In Space & Defence (as well as in many others fields), there is a trend for miniaturisation in active optics requiring new actuators. Applications also often require the ability to withstand high vibrations and shocks levels, as well as vacuum compatibility for space applications. A new generation of small and smart actuators such as piezoelectric (piezo) actuators, are resolving this trend, thanks to their capacity to offer high energy density and to support both extreme and various requirements. This paper first presents the BSM mechanism and its requirements, the technologies involved in the design and the validation campaign results. Secondly, a derived XY piezoelectric positioning stage based on the same APA® and associated Strain Gage sensing technology is presented with its associated performances. Finally, a new piezoelectric motor based on the APA® technology, which allows the combination of long stroke while maintaining high resolution positioning of optical elements, is presented with experimental performances.
{"title":"ATLID beam steering mechanism and derived new piezoelectric-based devices for optical applications","authors":"F. Bourgain, F. Barillot, C. Belly, F. Claeyssen","doi":"10.1117/12.2191334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191334","url":null,"abstract":"In Space & Defence (as well as in many others fields), there is a trend for miniaturisation in active optics requiring new actuators. Applications also often require the ability to withstand high vibrations and shocks levels, as well as vacuum compatibility for space applications. A new generation of small and smart actuators such as piezoelectric (piezo) actuators, are resolving this trend, thanks to their capacity to offer high energy density and to support both extreme and various requirements. This paper first presents the BSM mechanism and its requirements, the technologies involved in the design and the validation campaign results. Secondly, a derived XY piezoelectric positioning stage based on the same APA® and associated Strain Gage sensing technology is presented with its associated performances. Finally, a new piezoelectric motor based on the APA® technology, which allows the combination of long stroke while maintaining high resolution positioning of optical elements, is presented with experimental performances.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125690714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we investigated the suitability of various light propagation methods and their usefulness in terms of calculating the wave-optical point spread function (PSF) of an optical imaging system. To analyze an aberration in an optical imaging system in order to obtain its PSF, light propagation methods are widely used to obtain the light intensity distribution on the observation plane. Both the Fresnel-Kirchhoff and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formulae are commonly used in light propagation simulations. Recently, there have been many reports concerning light propagation methods in the field of digital holography. These methods are based on the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula and use discrete Fourier transformation. These methods are referred to as the angular spectrum and Fresnel diffraction methods. In this study, these propagation methods are evaluated in terms of the degree of accuracy offered and their associated calculation costs. In order to demonstrate and investigate the features of these propagation methods, we employed a Tessar lens system, which is composed of four lenses. The wavefront aberration of the lens system is obtained by a ray tracing simulation and is used to generate the generalized pupil function. Next, the Rayleigh- Sommerfeld diffraction formula and the light propagation method based on this formula are used to calculate the waveoptical PSF using the pupil function. We applied these simulation methods to various recently proposed propagation methods and discussed the suitability of the various light propagation methods under consideration for calculating the wave-optical PSF.
{"title":"Investigation of light propagation methods used to calculate wave-optical PSF","authors":"S. Horiuchi, S. Yoshida, M. Yamamoto","doi":"10.1117/12.2191412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191412","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the suitability of various light propagation methods and their usefulness in terms of calculating the wave-optical point spread function (PSF) of an optical imaging system. To analyze an aberration in an optical imaging system in order to obtain its PSF, light propagation methods are widely used to obtain the light intensity distribution on the observation plane. Both the Fresnel-Kirchhoff and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formulae are commonly used in light propagation simulations. Recently, there have been many reports concerning light propagation methods in the field of digital holography. These methods are based on the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula and use discrete Fourier transformation. These methods are referred to as the angular spectrum and Fresnel diffraction methods. In this study, these propagation methods are evaluated in terms of the degree of accuracy offered and their associated calculation costs. In order to demonstrate and investigate the features of these propagation methods, we employed a Tessar lens system, which is composed of four lenses. The wavefront aberration of the lens system is obtained by a ray tracing simulation and is used to generate the generalized pupil function. Next, the Rayleigh- Sommerfeld diffraction formula and the light propagation method based on this formula are used to calculate the waveoptical PSF using the pupil function. We applied these simulation methods to various recently proposed propagation methods and discussed the suitability of the various light propagation methods under consideration for calculating the wave-optical PSF.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123272422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Britta Satzer, U. Richter, U. Lippmann, Gerburg S. Metzner, G. Notni, H. Gross
As the scientific field of the freeform optics is newly developing, there is only a small number of approved starting systems for the imaging lens design. We investigate the possibility to generate starting configurations of freeform lenses with the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) method. Surface fit and transfer to the ray tracing program are discussed in detail. Based on specific examples without rotational symmetry, we analyze the potential of such starting systems. The tested systems evolve from Scheimpflug configurations or have arbitrarily tilted image planes. The optimization behavior of the starting systems retrieved from the 3D-SMS is compared to classical starting configurations, like an aspheric lens. Therefore we evaluate the root mean square (RMS) spot radius before and after the optimization as well as the speed of convergence. In result the performance of the starting configurations is superior. The mean RMS spot diameter is reduced about up to 17.6 % in comparison to an aspheric starting configuration and about up to 28 % for a simple plane plate.
{"title":"Using the 3D-SMS for finding starting configurations in imaging systems with freeform surfaces","authors":"Britta Satzer, U. Richter, U. Lippmann, Gerburg S. Metzner, G. Notni, H. Gross","doi":"10.1117/12.2191240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191240","url":null,"abstract":"As the scientific field of the freeform optics is newly developing, there is only a small number of approved starting systems for the imaging lens design. We investigate the possibility to generate starting configurations of freeform lenses with the Simultaneous Multiple Surface (SMS) method. Surface fit and transfer to the ray tracing program are discussed in detail. Based on specific examples without rotational symmetry, we analyze the potential of such starting systems. The tested systems evolve from Scheimpflug configurations or have arbitrarily tilted image planes. The optimization behavior of the starting systems retrieved from the 3D-SMS is compared to classical starting configurations, like an aspheric lens. Therefore we evaluate the root mean square (RMS) spot radius before and after the optimization as well as the speed of convergence. In result the performance of the starting configurations is superior. The mean RMS spot diameter is reduced about up to 17.6 % in comparison to an aspheric starting configuration and about up to 28 % for a simple plane plate.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122272923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Schmid, S. Tsakanikas, G. Mangalgiri, P. Andrae, M. Song, G. Yin, W. Riedel, P. Manley
Efficient light management in optoelectronic devices requires nanosystems where high optical qualities coincide with suitable device integration. The requirement of chemical and electrical passivation for integrating nanostrutures in e.g. thin film solar cells points towards the use of insulating and stable dielectric material, which however has to provide high scattering and near-fields as well. We investigate metal@dielectric core-shell nanoparticles and dielectric nanorods. Whereas core-shell nanoparticles can be simulated using Mie theory, nanorods of finite length are studied with the finite element method. We reveal that a metallic core within a thin dielectric shell can help to enhance scattering and near-field cross sections compared to a bare dielectric nanoparticle of the same radius. A dielectric nanorod has the benefit over a dielectric nanosphere in that it can generate much higher scattering cross sections and also give rise to a high near-field enhancement along its whole length. Electrical benefits of e.g. Ag@oxide nanoparticles in thin-film solar cells and ZnO nanorods in hybrid devices lie in reduction of recombination centers or close contact of the nanorod material with the surrounding organics, respectively. The optical benefit of dielectric shell material and elongated dielectric nanostructures is highlighted in this paper.
{"title":"Nano-optical concept design for light management","authors":"M. Schmid, S. Tsakanikas, G. Mangalgiri, P. Andrae, M. Song, G. Yin, W. Riedel, P. Manley","doi":"10.1117/12.2191081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191081","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient light management in optoelectronic devices requires nanosystems where high optical qualities coincide with suitable device integration. The requirement of chemical and electrical passivation for integrating nanostrutures in e.g. thin film solar cells points towards the use of insulating and stable dielectric material, which however has to provide high scattering and near-fields as well. We investigate metal@dielectric core-shell nanoparticles and dielectric nanorods. Whereas core-shell nanoparticles can be simulated using Mie theory, nanorods of finite length are studied with the finite element method. We reveal that a metallic core within a thin dielectric shell can help to enhance scattering and near-field cross sections compared to a bare dielectric nanoparticle of the same radius. A dielectric nanorod has the benefit over a dielectric nanosphere in that it can generate much higher scattering cross sections and also give rise to a high near-field enhancement along its whole length. Electrical benefits of e.g. Ag@oxide nanoparticles in thin-film solar cells and ZnO nanorods in hybrid devices lie in reduction of recombination centers or close contact of the nanorod material with the surrounding organics, respectively. The optical benefit of dielectric shell material and elongated dielectric nanostructures is highlighted in this paper.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121050136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UDWDM PON is a leading technology oriented to provide ultra-high bandwidth to final users while profiting the physical channels' capability. One of the main drawbacks of UDWDM technique is the fact that the nonlinear effects, like FWM, become stronger due to the close spectral proximity among channels. This work proposes a model for the optimal deployment of this type of networks taking into account the fiber length limitations imposed by physical restrictions related with the fiber's data transmission as well as the users' asymmetric distribution in a provided region. The proposed model employs the data transmission related effects in UDWDM PON as restrictions in the optimization problem and also considers the user's asymmetric clustering and the subdivision of the users region though a Voronoi geometric partition technique. Here it is considered de Voronoi dual graph, it is the Delaunay Triangulation, as the planar graph for resolving the problem related with the minimum weight of the fiber links.
{"title":"Optimization model for UDWDM-PON deployment based on physical restrictions and asymmetric user's clustering","authors":"G. Arévalo, R. Hincapié, J. Sierra","doi":"10.1117/12.2191433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191433","url":null,"abstract":"UDWDM PON is a leading technology oriented to provide ultra-high bandwidth to final users while profiting the physical channels' capability. One of the main drawbacks of UDWDM technique is the fact that the nonlinear effects, like FWM, become stronger due to the close spectral proximity among channels. This work proposes a model for the optimal deployment of this type of networks taking into account the fiber length limitations imposed by physical restrictions related with the fiber's data transmission as well as the users' asymmetric distribution in a provided region. The proposed model employs the data transmission related effects in UDWDM PON as restrictions in the optimization problem and also considers the user's asymmetric clustering and the subdivision of the users region though a Voronoi geometric partition technique. Here it is considered de Voronoi dual graph, it is the Delaunay Triangulation, as the planar graph for resolving the problem related with the minimum weight of the fiber links.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116630540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Performance of high resolution remote sensing payloads is often limited due to satellite platform vibrations. Effects of Linear and high frequency vibrations on the overall MTF are known exactly in closed form but the low frequency vibration effect is a random process and must be considered statistically. It should be considered in system level payload designing to know whether or not the overall MTF is limited by the vibration blur radius. Usually the vibration MTF budget is defined based on the mission requirements and the overall MTF limitations. With a good understanding of harmful vibration frequencies and amplitudes in the system preliminary design phase, their effects could be removed totally or partially. This procedure is cost effective and let designer to just eliminate the harmful vibrations and avoids over-designing. In this paper we have analyzed the effects of low-frequency platform vibrations on the payload’s modulation transfer function. We have used a statistical analysis to find the probability of imaging with a MTF greater or equal to a pre-defined budget for different missions. After some discussions on the worst and average cases, we have proposed some “look-up figures” which would help the remote sensing payload designers to avoid the vibration effects. Using these figures, designer can choose the electro-optical parameters in such a way, that vibration effects be less than its pre-defined budget. Furthermore, using the results, we can propose a damping profile based on which vibration frequencies and amplitudes must be eliminated to stabilize the payload system.
{"title":"Maximum allowable low-frequency platform vibrations in high resolution satellite missions: challenges and look-up figures","authors":"J. Haghshenas","doi":"10.1117/12.2191109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191109","url":null,"abstract":"Performance of high resolution remote sensing payloads is often limited due to satellite platform vibrations. Effects of Linear and high frequency vibrations on the overall MTF are known exactly in closed form but the low frequency vibration effect is a random process and must be considered statistically. It should be considered in system level payload designing to know whether or not the overall MTF is limited by the vibration blur radius. Usually the vibration MTF budget is defined based on the mission requirements and the overall MTF limitations. With a good understanding of harmful vibration frequencies and amplitudes in the system preliminary design phase, their effects could be removed totally or partially. This procedure is cost effective and let designer to just eliminate the harmful vibrations and avoids over-designing. In this paper we have analyzed the effects of low-frequency platform vibrations on the payload’s modulation transfer function. We have used a statistical analysis to find the probability of imaging with a MTF greater or equal to a pre-defined budget for different missions. After some discussions on the worst and average cases, we have proposed some “look-up figures” which would help the remote sensing payload designers to avoid the vibration effects. Using these figures, designer can choose the electro-optical parameters in such a way, that vibration effects be less than its pre-defined budget. Furthermore, using the results, we can propose a damping profile based on which vibration frequencies and amplitudes must be eliminated to stabilize the payload system.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"9626 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130193414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Localization microscopy for imaging at the nano-scale relies on the quality of fitting the emitter positions from the measured light spots. The type and magnitude of the noise in the detection process, the background light level and the Point Spread Function model that is used in the fit are of paramount importance for the precision and accuracy of the fit. We present several developments on the computational methods and performance limits of single emitter localization, targeting specifically these three aspects.
{"title":"Single emitter localization analysis in the presence of background","authors":"S. Stallinga","doi":"10.1117/12.2192043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2192043","url":null,"abstract":"Localization microscopy for imaging at the nano-scale relies on the quality of fitting the emitter positions from the measured light spots. The type and magnitude of the noise in the detection process, the background light level and the Point Spread Function model that is used in the fit are of paramount importance for the precision and accuracy of the fit. We present several developments on the computational methods and performance limits of single emitter localization, targeting specifically these three aspects.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121762130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hammerschmidt, S. Herrmann, J. Pomplun, L. Zschiedrich, S. Burger, F. Schmidt
Rigorous optical simulations of 3-dimensional nano-photonic structures are an important tool in the analysis and optimization of scattering properties of nano-photonic devices or parameter reconstruction. To construct geometrically accurate models of complex structured nano-photonic devices the finite element method (FEM) is ideally suited due to its flexibility in the geometrical modeling and superior convergence properties. Reduced order models such as the reduced basis method (RBM) allow to construct self-adaptive, error-controlled, very low dimensional approximations for input-output relationships which can be evaluated orders of magnitude faster than the full model. This is advantageous in applications requiring the solution of Maxwell's equations for multiple parameters or a single parameter but in real time. We present a reduced basis method for 3D Maxwell's equations based on the finite element method which allows variations of geometric as well as material and frequency parameters. We demonstrate accuracy and efficiency of the method for a light scattering problem exhibiting a resonance in the electric field.
{"title":"Reduced basis method for Maxwell's equations with resonance phenomena","authors":"M. Hammerschmidt, S. Herrmann, J. Pomplun, L. Zschiedrich, S. Burger, F. Schmidt","doi":"10.1117/12.2190425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190425","url":null,"abstract":"Rigorous optical simulations of 3-dimensional nano-photonic structures are an important tool in the analysis and optimization of scattering properties of nano-photonic devices or parameter reconstruction. To construct geometrically accurate models of complex structured nano-photonic devices the finite element method (FEM) is ideally suited due to its flexibility in the geometrical modeling and superior convergence properties. Reduced order models such as the reduced basis method (RBM) allow to construct self-adaptive, error-controlled, very low dimensional approximations for input-output relationships which can be evaluated orders of magnitude faster than the full model. This is advantageous in applications requiring the solution of Maxwell's equations for multiple parameters or a single parameter but in real time. We present a reduced basis method for 3D Maxwell's equations based on the finite element method which allows variations of geometric as well as material and frequency parameters. We demonstrate accuracy and efficiency of the method for a light scattering problem exhibiting a resonance in the electric field.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134369913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a novel spectrum imaging technology was developed recent years, push-broom coded aperture spectral imaging (PCASI) has the advantages of high throughput, high SNR, high stability etc. This coded aperture spectral imaging utilizes fixed code templates and push-broom mode, which can realize the high-precision reconstruction of spatial and spectral information. But during optical lens designing, manufacturing and debugging, it is inevitably exist some minor coma errors. Even minor coma errors can reduce image quality. In this paper, we simulated the system optical coma error’s influence to the quality of reconstructed image, analyzed the variant of the coded aperture in different optical coma effect, then proposed an accurate curve of image quality and optical coma quality in 255×255 size code template, which provide important references for design and development of push-broom coded aperture spectrometer.
{"title":"Analysis for simplified optics coma effection on spectral image inversion of coded aperture spectral imager","authors":"Yangyang Liu, Qunbo Lv, Weiyan Li, Bin Xiangli","doi":"10.1117/12.2192067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2192067","url":null,"abstract":"As a novel spectrum imaging technology was developed recent years, push-broom coded aperture spectral imaging (PCASI) has the advantages of high throughput, high SNR, high stability etc. This coded aperture spectral imaging utilizes fixed code templates and push-broom mode, which can realize the high-precision reconstruction of spatial and spectral information. But during optical lens designing, manufacturing and debugging, it is inevitably exist some minor coma errors. Even minor coma errors can reduce image quality. In this paper, we simulated the system optical coma error’s influence to the quality of reconstructed image, analyzed the variant of the coded aperture in different optical coma effect, then proposed an accurate curve of image quality and optical coma quality in 255×255 size code template, which provide important references for design and development of push-broom coded aperture spectrometer.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114234953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Li, D. Michaelis, P. Schreiber, L. Dick, A. Bräuer
Using conventional mapping algorithms for the construction of illumination freeform optics’ arbitrary target pattern can be obtained for idealized sources, e.g. collimated light or point sources. Each freeform surface element generates an image point at the target and the light intensity of an image point is corresponding to the area of the freeform surface element who generates the image point. For sources with a pronounced extension and ray divergence, e.g. an LED with a small source-freeform-distance, the image points are blurred and the blurred patterns might be different between different points. Besides, due to Fresnel losses and vignetting, the relationship between light intensity of image points and area of freeform surface elements becomes complicated. These individual light distributions of each freeform element are taken into account in a mapping algorithm. To this end the method of steepest decent procedures are used to adapt the mapping goal. A structured target pattern for a optics system with an ideal source is computed applying corresponding linear optimization matrices. Special weighting factor and smoothing factor are included in the procedures to achieve certain edge conditions and to ensure the manufacturability of the freefrom surface. The corresponding linear optimization matrices, which are the lighting distribution patterns of each of the freeform surface elements, are gained by conventional raytracing with a realistic source. Nontrivial source geometries, like LED-irregularities due to bonding or source fine structures, and a complex ray divergence behavior can be easily considered. Additionally, Fresnel losses, vignetting and even stray light are taken into account. After optimization iterations, with a realistic source, the initial mapping goal can be achieved by the optics system providing a structured target pattern with an ideal source. The algorithm is applied to several design examples. A few simple tasks are presented to discussed the ability and limitation of the this mothed. It is also presented that a homogeneous LED-illumination system design, in where, with a strongly tilted incident direction, a homogeneous distribution is achieved with a rather compact optics system and short working distance applying a relatively large LED source. It is shown that the lighting distribution patterns from the freeform surface elements can be significantly different from the others. The generation of a structured target pattern, applying weighting factor and smoothing factor, are discussed. Finally, freeform designs for much more complex sources like clusters of LED-sources are presented.
{"title":"Mapping algorithm for freeform construction using non-ideal light sources","authors":"Chen Li, D. Michaelis, P. Schreiber, L. Dick, A. Bräuer","doi":"10.1117/12.2191207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191207","url":null,"abstract":"Using conventional mapping algorithms for the construction of illumination freeform optics’ arbitrary target pattern can be obtained for idealized sources, e.g. collimated light or point sources. Each freeform surface element generates an image point at the target and the light intensity of an image point is corresponding to the area of the freeform surface element who generates the image point. For sources with a pronounced extension and ray divergence, e.g. an LED with a small source-freeform-distance, the image points are blurred and the blurred patterns might be different between different points. Besides, due to Fresnel losses and vignetting, the relationship between light intensity of image points and area of freeform surface elements becomes complicated. These individual light distributions of each freeform element are taken into account in a mapping algorithm. To this end the method of steepest decent procedures are used to adapt the mapping goal. A structured target pattern for a optics system with an ideal source is computed applying corresponding linear optimization matrices. Special weighting factor and smoothing factor are included in the procedures to achieve certain edge conditions and to ensure the manufacturability of the freefrom surface. The corresponding linear optimization matrices, which are the lighting distribution patterns of each of the freeform surface elements, are gained by conventional raytracing with a realistic source. Nontrivial source geometries, like LED-irregularities due to bonding or source fine structures, and a complex ray divergence behavior can be easily considered. Additionally, Fresnel losses, vignetting and even stray light are taken into account. After optimization iterations, with a realistic source, the initial mapping goal can be achieved by the optics system providing a structured target pattern with an ideal source. The algorithm is applied to several design examples. A few simple tasks are presented to discussed the ability and limitation of the this mothed. It is also presented that a homogeneous LED-illumination system design, in where, with a strongly tilted incident direction, a homogeneous distribution is achieved with a rather compact optics system and short working distance applying a relatively large LED source. It is shown that the lighting distribution patterns from the freeform surface elements can be significantly different from the others. The generation of a structured target pattern, applying weighting factor and smoothing factor, are discussed. Finally, freeform designs for much more complex sources like clusters of LED-sources are presented.","PeriodicalId":212434,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Optical Systems Design","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114583452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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