球山地降水的增加弱于低海拔地区,这意味着降水的海拔依赖性降低,特别是在中纬度地区。格网数据集之间关于海拔相关变化的一致性在温度方面较弱,但在降水方面较强。
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引用次数: 90
Realistic Forests and the Modeling of Forest-Atmosphere Exchange 真实森林与森林-大气交换模型
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-04 DOI: 10.1029/2021RG000746
E. J. Bannister, A. R. MacKenzie, X.-M. Cai

Forests cover nearly a third of the Earth's land area and exchange mass, momentum, and energy with the atmosphere. Most studies of these exchanges, particularly using numerical models, consider forests whose structure has been heavily simplified. In many landscapes, these simplifications are unrealistic. Inhomogeneous landscapes and unsteady weather conditions generate fluid dynamical features that cause observations to be inaccurately interpreted, biased, or over-generalized. In Part I, we discuss experimental, theoretical, and numerical progress in the understanding of turbulent exchange over realistic forests. Scalar transport does not necessarily follow the flow in realistic settings, meaning scalar quantities are rarely at equilibrium around patchy forests, and significant scalar fluxes may form in the lee of forested hills. Gaps and patchiness generate significant spatial fluxes that current models and observations neglect. Atmospheric instability increases the distance over which fluxes adjust at forest edges. In deciduous forests, the effects of patchiness differ between seasons; counter intuitively, eddies reach further into leafy canopies (because they are rougher aerodynamically). Air parcel residence times are likely much lower in patchy forests than homogeneous ones, especially around edges. In Part II, we set out practical ways to make numerical models of forest-atmosphere more realistic, including by accounting for reconfiguration and realistic canopy structure and beginning to include more chemical and physical processes in turbulence resolving models. Future challenges include: (a) customizing numerical models to real study sites, (b) connecting space and time scales, and (c) incorporating a greater range of weather conditions in numerical models.

森林覆盖了地球陆地面积的近三分之一,并与大气交换质量、动量和能量。大多数关于这些交换的研究,特别是使用数值模型的研究,考虑的是结构已大大简化的森林。在许多情况下,这些简化是不现实的。不均匀的地形和不稳定的天气条件产生流体动力学特征,导致观测结果被不准确地解释、有偏差或过度概括。在第一部分中,我们讨论了在理解现实森林湍流交换方面的实验、理论和数值进展。在现实环境中,标量输运不一定跟随流动,这意味着标量量在斑块状森林周围很少处于平衡状态,而在森林山丘的背风处可能会形成显著的标量通量。间隙和斑块会产生重要的空间通量,而目前的模式和观测忽略了这一点。大气不稳定增加了森林边缘通量调整的距离。在落叶林中,斑块的影响因季节而异;与直觉相反的是,涡流深入到叶冠层(因为它们在空气动力学上更粗糙)。在斑驳的森林中,空气包裹的停留时间可能比均匀的森林要短得多,尤其是在边缘。在第二部分中,我们提出了使森林-大气数值模型更加真实的实际方法,包括考虑重构和真实的冠层结构,并开始在湍流解析模型中包括更多的化学和物理过程。未来的挑战包括:(a)根据实际研究地点定制数值模型,(b)连接空间和时间尺度,以及(c)在数值模型中纳入更大范围的天气条件。
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引用次数: 3
The Magnetic and Color Reflectance Properties of Hematite: From Earth to Mars 赤铁矿的磁性和颜色反射特性:从地球到火星
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000698
Zhaoxia Jiang, Qingsong Liu, Andrew P. Roberts, Mark J. Dekkers, Vidal Barrón, José Torrent, Sanzhong Li

Hematite is a canted antiferromagnet with reddish color that occurs widely on Earth and Mars. Identification and quantification of hematite is conveniently achieved through its magnetic and color properties. Hematite characteristics and content are indispensable ingredients in studies of the iron cycle, paleoenvironmental evolution, paleogeographic reconstructions, and comparative planetology (e.g., Mars). However, the existing magnetic and color reflectance property framework for hematite is based largely on stoichiometric hematite and tends to neglect the effects of cation substitution, which occurs widely in natural hematite and influences the physical properties of hematite. Thus, magnetic parameters for stoichiometric hematite are insufficient for complete analysis of many natural hematite occurrences and can lead to ambiguous geological interpretations. Remagnetization, which occurs pervasively in red beds, is another ticklish problem involving hematite. Understanding red bed remagnetization requires investigation of hematite's formation and remanence recording mechanisms. We elaborate on the influence of cation substitution on the magnetic and color spectral properties of hematite, and on identifying hematite and quantifying its content in soils and sediments. Studies of remagnetization mechanisms are discussed, and we summarize methods to discriminate between primary and secondary remanences carried by hematite in natural samples to aid primary remanence extraction in partially remagnetized red beds. Although there remain unknown properties and unresolved issues that require future work, recognition of the properties of cation-substituted hematite and remagnetization mechanisms for hematite will aid identification and interpretation of the magnetic signals that it carries, which is environmentally important and responsible for magnetic signals on Earth and Mars.

赤铁矿是一种倾斜的反铁磁体,呈红色,广泛存在于地球和火星上。利用赤铁矿的磁性和色性,方便了赤铁矿的鉴定和定量。赤铁矿的特征和含量是铁循环、古环境演化、古地理重建和比较行星学(如火星)研究中不可缺少的组成部分。然而,现有的赤铁矿磁性和色反射率框架主要基于化学计量赤铁矿,往往忽略了阳离子取代的影响,而阳离子取代在天然赤铁矿中广泛存在,并影响赤铁矿的物理性质。因此,化学计量赤铁矿的磁性参数不足以对许多天然赤铁矿产状进行完整分析,并可能导致模棱两可的地质解释。在红层中普遍发生的再磁化是另一个涉及赤铁矿的棘手问题。了解红层再磁化需要对赤铁矿的形成和残留记录机制进行研究。本文阐述了阳离子取代对赤铁矿磁性和色谱性质的影响,以及对土壤和沉积物中赤铁矿的鉴定和定量的影响。本文讨论了再磁化机理的研究,总结了天然样品中赤铁矿携带原生和次生剩余物的区分方法,以帮助在部分再磁化的红层中提取原生剩余物。虽然仍有未知的性质和未解决的问题需要未来的工作,但认识到阳离子取代赤铁矿的性质和赤铁矿的再磁化机制将有助于识别和解释它所携带的磁性信号,这对环境很重要,对地球和火星上的磁性信号负责。
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引用次数: 21
Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century 上个世纪北欧海热损失、大西洋流入和北极海冰覆盖
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000725
Lars H. Smedsrud, Morven Muilwijk, Ailin Brakstad, Erica Madonna, Siv K. Lauvset, Clemens Spensberger, Andreas Born, Tor Eldevik, Helge Drange, Emil Jeansson, Camille Li, Are Olsen, ?ystein Skagseth, Donald A. Slater, Fiamma Straneo, Kjetil V?ge, Marius ?rthun

Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice-ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long-term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine-terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long-term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind-driven. The Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air-sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.

海洋向极地热输送是地球系统的一个关键过程。我们详细回顾了自1900年以来与海冰覆盖有关的北大西洋水(AW)流、北冰洋热输送和大气热损失。我们的综合主要基于由再分析大气(1900 - 2018)强迫的海冰-海洋模式,并得到综合水文数据库(1950 -)、AW入流观测(1996 -)以及其他海冰范围(1900 -)、冰川退缩(1984 -)和巴伦支海水文(1900 -)的长期时间序列的证实。北冰洋,包括北欧海和巴伦支海,自20世纪70年代以来一直在变暖。这种变暖与海洋热输送增加和海冰损失一致,并导致了格陵兰岛海洋冰川的退缩。北欧海的大气热损失最大(占总量的60%),与该地区冷空气爆发和气旋的频率有关,但没有长期统计上显著的趋势。巴伦支海(约30%)和更北的北冰洋(约10%)的热损失总体上较小,但呈现出较大的正趋势。自1900年以来,AW流入、大气总热损失和密集流出均有所增加。通过理论标度,这些都是一致相关的,但AW流入的增加也是由风驱动的。在过去的一个世纪里,北冰洋的二氧化碳吸收量增加了~ 30%,这与北极海冰的减少相一致,从而导致了更强的海气相互作用,占全球吸收量的~ 8%。
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引用次数: 27
Polar Vortices in Planetary Atmospheres 行星大气中的极地涡旋
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000723
Dann M. Mitchell, Richard K. Scott, William J. M. Seviour, Stephen I. Thomson, Darryn W. Waugh, Nicholas A. Teanby, Emily R. Ball

Among the great diversity of atmospheric circulation patterns observed throughout the solar system, polar vortices stand out as a nearly ubiquitous planetary-scale phenomenon. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the observation of planetary polar vortices, culminating in the fascinating discovery of Jupiter's polar vortex clusters during the Juno mission. Alongside these observational advances has been a major effort to understand polar vortex dynamics using theory, idealized and comprehensive numerical models, and laboratory experiments. Here, we review our current knowledge of planetary polar vortices, highlighting both the diversity of their structures, as well as fundamental dynamical similarities. We propose a new convention of vortex classification, which adequately captures all those observed in our solar system, and demonstrates the key role of polar vortices in the global circulation, transport, and climate of all planets. We discuss where knowledge gaps remain, and the observational, experimental, and theoretical advances needed to address them. In particular, as the diversity of both solar system and exoplanetary data increases exponentially, there is now a unique opportunity to unify our understanding of polar vortices under a single dynamical framework.

在整个太阳系观测到的大气环流模式的多样性中,极地涡旋作为一种几乎无处不在的行星尺度现象而脱颖而出。近年来,在观测行星极涡方面取得了重大进展,最终在朱诺号任务期间发现了木星极涡群。除了这些观测方面的进展之外,人们还在利用理论、理想化和综合数值模型以及实验室实验来理解极地涡旋动力学方面做出了重大努力。在这里,我们回顾了我们目前对行星极地涡旋的了解,强调了它们结构的多样性,以及基本的动力学相似性。我们提出了一种新的涡旋分类方法,该方法充分捕获了我们太阳系中观测到的所有涡旋,并证明了极地涡旋在全球环流、运输和所有行星气候中的关键作用。我们讨论了知识差距仍然存在的地方,以及解决这些差距所需的观察、实验和理论进展。特别是,随着太阳系和系外行星数据的多样性呈指数级增长,现在有一个独特的机会将我们对极地涡旋的理解统一在一个单一的动力学框架下。
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引用次数: 4
Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges 来自太空的亚马逊水文学:科学进步和未来挑战
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/essoar.10506527.1
A. Fassoni-Andrade, A. Fleischmann, F. Papa, R. Paiva, Sly C. Wongchuig, J. Melack, Adriana Aparecida Moreira, A. Paris, A. Ruhoff, C. Barbosa, D. Maciel, E. Novo, F. Durand, F. Frappart, F. Aires, G. Abrahão, Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira, J. Espinoza, L. Laipelt, M. H. Costa, R. Espinoza-Villar, S. Calmant, V. Pellet
As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite‐based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin‐scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of "rainfall hotspots" in the Andes‐Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology‐oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space‐time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.
作为地球上最大的河流流域,亚马逊河对世界气候和水资源具有重要意义。在过去的几十年里,卫星遥感(RS)的进步将我们对其陆地水循环和相关水文过程的认识带入了一个新时代。在这里,我们回顾了主要的研究和在亚马逊地区使用卫星遥感的各种技术。我们展示了RS如何在支持有关亚马逊水循环的新研究和关键发现方面发挥了重要作用,以及该地区如何成为对新卫星检索和分析进行开创性调查的实验室。在流域尺度上,只有随着RS观测的出现,才有可能理解几个水文过程,例如安第斯山脉—亚马逊河流域过渡时期“降雨热点”的特征、蒸散速率、地表水和地下水储量的变化。这些结果有力地促进了水文模型的最新进展和我们对亚马逊水收支和水生环境的新理解。在即将到来的以水文为导向的卫星任务的背景下,这将为新的协同作用和更精细的时空分辨率的新观测提供机会,本综述旨在指导未来的研究议程,从空间上对亚马逊水进行综合监测和了解。在国际合作的推动下,综合多学科研究确立了未来的方向,以应对亚马逊目前面临的巨大挑战,从气候变化到人为压力的增加。
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引用次数: 37
Amazon Hydrology From Space: Scientific Advances and Future Challenges 来自太空的亚马逊水文学:科学进步和未来挑战
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000728
Alice César Fassoni-Andrade, Ayan Santos Fleischmann, Fabrice Papa, Rodrigo Cauduro Dias de Paiva, Sly Wongchuig, John M. Melack, Adriana Aparecida Moreira, Adrien Paris, Anderson Ruhoff, Claudio Barbosa, Daniel Andrade Maciel, Evlyn Novo, Fabien Durand, Frédéric Frappart, Filipe Aires, Gabriel Medeiros Abrah?o, Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Leonardo Laipelt, Marcos Heil Costa, Raul Espinoza-Villar, Stéphane Calmant, Victor Pellet

As the largest river basin on Earth, the Amazon is of major importance to the world's climate and water resources. Over the past decades, advances in satellite-based remote sensing (RS) have brought our understanding of its terrestrial water cycle and the associated hydrological processes to a new era. Here, we review major studies and the various techniques using satellite RS in the Amazon. We show how RS played a major role in supporting new research and key findings regarding the Amazon water cycle, and how the region became a laboratory for groundbreaking investigations of new satellite retrievals and analyses. At the basin-scale, the understanding of several hydrological processes was only possible with the advent of RS observations, such as the characterization of "rainfall hotspots" in the Andes-Amazon transition, evapotranspiration rates, and variations of surface waters and groundwater storage. These results strongly contribute to the recent advances of hydrological models and to our new understanding of the Amazon water budget and aquatic environments. In the context of upcoming hydrology-oriented satellite missions, which will offer the opportunity for new synergies and new observations with finer space-time resolution, this review aims to guide future research agenda toward integrated monitoring and understanding of the Amazon water from space. Integrated multidisciplinary studies, fostered by international collaborations, set up future directions to tackle the great challenges the Amazon is currently facing, from climate change to increased anthropogenic pressure.

作为地球上最大的河流流域,亚马逊河对世界气候和水资源具有重要意义。在过去的几十年里,卫星遥感(RS)的进步将我们对其陆地水循环和相关水文过程的认识带入了一个新时代。在这里,我们回顾了主要的研究和在亚马逊地区使用卫星遥感的各种技术。我们展示了RS如何在支持有关亚马逊水循环的新研究和关键发现方面发挥了重要作用,以及该地区如何成为对新卫星检索和分析进行开创性调查的实验室。在流域尺度上,只有随着RS观测的出现,才有可能了解几个水文过程,例如安第斯-亚马逊过渡时期“降雨热点”的特征、蒸散速率以及地表水和地下水储量的变化。这些结果有力地促进了水文模型的最新进展和我们对亚马逊水收支和水生环境的新理解。在即将到来的以水文为导向的卫星任务的背景下,这将为新的协同作用和更精细的时空分辨率的新观测提供机会,本综述旨在指导未来的研究议程,从空间上对亚马逊水进行综合监测和理解。在国际合作的推动下,综合多学科研究确立了未来的方向,以应对亚马逊目前面临的巨大挑战,从气候变化到人为压力的增加。
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引用次数: 0
Late Quaternary Abrupt Climate Change in the Tropics and Sub-Tropics: The Continental Signal of Tropical Hydroclimatic Events (THEs) 热带和亚热带晚第四纪气候突变:热带水文气候事件的大陆信号
IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.1029/2020RG000732
Raymond S. Bradley, Henry F. Diaz

Tropical hydroclimatic events, characterized by extreme regional rainfall anomalies, were a recurrent feature of marine isotope stages 2–4 and involved some of the most abrupt and dramatic climatic changes in the late Quaternary. These anomalies were pervasive throughout the tropics and resulted from the southward displacement of the Hadley circulation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its associated convective rainfall, modulated by regional factors. Lake sediments, stalagmites, and offshore marine sediments that integrate inland continental conditions provide a comprehensive record of these changes over the past ∼70,000 yr. Vast areas experienced severe drought while other areas recorded greatly increased rainfall. Within the uncertainties of dating, these tropical rainfall anomalies occurred very close in time (±102–103 yr) to the deposition of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris (IRD) that defines Heinrich events (HEs). The IRD record is a good proxy for the amount and distribution of additional freshwater forcing which was necessary to bring about a drastic reduction in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength during each HE. As a consequence of this reduction in AMOC and an abrupt expansion in the area of sea-ice, cooling of the North Atlantic and adjacent continents took place, with a rapid atmospheric response involving the southward displacement of the ITCZ and associated rainfall belts. The climatic consequences of this large-scale change in the Hadley circulation, modulated by regional factors, is clearly recorded throughout the tropics as a series of abrupt and extreme hydroclimatic events. Some of the physical mechanisms that may have played a role in those changes are discussed.

以极端区域降水异常为特征的热带水文气候事件是海洋同位素阶段2-4的一个反复出现的特征,涉及晚第四纪一些最突然和最剧烈的气候变化。这些异常在整个热带地区普遍存在,是由哈德利环流和热带辐合带(ITCZ)的南移及其相关的对流降雨引起的,并受到区域因子的调节。湖泊沉积物、石笋和近海海洋沉积物整合了内陆大陆条件,为过去~ 7万年的这些变化提供了全面的记录。大片地区经历了严重的干旱,而其他地区则记录了降雨量的大幅增加。在测年的不确定性范围内,这些热带降雨异常在时间上(±102-103年)与北大西洋冰筏碎片(IRD)沉积非常接近,后者定义了海因里希事件(HEs)。IRD记录很好地代表了额外淡水强迫的数量和分布,而额外淡水强迫是导致每次大暖期间大西洋经向翻转环流(AMOC)强度急剧减弱所必需的。由于AMOC的减少和海冰面积的突然扩大,北大西洋和邻近大陆发生了降温,并伴随一个快速的大气响应,包括ITCZ和相关雨带向南移动。哈德利环流的这种大规模变化的气候后果,受到区域因素的调节,在整个热带地区被清楚地记录为一系列突然和极端的水文气候事件。讨论了可能在这些变化中起作用的一些物理机制。
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引用次数: 8
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Reviews of Geophysics
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