Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.10.005
M. Tornaghi , M. Vandoni , D. Zaccaria , G. D’Antona , R. Codella , N. Lovecchio
Aim
To assess the heart rate (HR) responses of a F1 driver during an official driving session and an entire Grand Prix race (GP).
Materials and methods
One professional driver (24 years old, height: 176 cm; weight: 64 kg) was recruited for this study during the Grand Prix of Albert Park Melbourne Australia 2013 season of the F1 World Championship. The participant was monitored for HR values throughout qualification and race. The HR was recorded in the interval: 45-min-before through 30-min-after the qualification/race period.
Results
During the qualification period, the HR was ∼77% of the HRmax (154 ± 29 bpm). In particular, HR peaked around 94–99% of HRmax. During the race, the HR was constantly between 74 and 82% of HRmax (from 148 to 163 bpm), peaking around 92% of HRmax.
Conclusions
Our data could pave the way to increase knowledge about HR trends during specific phases of an official F1 competition. The ultimate goal would be to customize training periodicity, which is critical for sports scientists and coaches.
Objectif
Évaluer les réponses de la fréquence cardiaque (Fc) d’un pilote de F1 lors d’une séance de pilotage officielle et pendant l’intégralité d’une course de Grand Prix (GP).
Matériels et méthodes
Un pilote professionnel (24 ans, taille : 176 cm ; poids : 64 kg) a été recruté pour cette étude lors de la saison 2013 du Grand Prix du Championnat du monde de F1 d’Albert Park à Melbourne (Australie). La Fc du pilote a été enregistrée tout au long de la séance de qualification officielle et du Grand Prix. La Fc a été enregistrée dans l’intervalle de 45 minutes avant et jusqu’à 30 minutes après la période de la qualification officielle et du Grand Prix.
Résultats
Pendant toute la séance de qualification, la Fc était d’environ 77 % de la Fcmax (154 ± 29 bpm). Les valeurs maximales mesurées atteignaient environ 94–99 % de la Fcmax. Pendant la course, la FC était constamment comprise entre 74 et 82 % de la Fcmax (de 148 à 163 bpm), culminant autour de 92 % de la Fcmax.
Conclusions
Nos données pourraient ouvrir la voie à une meilleure connaissance des profils de Fc lors de phases spécifiques d’une compétition officielle de F1. Le but ultime serait de personnaliser la périodicité des entraînements, ce qui est essentiel pour les scientifiques du sport et les entraîneurs.
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Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.05.007
N. Robin , E. Hermand , V. Hatchi , O. Hue
Objectifs
Cet article apporte un éclairage sur les différentes stratégies de gestion de la chaleur, usuelles ou innovantes, afin d’analyser celles qui seraient les plus adaptées et les plus efficaces chez des athlètes devant participer à des compétitions dans des environnements humides et/ou chauds.
Actualités
Les Jeux olympiques de Paris en 2024 se dérouleront du 26 juillet au 8 septembre avec un risque élevé pour les athlètes de pratiquer leur sport à des températures élevées, imposant de fait des contraintes physiologiques (cardiovasculaires, ventilatoires, thermorégulatoires, etc.) et psychologiques (fatigue mentale précoce, baisse de motivation, inconfort, etc.) pouvant ainsi largement impacter négativement leur performance.
Perspectives et projets
Pour « performer » en environnement chaud, il est aujourd’hui recommandé d’avoir recours à des stratégies, notamment une acclimatation active qui favorise des adaptations physiologiques mais aussi psychologiques. De même, les techniques de gestion de fluides et de refroidissement « physiques » ont des effets potentiellement bénéfiques sur des facteurs physiologiques mais leurs conséquences psychologiques sont encore peu connues et doivent être investiguées. Enfin, des stratégies mentales (fixation d’objectifs, imagerie mentale, dialogue interne positif, musique, etc.) ou entraînements cognitifs en environnement chaud peuvent limiter les contre-performances dans ces conditions. Les effets de la combinaison de techniques physiques et mentales, ainsi que des stratégies innovantes comme la suggestion au froid, sont également en cours d’investigation.
Conclusion
Pour chacune des stratégies présentées, les travaux scientifiques ont permis l’élaboration de recommandations pratiques à l’intention des athlètes, des entraîneurs et des préparateurs mentaux, afin de leur permettre d’anticiper physiologiquement et psychologiquement les effets d’une hygrométrie et ou d’une température élevée.
Objectives
This article sheds light on the different heat stress management strategies, common or innovative, in order to analyze those that would be the most suitable and effective for athletes who have to compete in humid and/or hot environments.
News
The Paris summer Olympics Games in 2024 will take place from July 26th to September 8th with a high risk for athletes to practice their sport at high temperatures, thereby imposing physiological (cardiovascular, ventilatory, thermoregulatory, etc.) and psychological (early mental fatigue, decreased motivation, discomfort, etc.) which can have a major negative impact on their performance.
Prospects and projects
To perform in a hot environment, it is now recommended to use strategies, in particular active acclimatization which promotes physiological but also psychological adaptations. Simila
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The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine on muscle strength, using a test involving one maximum repetition of the back squat, as well as on local muscular endurance.
Equipment and methods
Eight trained men (mean age = 30.1 ± 6.5 years; height = 1.79 ± 0.07 meters; body mass = 81.5 ± 7.7 kg) were included in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The participants consumed caffeine (6 mg.kg−1) or placebo (cellulose) 60 minutes before starting the tests, with one week of washout. The participants underwent the one maximum repetition back squat test. Subsequently, they were instructed to perform the maximum number of repetitions with 60% of the maximum load to test local muscular endurance. Shapiro–Wilk and paired t-test were performed.
Results
Local muscular endurance score was higher for the caffeine group compared to placebo (3515.0 ± 1073.1 vs. 2846.5 ± 768.0 kg, P = 0.029) but not in the one maximum repetition test (156.6 ± 26.2 vs. 153.9 ± 29.5 kg, P = 0.224). The average number of repetitions were higher in the caffeine group (37.8 ± 11.1 vs. 31.4 ± 9.3 repetitions, P = 0.033). Caffeine had an ergogenic effect on CrossFit® athletes in terms of the number of repetitions, mainly when a more aerobic component (local muscular endurance) was involved; however, no effects were observed in the one maximum repetition test.
Objectifs
La présente étude visait à évaluer les effets de la caféine sur la force musculaire, à l’aide d’un test comportant une répétition maximale du back squat, ainsi que sur l’endurance musculaire locale.
Matériel et méthodes
Huit hommes entraînés (âge moyen = 30,1 ± 6,5 ans ; taille = 1,79 ± 0,07 mètre ; masse corporelle = 81,5 ± 7,7 kg) ont été inclus dans une étude croisée en double aveugle, randomisée. Les participants ont consommé de la caféine (6 mg.kg−1) ou du placebo (cellulose) 60 minutes avant de commencer les tests, avec une semaine de sevrage. Les participants ont subi le test de back squat à répétition maximale. Par la suite, ils ont été invités à effectuer le nombre maximum de répétitions avec 60 % de la charge maximale pour tester l’endurance musculaire locale. Un Shapiro–Wilk et un test t ont été effectués.
Résultats
Le score d’endurance musculaire locale était plus élevé pour le groupe caféine par
本研究旨在评估咖啡因对肌肉力量的影响，使用一项涉及背部下蹲最大重复次数以及局部肌肉耐力的测试。设备和方法训练男性（平均年龄=30.1±6.5岁；身高=1.79±0.07米；体重=81.5±7.7千克）包括在一项双盲、随机、交叉研究中。参与者在开始测试前60分钟服用咖啡因（6 mg.kg−1）或安慰剂（纤维素），并清洗一周。参与者参加了最大重复背部蹲姿测试。随后，他们被指示以最大负荷的60%进行最大重复次数，以测试局部肌肉耐力。夏皮罗-威尔克和配对T检验进行。结果咖啡因组的肌肉耐力评分高于安慰剂组（3515.0±1073.1 vs.2846.5±768.0 kg，p=0.029），但在一次最大重复试验中没有（156.6±26.2 vs.153.9±29.5 kg、p=0.224）。咖啡因组平均重复次数更高（37.8±11.1 vs.31.4±9.3重复，p=0.03）3）.咖啡因对CrossFit具有致癌作用® 就重复次数而言，运动员主要是在涉及更多有氧成分（局部肌肉耐力）时；然而，在一次最大重复测试中未观察到任何影响。本研究旨在评估咖啡因对肌肉力量的影响，使用最大重复下蹲的测试，以及对局部肌肉耐力的影响。材料和方法8名训练有素的男性（平均年龄=30.1±6.5岁；身高=1.79±0.07米；体重=81.5±7.7千克）被纳入随机双盲交叉研究。参与者在开始测试前60分钟摄入咖啡因（6 mg.kg−1）或安慰剂（纤维素），并断奶一周。参与者接受了最大重复下蹲测试。随后，他们被要求以最大负荷的60%进行最大重复次数，以测试局部肌肉耐力。进行夏皮罗-威尔克试验和T试验。结果咖啡因组的局部肌肉耐力评分高于安慰剂组（3515.0±1073.1 vs 2846.5±768.0 kg，p=0.029），但仅在最大重复试验中（156.6±26.2 vs 153.9±29.5 kg、p=1.224）。咖啡因组的平均重复次数较高（37.8±11.1次对31.4±9.3次，p=0.033）。咖啡因对CrossFit运动员有能量生成作用® 就重复次数而言，主要是当涉及更多有氧成分（局部肌肉耐力）时；然而，仅在最大重复试验中未观察到任何影响。
{"title":"The effects of acute caffeine supplementation on performance in trained CrossFit® athletes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial","authors":"M.L. Caetano , M.L.R. Souza , L.L. Loureiro , V.L.M. Capistrano Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeine on muscle strength, using a test involving one maximum repetition of the back squat, as well as on local muscular endurance.</p></div><div><h3>Equipment and methods</h3><p>Eight trained men (mean age<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->30.1<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->6.5<!--> <!-->years; height<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->1.79<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.07 meters; body mass<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->81.5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->7.7<!--> <!-->kg) were included in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The participants consumed caffeine (6<!--> <!-->mg.kg<sup>−1</sup>) or placebo (cellulose) 60<!--> <!-->minutes before starting the tests, with one week of washout. The participants underwent the one maximum repetition back squat test. Subsequently, they were instructed to perform the maximum number of repetitions with 60% of the maximum load to test local muscular endurance. Shapiro–Wilk and paired <em>t</em>-test were performed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Local muscular endurance score was higher for the caffeine group compared to placebo (3515.0<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1073.1 vs. 2846.5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->768.0<!--> <!-->kg, <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.029) but not in the one maximum repetition test (156.6<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->26.2 vs. 153.9<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->29.5<!--> <!-->kg, <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.224). The average number of repetitions were higher in the caffeine group (37.8<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->11.1 vs. 31.4<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->9.3 repetitions, <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.033). Caffeine had an ergogenic effect on CrossFit® athletes in terms of the number of repetitions, mainly when a more aerobic component (local muscular endurance) was involved; however, no effects were observed in the one maximum repetition test.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>La présente étude visait à évaluer les effets de la caféine sur la force musculaire, à l’aide d’un test comportant une répétition maximale du back squat, ainsi que sur l’endurance musculaire locale.</p></div><div><h3>Matériel et méthodes</h3><p>Huit hommes entraînés (âge moyen<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->30,1<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->6,5 ans ; taille<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->1,79<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0,07 mètre ; masse corporelle<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->81,5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->7,7<!--> <!-->kg) ont été inclus dans une étude croisée en double aveugle, randomisée. Les participants ont consommé de la caféine (6<!--> <!-->mg.kg<sup>−1</sup>) ou du placebo (cellulose) 60 minutes avant de commencer les tests, avec une semaine de sevrage. Les participants ont subi le test de back squat à répétition maximale. Par la suite, ils ont été invités à effectuer le nombre maximum de répétitions avec 60 % de la charge maximale pour tester l’endurance musculaire locale. Un Shapiro–Wilk et un test <em>t</em> ont été effectués.</p></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><p>Le score d’endurance musculaire locale était plus élevé pour le groupe caféine par","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.02.011
H. Fernandes
{"title":"Diet periodization strategies can help bodybuilder athletes lose body fat and maintain fat-free mass","authors":"H. Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.02.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.02.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49765974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.006
M.F. Ambrosim , V.H.G. Neto , D. Umpierre , André S. Leopoldo , L. Carletti
Objective
Analyze and describe cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), physiological indicators of health and quality of life of physically inactive individuals and regular exercise practitioners of a public health program.
Methods
The study included individuals of both genders aged ≥40 years, categorized into two groups: participants and non-participants of a public exercise program. Questionnaires on socio-demographic issues, international physical activity (IPAQ -long version), 24-hour dietary recall and WHOQOL-8 for quality of life were applied. Anthropometric parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), blood pressure at rest and biochemical variables were measured. An unpaired t-test was applied to compare means or medians when appropriate, chi-square test and Pearson's correlation. The effect size was calculated.
Results
Participants did not show higher VO2max when compared to the non-participants, but showed a lower BMI (15.1%), a higher QOL (17.9%), and lower low-density lipoprotein - LDL (14.6%) and lower SBP (-4.1%) and DBP (−5.3%). Attendance time in the program was inversely related to systolic (r = −0.43; P = 0.03) and diastolic (r = −0.52; P = 0.01) blood pressure and to the use of medications (r = −0.59; P = 0.03), but not with VO2max (r = 0.38; P = 0.07).
Conclusion
Participants presented a cardiorespiratory fitness profile similar to the non-participants, but they had a better quality of life. Prolonged exposure to these public exercise programs can improve cardiovascular health and reduce medication use. However, this should be further investigated in longitudinal studies.
Objectif
Analyser et décrire la condition cardiorespiratoire (VO2max), les indicateurs physiologiques de la santé et de la qualité de vie des personnes physiquement inactives et des pratiquants d’exercices réguliers d’un programme public.
Méthodes
L’étude a inclus des individus des deux sexes âgés de 40 ans, classés en deux groupes: les participants et les non-participants à un programme d’exercice public. Des questionnaires sur les problèmes sociodémographiques, l’activité physique internationale (IPAQ - version longue), le rappel alimentaire sur 24 heures et le WHOQOL-8 pour la qualité de vie ont été appliqués. Les paramètres anthropométriques, la condition cardiorespiratoire (VO2max), la pression artérielle au repos et les variables biochimiques ont été mesurés. Un test a été appliqué pour comparer les moyennes ou les médianes le cas échéant, le test du chi carré et la corrélation de Pearson. La taille
{"title":"Health profile of individuals participating in a public exercise program","authors":"M.F. Ambrosim , V.H.G. Neto , D. Umpierre , André S. Leopoldo , L. Carletti","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>Analyze and describe cardiorespiratory fitness (VO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>max), physiological indicators of health and quality of life of physically inactive individuals and regular exercise practitioners of a </span>public health program.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>The study included individuals of both genders aged ≥40 years, categorized into two groups: participants and non-participants of a public exercise program. Questionnaires on socio-demographic issues, international physical activity (IPAQ -long version), 24-hour dietary recall and WHOQOL-8 for quality of life were applied. Anthropometric parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO</span><sub>2</sub>max), blood pressure at rest and biochemical variables were measured. An unpaired <em>t</em>-test was applied to compare means or medians when appropriate, chi-square test and Pearson's correlation. The effect size was calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Participants did not show higher VO<sub>2</sub><span>max when compared to the non-participants, but showed a lower BMI (15.1%), a higher QOL (17.9%), and lower low-density lipoprotein - LDL (14.6%) and lower SBP (-4.1%) and DBP (−5.3%). Attendance time in the program was inversely related to systolic (r</span> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−0.43; <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.03) and diastolic (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−0.52; <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.01) blood pressure and to the use of medications (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->−0.59; <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.03), but not with VO<sub>2</sub>max (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.38; <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.07).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Participants presented a cardiorespiratory fitness profile similar to the non-participants, but they had a better quality of life. Prolonged exposure to these public exercise programs can improve cardiovascular health and reduce medication use. However, this should be further investigated in longitudinal studies.</p></div><div><h3>Objectif</h3><p>Analyser et décrire la condition cardiorespiratoire (VO2max), les indicateurs physiologiques de la santé et de la qualité de vie des personnes physiquement inactives et des pratiquants d’exercices réguliers d’un programme public.</p></div><div><h3>Méthodes</h3><p>L’étude a inclus des individus des deux sexes âgés de 40 <span>ans</span>, classés en deux groupes: les participants et les non-participants à un programme d’exercice public. Des questionnaires sur les problèmes sociodémographiques, l’activité physique internationale (IPAQ - version longue), le rappel alimentaire sur 24<!--> <!-->heures et le WHOQOL-8 pour la qualité de vie ont été appliqués. Les paramètres anthropométriques, la condition cardiorespiratoire (VO<sub>2</sub>max), la pression artérielle au repos et les variables biochimiques ont été mesurés. Un test a été appliqué pour comparer les moyennes ou les médianes le cas échéant, le test du chi carré et la corrélation de Pearson. La taille","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.003
D. Burt , K. Doma , J. Connor
Objectives
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on sub-maximal and maximal effort running performance.
News
Physiological responses during sub-maximal running across two exercise stages (low intensity < 75% and high intensity > 75% ) were meta-analytically examined 24- and 48-hours after EIMD. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), intramuscular enzymes (creatine kinase [CK] and myoglobin [Mb]) and muscle function at the same time points were examined to confirm EIMD. Alterations to maximal-effort running performance 24- and 48-hours after EIMD were qualitatively analysed.
Prospects and projects
Significant increases in DOMS, intramuscular enzymes, and decreases in muscle function were found 24 and 48 h after EIMD (P < 0.05). During low intensity running (< 75% ), running economy (RE) and ventilation () were unchanged 24 h after EIMD (P > 0.05), however, were significantly increased at 48 h (P < 0.05). Physiological responses during high intensity running (> 75% ) were all significantly increased 24 and 48 h after EIMD (P < 0.05). There was insufficient number of studies for maximal-effort running performance (time-to-exhaustion and time-trial performance) to be meta-analysed, however, 3 studies reported that outcome measures were impaired for up to 48 h post-EIMD.
Conclusion
Endurance runners contemplating eccentric exercise to improve performance should consider the effects that EIMD has on running performance and periodise training accordingly.
Objectifs
Cette revue systématique et cette méta-analyse ont étudié les effets des lésions musculaires induites par l’exercice (LMIE) sur les performances de course à l’effort maximal et sous-maximal.
Méthodologie et résultats
Les réponses physiologiques lors de la course sous-maximale à travers deux étapes d’exercice (faible intensité < 75 %
{"title":"The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on varying intensities of endurance running performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"D. Burt , K. Doma , J. Connor","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on sub-maximal and maximal effort running performance.</p></div><div><h3>News</h3><p>Physiological responses during sub-maximal running across two exercise stages (low intensity<!--> <!--><<!--> <!-->75% <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> and high intensity<!--> <!-->><!--> <!-->75% <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) were meta-analytically examined 24- and 48-hours after EIMD. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), intramuscular enzymes (creatine kinase [CK] and myoglobin [Mb]) and muscle function at the same time points were examined to confirm EIMD. Alterations to maximal-effort running performance 24- and 48-hours after EIMD were qualitatively analysed.</p></div><div><h3>Prospects and projects</h3><p>Significant increases in DOMS, intramuscular enzymes, and decreases in muscle function were found 24 and 48<!--> <!-->h after EIMD (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). During low intensity running (< 75% <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), running economy (RE) and ventilation (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover></mrow><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) were unchanged 24<!--> <!-->h after EIMD (<em>P</em> <!-->><!--> <!-->0.05), however, were significantly increased at 48<!--> <!-->h (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). Physiological responses during high intensity running (> 75% <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) were all significantly increased 24 and 48<!--> <!-->h after EIMD (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). There was insufficient number of studies for maximal-effort running performance (time-to-exhaustion and time-trial performance) to be meta-analysed, however, 3 studies reported that outcome measures were impaired for up to 48<!--> <!-->h post-EIMD.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Endurance runners contemplating eccentric exercise to improve performance should consider the effects that EIMD has on running performance and periodise training accordingly.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>Cette revue systématique et cette méta-analyse ont étudié les effets des lésions musculaires induites par l’exercice (LMIE) sur les performances de course à l’effort maximal et sous-maximal.</p></div><div><h3>Méthodologie et résultats</h3><p>Les réponses physiologiques lors de la course sous-maximale à travers deux étapes d’exercice (faible intensité<!--> <!--><<!--> <!-->75 % <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>.</mo></mover><msub><mi>O</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>max</mi></mr","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.08.001
N. Heron , X. Bigard , N. Jones
Objectives
Practical information is needed on the extent to which elite and competitive female athletes can continue to train and compete safely during pregnancy, without risk for themselves or their child, as well as advice for the postpartum period, including breast-feeding. Such information is also needed to recommend cycling for non-athlete women who wish to exercise. For this reason, the International Cycling Union (UCI) has produced this guide to provide information for all those who participate in recreational cycling activities and UCI sanctioned competitions during pregnancy.
Methods
This policy has been developed utilising the AGREE II instrument and has had input from elite female cyclists, including those who have came back to compete following pregnancy.
Results
Supported by clinical evidence, the UCI encourages women to continue cycling throughout their pregnancy. Although cycling exercise is generally safe during pregnancy, some general principles are required for women, especially when cycling in the heat. No competitive cycling events included in the UCI calendar are possible beyond the 1st trimester of pregnancy, mainly to prevent the risk of trauma to the uterus and foetus in the event of an accident. However, the UCI encourages pregnant women to participate in recreational/leisure cycling as a form of physical activity throughout their pregnancy; but the ability to participate in organised recreational activities is only possible up to the end of the 1st trimester. Exercise, and especially cycling exercise, should be viewed as an important component to improve women's psychological health and common complaints during the postpartum period. Breast-feeding is highly recommended when women return to exercise and there is no impact of exercise on the quantity and quality of breast-milk.
Conclusions
There are no significant disadvantages with regard to foetal and/or maternal conditions with high-intensity training programmes when they are subjectively tolerated and carefully monitored, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. For the global population, exercises at moderate-intensity during pregnancy have many positive effects for both the mothers and their unborn children. That is why it is highly recommended that pregnant women begin or continue biking at moderate-intensity at least 150 minutes a week with at least 3 sessions of a duration longer than 30 minutes each.
Objectifs
Il est important d’apporter des informations pratiques aux athlètes féminines d’élite et de compétition afin de savoir si elles peuvent continuer à s’entraîner et à concourir en toute sécurité pendant la grossesse, sans risque pour elles-mêmes ou pour leur enfant. Des conseils sont aussi importants pour informer sur les bonnes pratiques pendant la période du post-partum et de l’allaitement. Ces information
{"title":"Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) cycling pregnancy and postpartum guidance","authors":"N. Heron , X. Bigard , N. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Practical information is needed on the extent to which elite and competitive female athletes can continue to train and compete safely during pregnancy, without risk for themselves or their child, as well as advice for the postpartum period, including breast-feeding. Such information is also needed to recommend cycling for non-athlete women who wish to exercise. For this reason, the International Cycling Union (UCI) has produced this guide to provide information for all those who participate in recreational cycling activities and UCI sanctioned competitions during pregnancy.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This policy has been developed utilising the AGREE II instrument and has had input from elite female cyclists, including those who have came back to compete following pregnancy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Supported by clinical evidence, the UCI encourages women to continue cycling throughout their pregnancy. Although cycling exercise is generally safe during pregnancy, some general principles are required for women, especially when cycling in the heat. No competitive cycling events included in the UCI calendar are possible beyond the 1st trimester of pregnancy, mainly to prevent the risk of trauma to the uterus and foetus in the event of an accident. However, the UCI encourages pregnant women to participate in recreational/leisure cycling as a form of physical activity throughout their pregnancy; but the ability to participate in organised recreational activities is only possible up to the end of the 1st trimester. Exercise, and especially cycling exercise, should be viewed as an important component to improve women's psychological health and common complaints during the postpartum period. Breast-feeding is highly recommended when women return to exercise and there is no impact of exercise on the quantity and quality of breast-milk.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p><span>There are no significant disadvantages with regard to foetal and/or maternal conditions with high-intensity training programmes when they are subjectively tolerated and carefully monitored, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. For the global population, exercises at moderate-intensity during pregnancy have many positive effects for both the mothers and their unborn children. That is why it is highly recommended that pregnant women begin or continue biking at moderate-intensity at least 150</span> <!-->minutes a week with at least 3 sessions of a duration longer than 30<!--> <!-->minutes each.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>Il est important d’apporter des informations pratiques aux athlètes féminines d’élite et de compétition afin de savoir si elles peuvent continuer à s’entraîner et à concourir en toute sécurité pendant la grossesse, sans risque pour elles-mêmes ou pour leur enfant. Des conseils sont aussi importants pour informer sur les bonnes pratiques pendant la période du post-partum et de l’allaitement. Ces information","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.011
J.L. de Brito Gomes , D.M.M. Vancea , J.B. Farinha , C.B.A. Barros , M.C. Costa
Background
Reducing hypoglycemic episodes in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) patients remains a challenge during and several hours after traditional aerobic sessions. Alternatively, active video games (AVG) or exergames, may offer higher enjoyment levels, although their effects on capillary blood glucose (CBG) and hypoglycemias are unknown.
Objective
To investigate an AVG session on 24-h CBG levels and hypoglycemic episodes in comparison to traditional aerobic exercise in T1DM patients under real-life settings.
Methods
This crossover study consisted of three conditions: resting (control, CON), AVG, and running (RUN). First, volunteers (7 men and 3 women) performed CON, and CBG was measured immediately before, and immediately after, 30 min, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h after. Hypoglycemic episodes (daytime and nighttime) were also recorded. Then, AVG and RUN sessions were performed in a randomized order. CBG was measured at the same time points and procedures.
Results
Statistical differences were seen in CBG concerning AVG and RUN sessions in comparison to CON, immediately and 30 min after. CBG values were similar between active conditions. However, six hypoglycemic episodes were found after RUN, and only one after AVG (p = 0.022; X2(1) = 7.342).
Conclusion
Similar reductions in 24-h CBG concerning AVG and RUN were found, although exergames led to fewer hypoglycemic episodes (daytime and nighttime) than intensity- and duration-matched traditional aerobic exercise. These findings corroborate that Kinect Adventure-exergame may be an interesting and effective exercise tool for T1DM treatment, mainly for hypoglycemia mitigation, which is the main barrier for this population.
Contexte
La réduction des épisodes hypoglycémiques chez les patients diabétiques de type 1 (T1DM) reste un défi pendant et plusieurs heures après les séances d’aérobie traditionnelles. Alternativement, les jeux vidéo actifs (AVG) ou les jeux d’entraînement peuvent offrir des niveaux de plaisir plus élevés, bien que leurs effets sur la glycémie capillaire (CBG) et les hypoglycémies soient inconnus.
Objectif
Étudier une séance AVG sur les taux de CBG sur 24 h et les épisodes hypoglycémiques par rapport à l’exercice aérobie traditionnel chez des patients atteints de DT1 dans des conditions réelles.
Méthodes
Cette étude croisée consistait en trois conditions: repos (témoin, CON), AVG et course (RUN). Tout d’abord, des volontaires (7 hommes et 3 femmes) ont effectué la CON, et le CBG a été mesuré immédiatement avant et immédiatement après, 30 min, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h et 24 h après. Des épisodes d’hypoglycémie (jour et nuit)
{"title":"24-h blood glucose responses after exergame and running in type-1 diabetes: An intensity- and duration-matched randomized trial","authors":"J.L. de Brito Gomes , D.M.M. Vancea , J.B. Farinha , C.B.A. Barros , M.C. Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Reducing hypoglycemic episodes in type 1 diabetic (T1DM) patients remains a challenge during and several hours after traditional aerobic sessions. Alternatively, active video games (AVG) or exergames, may offer higher enjoyment levels, although their effects on capillary blood glucose (CBG) and hypoglycemias are unknown.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate an AVG session on 24-h CBG<span> levels and hypoglycemic episodes in comparison to traditional aerobic exercise in T1DM patients under real-life settings.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This crossover study consisted of three conditions: resting (control, CON), AVG, and running (RUN). First, volunteers (7 men and 3 women) performed CON, and CBG was measured immediately before, and immediately after, 30<!--> <!-->min, 6<!--> <!-->h, 12<!--> <!-->h, 18<!--> <!-->h, and 24<!--> <!-->h after. Hypoglycemic episodes (daytime and nighttime) were also recorded. Then, AVG and RUN sessions were performed in a randomized order. CBG was measured at the same time points and procedures.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Statistical differences were seen in CBG concerning AVG and RUN sessions in comparison to CON, immediately and 30<!--> <!-->min after. CBG values were similar between active conditions. However, six hypoglycemic episodes were found after RUN, and only one after AVG (<em>p</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.022; <em>X</em><sup>2</sup><sub>(1)</sub> <!-->=<!--> <!-->7.342).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Similar reductions in 24-h CBG concerning AVG and RUN were found, although exergames led to fewer hypoglycemic episodes (daytime and nighttime) than intensity- and duration-matched traditional aerobic exercise. These findings corroborate that Kinect Adventure-exergame may be an interesting and effective exercise tool for T1DM treatment, mainly for hypoglycemia mitigation, which is the main barrier for this population.</p></div><div><h3>Contexte</h3><p>La réduction des épisodes hypoglycémiques chez les patients diabétiques de type 1 (T1DM) reste un défi pendant et plusieurs heures après les séances d’aérobie traditionnelles. Alternativement, les jeux vidéo actifs (AVG) ou les jeux d’entraînement peuvent offrir des niveaux de plaisir plus élevés, bien que leurs effets sur la glycémie capillaire (CBG) et les hypoglycémies soient inconnus.</p></div><div><h3>Objectif</h3><p>Étudier une séance AVG sur les taux de CBG sur 24 h et les épisodes hypoglycémiques par rapport à l’exercice aérobie traditionnel chez des patients atteints de DT1 dans des conditions réelles.</p></div><div><h3>Méthodes</h3><p>Cette étude croisée consistait en trois conditions: repos (témoin, CON), AVG et course (RUN). Tout d’abord, des volontaires (7 hommes et 3 femmes) ont effectué la CON, et le CBG a été mesuré immédiatement avant et immédiatement après, 30<!--> <!-->min, 6<!--> <!-->h, 12<!--> <!-->h, 18<!--> <!-->h et 24<!--> <!-->h après. Des épisodes d’hypoglycémie (jour et nuit) ","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are few studies that relate the effects of menstrual cycle and the perception of fatigue in futsal athletes. The objective of this study is identifying the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the influence of menstrual cycle phases on measures and signs of fatigue in female futsal athletes.
Summary of facts and results
The sample consisted of 15 female futsal athletes. Analyses were performed in three phases of the menstrual cycle: proliferative, secretory and premenstrual. The instruments used were: questionnaire for tracking PMS, analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), dynamometry of knee flexors and extensors, the rated perceived exertion (RPE), and the Subjective Fatigue Scale (SFS). The 80% of the athletes had PMS, with varying physical and emotional symptoms. Among them, 93.33% consider that their sports performance is impaired by the menstrual cycle. The results that involved physical variables did not show differences, while the variables related to the perception of fatigue and effort showed worse results in the premenstrual phase (RPE: P = 0.007 and SFS: P = 0.01). The HRV measurement showed that in the premenstrual phase the athletes have less variability in relation to the other phases (P = 0.01).
Conclusion
The phases of the menstrual cycle, despite not showing differences in the strength test of the athletes, may be related to changes in the signs of fatigue. We suggest that HRV analysis can be an objective tool to assist in monitoring load and fatigue throughout the menstrual cycle.
Introduction
Il existe peu d’études qui relient les effets du cycle menstruel et la perception de la fatigue chez les athlètes de futsal. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier la prévalence du syndrome prémenstruel (SPM) et l’influence des phases du cycle menstruel sur les mesures et les signes de fatigue chez les athlètes féminines de futsal.
Résumé des faits et des résultats
L’échantillon était composé de 15 athlètes féminines de futsal. Les analyses ont été réalisées en trois phases du cycle menstruel : proliférative, sécrétoire et prémenstruelle. Les instruments utilisés étaient : le questionnaire de suivi du SPM, l’analyse de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC), la dynamométrie des fléchisseurs et extenseurs du genou, le Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) et le Subjective Fatigue Scale (SFS). Parmi, 80 % des athlètes souffraient du syndrome prémenstruel, avec des symptômes physiques et émotionnels variés ; 93,33 % considèrent que leurs performances sportives sont altérées par le cycle menstruel. Les résultats impliquant des variables physiques n’ont pas montré de différences, tandis que les variables liées à la perception de la fatigue et de l’effort ont montré de moins bons résultat
{"title":"The menstrual cycle affects the perception of fatigue in futsal athletes","authors":"M.S.B. Morales , T.E. Balzan , A.F. Da Silva , C.B. Muller , E.S. Pinheiro , G.D. Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p><span>There are few studies that relate the effects of menstrual cycle and the perception of fatigue in futsal athletes. The objective of this study is identifying the prevalence of </span>premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the influence of menstrual cycle phases on measures and signs of fatigue in female futsal athletes.</p></div><div><h3>Summary of facts and results</h3><p><span>The sample consisted of 15 female futsal athletes. Analyses were performed in three phases of the menstrual cycle: proliferative, secretory and premenstrual. The instruments used were: questionnaire for tracking PMS, analysis of heart rate variability<span> (HRV), dynamometry of knee flexors and extensors, the rated perceived exertion (RPE), and the Subjective Fatigue Scale (SFS). The 80% of the athletes had PMS, with varying physical and emotional symptoms. Among them, 93.33% consider that their sports performance is impaired by the menstrual cycle. The results that involved physical variables did not show differences, while the variables related to the perception of fatigue and effort showed worse results in the premenstrual phase (RPE: </span></span><em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.007 and SFS: <em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.01). The HRV measurement showed that in the premenstrual phase the athletes have less variability in relation to the other phases (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.01).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The phases of the menstrual cycle, despite not showing differences in the strength test of the athletes, may be related to changes in the signs of fatigue. We suggest that HRV analysis can be an objective tool to assist in monitoring load and fatigue throughout the menstrual cycle.</p></div><div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Il existe peu d’études qui relient les effets du cycle menstruel et la perception de la fatigue chez les athlètes de futsal. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier la prévalence du syndrome prémenstruel (SPM) et l’influence des phases du cycle menstruel sur les mesures et les signes de fatigue chez les athlètes féminines de futsal.</p></div><div><h3>Résumé des faits et des résultats</h3><p>L’échantillon était composé de 15 athlètes féminines de futsal. Les analyses ont été réalisées en trois phases du cycle menstruel : proliférative, sécrétoire et prémenstruelle. Les instruments utilisés étaient : le questionnaire de suivi du SPM, l’analyse de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC), la dynamométrie des fléchisseurs et extenseurs du genou, le Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) et le Subjective Fatigue Scale (SFS). Parmi, 80 % des athlètes souffraient du syndrome prémenstruel, avec des symptômes physiques et émotionnels variés ; 93,33 % considèrent que leurs performances sportives sont altérées par le cycle menstruel. Les résultats impliquant des variables physiques n’ont pas montré de différences, tandis que les variables liées à la perception de la fatigue et de l’effort ont montré de moins bons résultat","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.06.001
A. Ruffault , K. Seil , A. Soulard , P. Edouard , S. Leclerc , G. Martens , R. Seil , C. Tooth
{"title":"Outils d’évaluation et de reconnaissance de la santé mentale dans le sport (SMHAT-1 et SMHRT-1) : synthèse ReFORM de la position de consensus du Comité International Olympique","authors":"A. Ruffault , K. Seil , A. Soulard , P. Edouard , S. Leclerc , G. Martens , R. Seil , C. Tooth","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49752724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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