{"title":"Mismatch screening in Nicotiana benthamiana to explore Pik‐1/Pik‐2 paired NLR platforms for receptor engineering","authors":"Yuxuan Xi, Mark J. Banfield","doi":"10.1111/nph.70864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70864","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lynda S. C. Guerrero, Erika Buscardo, Mario M. Inomoto, Laszlo Nagy
Summary According to the enemy release hypothesis (ERH), the fitness of exotic plants and their capacity to become invasive in their area of introduction may partly be attributable to the loss of their natural enemies. Invasive species may also benefit from modifying soil attributes and thereby creating a positive soil–plant feedback. We assessed the relationship between time since the establishment of the invasive Pinus elliottii and enemy release in a montane pine–nematode‐specific context within the Atlantic Forest domain, by comparing soil nematode communities/functional diversity along a virtual chronosequence of invasion. Our findings confirmed the premises of the ERH and suggest that invasion may be facilitated by a lesser nematode load on pine compared to that on native species. The impact of P. elliottii on nematode communities over time was mainly driven by changes in the trophic structure with a major depletion of phytophagous species and overall nematode richness. The findings suggest that P. elliottii after experiencing an initial reduction in natural enemy pressure in its exotic range, further changes the composition of soil organisms in its rhizosphere. This has implications for plant–soil feedbacks which, in turn, affect the dynamics of pine invasion in neotropical montane ecosystems.
{"title":"Low abundance of phytophagous nematodes under invasive exotic Pinus elliottii – enemy release and plant–soil feedbacks","authors":"Lynda S. C. Guerrero, Erika Buscardo, Mario M. Inomoto, Laszlo Nagy","doi":"10.1111/nph.70852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70852","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> According to the enemy release hypothesis (ERH), the fitness of exotic plants and their capacity to become invasive in their area of introduction may partly be attributable to the loss of their natural enemies. Invasive species may also benefit from modifying soil attributes and thereby creating a positive soil–plant feedback. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We assessed the relationship between time since the establishment of the invasive <jats:italic>Pinus elliottii</jats:italic> and enemy release in a montane pine–nematode‐specific context within the Atlantic Forest domain, by comparing soil nematode communities/functional diversity along a virtual chronosequence of invasion. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Our findings confirmed the premises of the ERH and suggest that invasion may be facilitated by a lesser nematode load on pine compared to that on native species. The impact of <jats:italic>P. elliottii</jats:italic> on nematode communities over time was mainly driven by changes in the trophic structure with a major depletion of phytophagous species and overall nematode richness. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> The findings suggest that <jats:italic>P. elliottii</jats:italic> after experiencing an initial reduction in natural enemy pressure in its exotic range, further changes the composition of soil organisms in its rhizosphere. This has implications for plant–soil feedbacks which, in turn, affect the dynamics of pine invasion in neotropical montane ecosystems. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheng‐Gen Qiang, Hong‐Xiang Zhang, Qing‐Lin Meng, Mu‐Fan Geng, Jing‐Dan Han, Chun‐Yan Jing, Fu‐Min Zhang, Ji‐Long Li, Song Ge
Summary Elucidating the genetic basis of speciation provides crucial insights into evolutionary novelty. Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara are closely related wild rice species that diverged due to habitat differentiation and provide a valuable system for studying ecological speciation. We constructed a recombinant inbred line population from a cross between two Oryza species and performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for 17 traits. We identified 133 QTLs and revealed that a few genes of large effect and many genes of small effect were responsible for the divergence of all measured traits as a whole and for each of the two focal traits (flowering time and perenniality) that play critical roles in the formation of O. nivara . Moreover, we showed that the shared genetic bases among traits promoted the ecological origin of O. nivara . By integrating the QTL mapping and genome scans, we identified the candidate genes associated with photoperiod sensitivity ( Hd1 and OsPRR37 ) and perenniality ( OsEMF2a ) and demonstrated that the photoperiod sensitivity loss is the main contributor to the origin of O. nivara . This study offers new insights into the genetic mechanisms of ecological speciation and facilitates effective manipulation of specific genes in rice breeding.
{"title":"Genetic architecture of flowering time and perenniality: implications for the origin of wild rice Oryza nivara","authors":"Cheng‐Gen Qiang, Hong‐Xiang Zhang, Qing‐Lin Meng, Mu‐Fan Geng, Jing‐Dan Han, Chun‐Yan Jing, Fu‐Min Zhang, Ji‐Long Li, Song Ge","doi":"10.1111/nph.70861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70861","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Elucidating the genetic basis of speciation provides crucial insights into evolutionary novelty. <jats:italic>Oryza rufipogon</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Oryza nivara</jats:italic> are closely related wild rice species that diverged due to habitat differentiation and provide a valuable system for studying ecological speciation. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We constructed a recombinant inbred line population from a cross between two <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> species and performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for 17 traits. We identified 133 QTLs and revealed that a few genes of large effect and many genes of small effect were responsible for the divergence of all measured traits as a whole and for each of the two focal traits (flowering time and perenniality) that play critical roles in the formation of <jats:italic>O. nivara</jats:italic> . Moreover, we showed that the shared genetic bases among traits promoted the ecological origin of <jats:italic>O. nivara</jats:italic> . </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> By integrating the QTL mapping and genome scans, we identified the candidate genes associated with photoperiod sensitivity ( <jats:italic>Hd1</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>OsPRR37</jats:italic> ) and perenniality ( <jats:italic>OsEMF2a</jats:italic> ) and demonstrated that the photoperiod sensitivity loss is the main contributor to the origin of <jats:italic>O. nivara</jats:italic> . </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> This study offers new insights into the genetic mechanisms of ecological speciation and facilitates effective manipulation of specific genes in rice breeding. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brood pollination mutualisms are obligate interactions in which the specialized insect generally evolves parasitism of its pollinated flower, but whether pollen parasitism could also evolve in nursery pollination systems remains little known.
Aspects of pollination, particularly floral phenology and anthesis, as well as feeding habits and life cycles of pollinators, were examined in seven species of Aspidistra (Asparagaceae), in which flowers of most species are cryptic, usually covered by forest litter.
The 9-yr field study found that at least six species were pollinated by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae) or gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), and their larvae were pollen parasites of the pollinated flowers. As illustrated here, Aspidistra saxicola was exclusively pollinated by a female midge, whose adults fed on pollen and oviposited in flowers, and whose larvae developed in 3–4 d on a diet of the pollen within the corolla. The timing of the midges' life cycle matched the flowering phase of pollen provision for 4–7 d.
Unlike previously reported obligate brood pollination mutualisms, in which larvae are seed predators, the sole pollinators, gall midges or fungus gnats, are completely dependent on pollen in multiple species of Aspidistra, illustrating a new fly-pollinated pollen-parasite mutualism in angiosperms.
{"title":"Brood pollination mutualism between cryptic-flower Aspidistra and pollen-parasite midges","authors":"Zhong-Yi Sun, Chun-Rui Lin, Shuang-Quan Huang","doi":"10.1111/nph.70859","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.70859","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Brood pollination mutualisms are obligate interactions in which the specialized insect generally evolves parasitism of its pollinated flower, but whether pollen parasitism could also evolve in nursery pollination systems remains little known.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Aspects of pollination, particularly floral phenology and anthesis, as well as feeding habits and life cycles of pollinators, were examined in seven species of <i>Aspidistra</i> (Asparagaceae), in which flowers of most species are cryptic, usually covered by forest litter.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The 9-yr field study found that at least six species were pollinated by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae) or gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), and their larvae were pollen parasites of the pollinated flowers. As illustrated here, <i>Aspidistra saxicola</i> was exclusively pollinated by a female midge, whose adults fed on pollen and oviposited in flowers, and whose larvae developed in 3–4 d on a diet of the pollen within the corolla. The timing of the midges' life cycle matched the flowering phase of pollen provision for 4–7 d.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Unlike previously reported obligate brood pollination mutualisms, in which larvae are seed predators, the sole pollinators, gall midges or fungus gnats, are completely dependent on pollen in multiple species of <i>Aspidistra</i>, illustrating a new fly-pollinated pollen-parasite mutualism in angiosperms.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"249 5","pages":"2588-2597"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nik Woning, Yazen Al-Salman, Elias Kaiser, Sarah R. Berman, Oliver Brendel, Francisco Javier Cano, Sebastien Carpentier, Mauro Centritto, Paul L. Drake, Maxime Durand, David Eyland, Peter J. Franks, Theo Gerardin, Oula Ghannoum, Matthew Haworth, Liisa Kübarsepp, Tracy Lawson, Didier Le Thiec, Yong Li, Leo F. M. Marcelis, Giovanni Marino, Lorna McAusland, Christopher D. Muir, Ülo Niinemets, Tiago D. G. Nunes, Michael T. Raissig, Kazuma Sakoda, Daisuke Sugiura, Tiina Tosens, Qiangqiang Zhang, Ningyi Zhang, Silvere Vialet-Chabrand
气孔开闭速率对光照变化的响应影响着叶片的光合作用和水分利用。然而，目前尚不清楚气孔大小（SS）和密度（SD）对气孔导度（gs）动力学的影响有多大，以及这种影响是由方法差异、保护细胞类型还是两形气孔的程度引起的。我们将已发表的89种植物的气孔动力学与解剖特征相结合的记录分为肾型和哑铃型保护细胞，并对其进行了四种动力学g - s模型的评价。我们推导出了g s （τ）指数响应的时间常数、最大变化率（Sl max）以及轴向/轴向SD （rSD）的比值。我们发现模型之间的参数估计存在显著差异。气孔解剖特征和动力学参数在不同种间差异较大。虽然个体解剖特征（SS、SD、rSD和保护细胞类型）与气孔响应速度（τ和Sl max）的相关性较弱，但这些特征之间的相互作用显示出显著的影响，这表明动力学性能是由协同而非加性解剖关系产生的。我们的研究结果要求使用我们的统一建模方法，挑战了观察的普遍性，即较小的气孔在物种间移动得更快，并表明rSD是气孔动力学的一个未充分研究的驱动因素。
{"title":"Revisiting the relationship between stomatal size and speed across species – a meta-analysis","authors":"Nik Woning, Yazen Al-Salman, Elias Kaiser, Sarah R. Berman, Oliver Brendel, Francisco Javier Cano, Sebastien Carpentier, Mauro Centritto, Paul L. Drake, Maxime Durand, David Eyland, Peter J. Franks, Theo Gerardin, Oula Ghannoum, Matthew Haworth, Liisa Kübarsepp, Tracy Lawson, Didier Le Thiec, Yong Li, Leo F. M. Marcelis, Giovanni Marino, Lorna McAusland, Christopher D. Muir, Ülo Niinemets, Tiago D. G. Nunes, Michael T. Raissig, Kazuma Sakoda, Daisuke Sugiura, Tiina Tosens, Qiangqiang Zhang, Ningyi Zhang, Silvere Vialet-Chabrand","doi":"10.1111/nph.70842","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.70842","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"249 5","pages":"2338-2354"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.70842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Root phosphatase activity (RPA) is a key physiological trait that indicates plant phosphorus (P) acquisition ability, representing significant carbon investment and P gain. However, it is unclear how RPA is coordinated with key traits for nutrient acquisition. We analyzed a global dataset across 514 species from 83 studies to investigate how RPA is correlated with other key traits and its position within the global root economics space (RES) framework. We found that RPA exhibits significant coordination and trade‐off with root morphological traits, yet remains independent of root branching and mycorrhizal colonization. Root nitrogen (N) and P concentrations were positively and negatively correlated with RPA, respectively. Moreover, we observed significantly higher RPA in N‐fixers than in nonfixers, demonstrating the higher P‐mining ability of N‐fixers. Incorporating RPA into the classic RES, our findings support the multidimensional RES framework, showing a closer alignment of RPA with the acquisitive end of the conservation dimension. Our findings clarify how RPA is integrated into the global RES and contribute to an integrative understanding of plants' belowground strategies, with implications for plant form and ecosystem functioning.
{"title":"Linking root phosphatase activity to root chemical and morphological traits across species: a global analysis","authors":"Gukailin Ao, Changlin Xu, Xudong Wang, Mengguang Han, Biao Zhu","doi":"10.1111/nph.70867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70867","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Root phosphatase activity (RPA) is a key physiological trait that indicates plant phosphorus (P) acquisition ability, representing significant carbon investment and P gain. However, it is unclear how RPA is coordinated with key traits for nutrient acquisition. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We analyzed a global dataset across 514 species from 83 studies to investigate how RPA is correlated with other key traits and its position within the global root economics space (RES) framework. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We found that RPA exhibits significant coordination and trade‐off with root morphological traits, yet remains independent of root branching and mycorrhizal colonization. Root nitrogen (N) and P concentrations were positively and negatively correlated with RPA, respectively. Moreover, we observed significantly higher RPA in N‐fixers than in nonfixers, demonstrating the higher P‐mining ability of N‐fixers. Incorporating RPA into the classic RES, our findings support the multidimensional RES framework, showing a closer alignment of RPA with the acquisitive end of the conservation dimension. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Our findings clarify how RPA is integrated into the global RES and contribute to an integrative understanding of plants' belowground strategies, with implications for plant form and ecosystem functioning. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mamoona Khan, Nithya Nagarajan, Kathrin Schneewolf, Caroline Marcon, Danning Wang, Frank Hochholdinger, Peng Yu, Armin Djamei
Summary Biotrophic plant–pathogens secrete effector molecules to redirect and exploit endogenous signaling and developmental pathways in their favor. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes galls on all aerial parts of maize. However, the responsible gall‐inducing effectors and corresponding plant signaling pathway(s) remain largely unknown. Using molecular and genetic approaches, and transcriptomic comparisons in maize, we identify downstream targets and developmental consequences of the plant TOPLESS (TPL)‐interacting protein (Tip) effectors in gall formation. We demonstrate that Tip4 derepress AtARF7/AtARF19 branch of auxin signaling, leading to the formation of pluripotent calli without the external addition of phytohormones. Comparative transcriptomics in maize further reveals a significant overlap of genes upregulated during U. maydis ‐triggered leaf gall formation and the developmental initiation of lateral roots (LRs). Additionally, we show that this process involves the transcriptional upregulation of downstream LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factors. Homozygous mutations in two LBD genes ( ra2 , rtcs ) resulted in significantly reduced gall formation in maize. Taken together, our results suggest that U. maydis hijacks the LR initiation pathway to trigger gall formation in maize shoots, revealing key effectors and host pathways exploited by biotrophic pathogens.
{"title":"Pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis exploits the lateral root regulators to induce pluripotency in maize shoots","authors":"Mamoona Khan, Nithya Nagarajan, Kathrin Schneewolf, Caroline Marcon, Danning Wang, Frank Hochholdinger, Peng Yu, Armin Djamei","doi":"10.1111/nph.70843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70843","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Biotrophic plant–pathogens secrete effector molecules to redirect and exploit endogenous signaling and developmental pathways in their favor. The biotrophic fungus <jats:italic>Ustilago maydis</jats:italic> causes galls on all aerial parts of maize. However, the responsible gall‐inducing effectors and corresponding plant signaling pathway(s) remain largely unknown. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Using molecular and genetic approaches, and transcriptomic comparisons in maize, we identify downstream targets and developmental consequences of the plant TOPLESS (TPL)‐interacting protein (Tip) effectors in gall formation. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We demonstrate that Tip4 derepress <jats:italic>AtARF7/AtARF19</jats:italic> branch of auxin signaling, leading to the formation of pluripotent calli without the external addition of phytohormones. Comparative transcriptomics in maize further reveals a significant overlap of genes upregulated during <jats:italic>U. maydis</jats:italic> ‐triggered leaf gall formation and the developmental initiation of lateral roots (LRs). Additionally, we show that this process involves the transcriptional upregulation of downstream LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) transcription factors. Homozygous mutations in two LBD genes ( <jats:italic>ra2</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>rtcs</jats:italic> ) resulted in significantly reduced gall formation in maize. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Taken together, our results suggest that <jats:italic>U. maydis</jats:italic> hijacks the LR initiation pathway to trigger gall formation in maize shoots, revealing key effectors and host pathways exploited by biotrophic pathogens. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary RNA end maturation and stabilization are crucial for plant organellar gene expression, yet the mechanisms remain elusive, partially due to the lack of efficient RNA end mapping methods. We developed a high‐throughput transcript end mapping tool (Hiten) by integrating in vitro RNA circularization, next‐generation sequencing, and circRNA identification algorithm MeCi. Using Hiten, we systematically mapped 5′ and 3′ ends of organellar mRNAs and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and characterized organellar polyadenosine tails in maize ( Zea mays ). Combining RNA 5′‐polyphosphatase treatment with Hiten demonstrates that transcription initiation plays a major role in 5′‐end formation of mRNAs and ncRNAs in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, Hiten was used to identify the RNA substrates of chloroplast‐ and mitochondrion‐ dual‐localized ZmRNase II and mitochondria‐targeted ZmPPR67. The results show that almost all chloroplast mRNAs and ncRNAs, and mitochondrial atp1 and atp4 mRNAs carry short 3′‐extensions when ZmRNase II is mutated. In the Zmppr67 mutant, 5′ end‐truncated atp9 mRNAs are accumulated, accompanied by a significant reduction in mature atp9 mRNA levels. This study introduces an efficient tool for mapping organellar RNA ends and screening organellar RNA substrates and reveals that ZmRNase II predominantly functions in chloroplast RNA 3′‐end maturation, whereas ZmPPR67 stabilizes mitochondrial atp9 mRNA by protecting its 5′ end.
{"title":"An efficient transcript end mapping tool, Hiten, uncovers the functions of Z m RN ase II and Z m PPR 67 in organellar RNA processing and stability in maize","authors":"Zi‐Wei Qian, Hui Sun, Feng‐Rui Chang, Xun Liao, Lin‐Qu Chen, Xiu‐Chao Lu, Yan‐Yan Wang, Wen‐Xin Liu, Fa‐Qiang Feng, Feng Sun, Bao‐Cai Tan, Ya‐Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.70856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70856","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> RNA end maturation and stabilization are crucial for plant organellar gene expression, yet the mechanisms remain elusive, partially due to the lack of efficient RNA end mapping methods. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We developed a high‐throughput transcript end mapping tool (Hiten) by integrating <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> RNA circularization, next‐generation sequencing, and circRNA identification algorithm MeCi. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Using Hiten, we systematically mapped 5′ and 3′ ends of organellar mRNAs and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and characterized organellar polyadenosine tails in maize ( <jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic> ). Combining RNA 5′‐polyphosphatase treatment with Hiten demonstrates that transcription initiation plays a major role in 5′‐end formation of mRNAs and ncRNAs in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Furthermore, Hiten was used to identify the RNA substrates of chloroplast‐ and mitochondrion‐ dual‐localized ZmRNase II and mitochondria‐targeted ZmPPR67. The results show that almost all chloroplast mRNAs and ncRNAs, and mitochondrial <jats:italic>atp1</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>atp4</jats:italic> mRNAs carry short 3′‐extensions when <jats:italic>ZmRNase II</jats:italic> is mutated. In the <jats:italic>Zmppr67</jats:italic> mutant, 5′ end‐truncated <jats:italic>atp9</jats:italic> mRNAs are accumulated, accompanied by a significant reduction in mature <jats:italic>atp9</jats:italic> mRNA levels. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> This study introduces an efficient tool for mapping organellar RNA ends and screening organellar RNA substrates and reveals that ZmRNase II predominantly functions in chloroplast RNA 3′‐end maturation, whereas ZmPPR67 stabilizes mitochondrial <jats:italic>atp9</jats:italic> mRNA by protecting its 5′ end. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Di Bert, Pascal Benard, Rong Jia, Fabian J. P. Wankmüller, Seren Azad, Anders Kaestner, Andrea Nardini, Timothy J. Brodribb, Andrea Carminati
Summary Understanding when and where drought stress originates in the soil–plant continuum is essential for predicting plant responses to climate change. While stomatal closure is a well‐known reaction to declining soil moisture, the precise hydraulic trigger remains unresolved. We investigated whether the initial reduction in root water uptake is concomitant with a localized depletion of water near the root surface. Using high‐resolution neutron radiography, we visualized dynamic changes in water distribution near maize ( Zea mays L.) roots under controlled drying. We quantified the shift in water uptake patterns and their impact on whole‐plant water use. Under wet conditions, roots primarily extracted water from the bulk soil. As soil moisture declined below a texture‐dependent threshold, hydraulic conductivity dropped, preventing water flow from the bulk soil into the rhizosphere. This caused a shift in water uptake to the rhizosphere, coinciding with reduced transpiration and stomatal downregulation. The transition occurred c . −5 kPa in sandy soils and −200 kPa in loamy soils. These results provide direct evidence that an early hydraulic limitation during soil drying occurs in the rhizosphere, particularly in sandy soils. This redefines the rhizosphere as a dynamic control zone that mediates early drought responses and links microscale hydraulic behavior with whole‐plant function.
{"title":"Early signals of water limitations begin at the root–soil interface: linking rhizosphere drying to water uptake decline","authors":"Sara Di Bert, Pascal Benard, Rong Jia, Fabian J. P. Wankmüller, Seren Azad, Anders Kaestner, Andrea Nardini, Timothy J. Brodribb, Andrea Carminati","doi":"10.1111/nph.70879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70879","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Understanding when and where drought stress originates in the soil–plant continuum is essential for predicting plant responses to climate change. While stomatal closure is a well‐known reaction to declining soil moisture, the precise hydraulic trigger remains unresolved. We investigated whether the initial reduction in root water uptake is concomitant with a localized depletion of water near the root surface. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Using high‐resolution neutron radiography, we visualized dynamic changes in water distribution near maize ( <jats:italic>Zea mays</jats:italic> L.) roots under controlled drying. We quantified the shift in water uptake patterns and their impact on whole‐plant water use. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Under wet conditions, roots primarily extracted water from the bulk soil. As soil moisture declined below a texture‐dependent threshold, hydraulic conductivity dropped, preventing water flow from the bulk soil into the rhizosphere. This caused a shift in water uptake to the rhizosphere, coinciding with reduced transpiration and stomatal downregulation. The transition occurred <jats:italic>c</jats:italic> . −5 kPa in sandy soils and −200 kPa in loamy soils. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> These results provide direct evidence that an early hydraulic limitation during soil drying occurs in the rhizosphere, particularly in sandy soils. This redefines the rhizosphere as a dynamic control zone that mediates early drought responses and links microscale hydraulic behavior with whole‐plant function. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an advanced analytical technique that combines mass spectrometry with spatial mapping, enabling the direct, label‐free detection and visualization of molecular distributions within biological tissues. This review comprehensively outlines the fundamental principles, major technological platforms, and recent applications of MSI in plant science. We detail key ionization techniques – matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) – focusing on their ionization mechanisms and instrumental characteristics. We then highlight the transformative impact of MSI in plant research, specifically covering: plant metabolomics, localization of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants, elucidation of plant‐microbe interaction mechanisms, and studies of plant responses to environmental stresses. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions for the technology. Due to its high sensitivity, spatial resolution, and label‐free capability, MSI has become a pivotal tool for uncovering plant physiological processes and metabolic regulatory networks, demonstrating significant potential for broad application in plant science.
{"title":"Mass spectrometry imaging: principles and applications in plant research","authors":"Zhixin Liu, Aizhi Qin, Yinpeng Zhang, Qianli Zhao, Mengfan Li, Hao Liu, Yaping Zhou, Mengmeng Zhou, Lulu Yan, Chunyang Li, Luyao Kong, Chun‐Peng Song, Xuwu Sun","doi":"10.1111/nph.70834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70834","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an advanced analytical technique that combines mass spectrometry with spatial mapping, enabling the direct, label‐free detection and visualization of molecular distributions within biological tissues. This review comprehensively outlines the fundamental principles, major technological platforms, and recent applications of MSI in plant science. We detail key ionization techniques – matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) – focusing on their ionization mechanisms and instrumental characteristics. We then highlight the transformative impact of MSI in plant research, specifically covering: plant metabolomics, localization of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants, elucidation of plant‐microbe interaction mechanisms, and studies of plant responses to environmental stresses. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions for the technology. Due to its high sensitivity, spatial resolution, and label‐free capability, MSI has become a pivotal tool for uncovering plant physiological processes and metabolic regulatory networks, demonstrating significant potential for broad application in plant science.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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