Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.02.004
N.I. Arovah, D.A.T. Putri
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an active recovery technique based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on parameters indicating fatigue among male and female karate athletes.
Methods
This research was a 2 × 2 factorial design in 60 karate athletes (50% male), assigned into four groups (i.e., male active recovery [AR], female AR, male passive recovery [PR], and female PR groups). Pre-test HR (heart rate), RPE (rating of perceived exertion), and TQR (total quality recovery) were assessed after a 60-minute submaximal karate-specific exercise. It was followed by a 15-minute recovery, in which the AR groups conducted a 2.5-minute light-intensity PNF and post-test. Paired t-tests were used to compare the pre- and post-test data in each group. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the post-test data using recovery types and sex as fixed factors and pre-test as the covariate.
Results
Significant reductions in HR from pre- to post-test were found in all groups (P < 0.01). No main and interaction effect, however, was found for post-test HR. Improvements in RPE from pre-test to post-test were also found in all groups (P < 0.01). Post-test RPE, however, was significantly lower in the AR (P = 0.002) and in males (P = 0.005). Significant improvements in the post- from pre-test in TQR were also found in all groups (P < 0.01). Post-test QTR is significantly better in the AR (P < 0.001) and in both sexes (P = 0.368).
Conclusion
Both PNF-based recovery and passive recovery improve HR, RPE, and TQR. Although PNF-based recovery does not improve the post-test HR compared to PR, it improves RPE and TQR compared to PR. PNF-based recovery, thus, is recommended for improving fatigue recovery in karate athletes.
Objectifs
Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet d’une technique de récupération active basée sur la facilitation neuromusculaire proprioceptive (FNP) sur les paramètres indiquant la fatigue chez les athlètes de karaté.
Méthodes
Cette recherche était une conception factorielle 2 × 2 chez 60 athlètes de karaté (50 % d’hommes), répartis en 4 groupes, c’est-à-dire, les groupes de récupération active (RA) masculine, de RA féminine, de récupération passive masculine (RP) et de RP féminine. Le prétest FC (fréquence cardiaque), EEP (évaluation de l’effort perçu) et RQT (récupération de la qualité totale) ont été évalués après un exercice sous-maximal spécifique au karaté de 60 minutes. Il a été suivi d’une récupération de 15 minutes au cours de laquelle les groupes AR ont effectué un PNF d’intensité lumineuse de 2,5 minutes et un post-tes
{"title":"The acute effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation recovery technique on fatigue in karate athletes","authors":"N.I. Arovah, D.A.T. Putri","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an active recovery technique based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on parameters indicating fatigue among male and female karate athletes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This research was a 2<!--> <!-->×<!--> <span>2 factorial design in 60 karate athletes (50% male), assigned into four groups (i.e., male active recovery [AR], female AR, male passive recovery [PR], and female PR groups). Pre-test HR (heart rate), RPE (rating of perceived exertion), and TQR (total quality recovery) were assessed after a 60-minute submaximal karate-specific exercise. It was followed by a 15-minute recovery, in which the AR groups conducted a 2.5-minute light-intensity PNF and post-test. Paired </span><em>t</em>-tests were used to compare the pre- and post-test data in each group. Two-way ANOVA was used to assess the post-test data using recovery types and sex as fixed factors and pre-test as the covariate.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant reductions in HR from pre- to post-test were found in all groups (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.01). No main and interaction effect, however, was found for post-test HR. Improvements in RPE from pre-test to post-test were also found in all groups (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.01). Post-test RPE, however, was significantly lower in the AR (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.002) and in males (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.005). Significant improvements in the post- from pre-test in TQR were also found in all groups (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.01). Post-test QTR is significantly better in the AR (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) and in both sexes (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.368).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Both PNF-based recovery and passive recovery improve HR, RPE, and TQR. Although PNF-based recovery does not improve the post-test HR compared to PR, it improves RPE and TQR compared to PR. PNF-based recovery, thus, is recommended for improving fatigue recovery in karate athletes.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet d’une technique de récupération active basée sur la facilitation neuromusculaire proprioceptive (FNP) sur les paramètres indiquant la fatigue chez les athlètes de karaté.</p></div><div><h3>Méthodes</h3><p>Cette recherche était une conception factorielle 2<!--> <!-->×<!--> <span>2 chez 60 athlètes de karaté (50 % d’hommes), répartis en 4 groupes, c’est-à-dire, les groupes de récupération active (RA) masculine, de RA féminine, de récupération passive masculine (RP) et de RP féminine. Le prétest FC (fréquence cardiaque), EEP (évaluation de l’effort perçu) et RQT (récupération de la qualité totale) ont été évalués après un exercice sous-maximal spécifique au karaté de 60</span> <!-->minutes. Il a été suivi d’une récupération de 15<!--> <!-->minutes au cours de laquelle les groupes AR ont effectué un PNF d’intensité lumineuse de 2,5<!--> <!-->minutes et un post-tes","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.12.009
M. Bassami , M. Karimi , S. Ahmadizad
Objectives
This study investigated the effects of two types of resistance exercise with active and inactive recovery on lipolysis and glycolysis in healthy young men.
Equipment and methods
Twelve healthy males (Mean ± SD; age, 25.5 ± 3.1 years; Body mass index, 24.2 ± 2.0 kg/m2) performed traditional resistance exercise (TRE) at 80% of 1RM (3 sets of 6 repetitions) with 2 min passive recovery, and an interval resistance exercise (IRE) trial at 60% of 1RM (3 sets of 6 repetitions) followed by active recovery (1 set of 6 repetitions at 20% of 1RM). Three blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise, and after one-hour recovery and were analyzed to measure glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA), and glycerol concentration.
Results
Statistical analyses of the data revealed a main significant effect of resistance exercise and a significant (P < 0.05) interaction for insulin and glucose concentrations. IRE and subsequent recovery caused a further decrease in insulin concentration compared to TRE. Glycerol concentration increased in response to resistance exercise and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the recovery period, whereas, the concentration of NEFA increased significantly during the recovery period (P < 0.05) and these changes were not significantly different between the two protocols.
Conclusion
We conclude, that IRE leads to more reductions in insulin concentrations during exercise and recovery than TRE, and that although NEFA and glycerol change following resistance exercise, lipolysis is not related to the exercise type when the exercise volume is constant.
Objectifs
Cette étude a examiné les effets de deux types d’exercices de résistance avec récupération active et inactive sur la lipolyse et la glycolyse chez de jeunes hommes en bonne santé.
Matériel et méthodes
Douze hommes en bonne santé (moyenne ± ET ; âge, 25,5 ± 3,1 ans; indice de masse corporelle, 24,2 ± 2,0 kg/m2) ont effectué un exercice de résistance traditionnel (TRE) à 80 % de 1RM (3 séries de 6 répétitions) avec 2 min de récupération passive et un essai d’exercice de résistance par intervalles (IRE) à 60 % de 1RM (3 séries de 6 répétitions) suivi d’une récupération active (1 série de 6 répétitions à 20 % de 1RM). Trois échantillons de sang ont été prélevés avant et immédiatement après l’exercice et après une heure de récupération et ont été analysés pour mesurer la concentration de glucose, d’insuline, d’acides gras libres non estérifiés (AGNE) et de glycérol.
{"title":"Comparable effects of interval and traditional resistance exercise on lipolysis and insulin concentration in healthy young men","authors":"M. Bassami , M. Karimi , S. Ahmadizad","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study investigated the effects of two types of resistance exercise with active and inactive recovery on lipolysis and glycolysis in healthy young men.</p></div><div><h3>Equipment and methods</h3><p>Twelve healthy males (Mean<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->SD; age, 25.5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->3.1 years; Body mass index, 24.2<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->2.0<!--> <!-->kg/m<sup>2</sup>) performed traditional resistance exercise (TRE) at 80% of 1RM (3 sets of 6 repetitions) with 2<!--> <!-->min passive recovery, and an interval resistance exercise (IRE) trial at 60% of 1RM (3 sets of 6 repetitions) followed by active recovery (1 set of 6 repetitions at 20% of 1RM). Three blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise, and after one-hour recovery and were analyzed to measure glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA), and glycerol concentration.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Statistical analyses of the data revealed a main significant effect of resistance exercise and a significant (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05) interaction for insulin and glucose concentrations. IRE and subsequent recovery caused a further decrease in insulin concentration compared to TRE. Glycerol concentration increased in response to resistance exercise and decreased significantly (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05) during the recovery period, whereas, the concentration of NEFA increased significantly during the recovery period (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05) and these changes were not significantly different between the two protocols.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>We conclude, that IRE leads to more reductions in insulin concentrations during exercise and recovery than TRE, and that although NEFA and glycerol change following resistance exercise, lipolysis is not related to the exercise type when the exercise volume is constant.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>Cette étude a examiné les effets de deux types d’exercices de résistance avec récupération active et inactive sur la lipolyse et la glycolyse chez de jeunes hommes en bonne santé.</p></div><div><h3>Matériel et méthodes</h3><p>Douze hommes en bonne santé (moyenne<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->ET ; âge, 25,5<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->3,1<!--> <!-->ans; indice de masse corporelle, 24,2<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->2,0<!--> <!-->kg/m<sup>2</sup>) ont effectué un exercice de résistance traditionnel (TRE) à 80 % de 1RM (3 séries de 6 répétitions) avec 2<!--> <!-->min de récupération passive et un essai d’exercice de résistance par intervalles (IRE) à 60 % de 1RM (3 séries de 6 répétitions) suivi d’une récupération active (1 série de 6 répétitions à 20 % de 1RM). Trois échantillons de sang ont été prélevés avant et immédiatement après l’exercice et après une heure de récupération et ont été analysés pour mesurer la concentration de glucose, d’insuline, d’acides gras libres non estérifiés (AGNE) et de glycérol.</p></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><p>Les analyses statistiques des donné","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134935898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.007
F.-A. Yang , C.-K. Chang
Introduction
Physical inactivity in adolescents is a pandemic that can lead to long-term medical and social burden. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sports club participation on meeting the World Health Organization guidelines of 420 minutes of physical activity per week and body weight status in adolescents in Taiwan, where sports club participation rate is lower than that in Western countries.
Summary of facts and results
A nationally representative data of 44,206 junior high school students (19,893 male and 24,313 female) from Student Participation in Physical Activity Survey during 2013–2019 academic years were analyzed. Sports club participation, height and body weight, and weekly duration of physical activity during school semester and summer and winter vacations were self-reported.
Results
Of all responders, 30.6% of the responders participated in sport clubs, who were more likely to meet the recommended physical activity level during the school semester (odds ratio [OR], 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.58–4.33) and summer (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 2.35–2.71) and winter vacations (OR: 2.66; 95% CI: 2.45–2.88). In addition, participation in sports club is associated with lower likelihood of being underweight (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79–0.90), overweight (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.79–0.90), or obese (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69–0.84).
Conclusion
This study highlights the importance of sport clubs in promoting physical activity and maintaining normal body weight status in Asian adolescents. Schools and government should increase the number of school-based and out-of-school sport clubs and promote participation.
Introduction
L’inactivité physique chez les adolescents est une pandémie qui peut entraîner des problèmes médicaux et sociaux à long terme. Cette étude visait à étudier l’effet de la participation à un club sportif sur le respect des directives de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, à savoir 420 minutes d’activité physique par semaine, et sur le statut pondéral des adolescents à Taïwan, où le taux de participation à un club sportif est inférieur à celui des pays occidentaux.
Synthèse des faits et résultats
Un ensemble de données représentatives à l’échelle nationale de 44 206 élèves du premier cycle du secondaire (19 893 élèves de sexe masculin et 24 313 élèves de sexe féminin), issues de l’enquête sur la participation des étudiants à l’activité physique au cours des années scolaires 2013–2019, a été analysé. La participation à un club sportif, la taille et le poids corporel, ainsi que la durée hebdomadaire de l’activité physique pendant le semestre scolaire et les vacances d’été et d’hiver ont été auto déclarés.
Résultats
Sur l’ensemble des personnes interrogées, 30,6 % participaient à des clubs sportifs et étaient plus susceptibles d’atteindre le niveau
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Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.01.004
B. Southey , M. Willshire , M.J. Connick , D. Austin , D. Spits , E. Beckman
Objectives
Reactive Strength Index (RSI) is a neuromuscular assessment used to measure stretch–shortening cycle (SSC) function of the lower limb. Increased RSI scores have been frequently associated with running performance, such as faster sprint times, greater running economy and reduced change of direction times. These locomotor activities are involved in various sports and therefore, RSI is an important indicator of athletic capacity in sport. Whilst RSI has been commonly used in studies to assess SSC performance, no review has been conducted examining the difference in RSI between athletic populations. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to summarise the literature and determine whether there was any significant difference in RSI between different populations and summarise the underlying factors contributing to these results.
Methods
The systematic review protocol yielded 865 articles for screening by which 19 were included for final analysis following inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Results
Moderate to large differences were predominately found between different athlete populations, and the strength of these relationships varied depending on the populations being compared.
Conclusion
The findings indicated that relative strength is an influencing factor that differentiated RSI performance between populations. This should be an area, which practitioners aim to develop if wanting to improve reactive strength.
Objectifs
L’indice de force réactive (RSI) est une évaluation neuromusculaire utilisée pour mesurer la fonction du cycle d’étirement–raccourcissement (SSC) dans le membre inférieur. Des scores RSI accrus ont souvent été associés à des performances de course, telles que des temps de sprint plus rapides, une plus grande économie de course et des temps de changement de direction réduits. Ces activités locomotrices sont impliquées dans divers sports et, par conséquent, le RSI est un indicateur important de la capacité athlétique dans le sport. Alors que le RSI a été couramment utilisé dans les études pour évaluer les performances du SSC, aucune revue n’a été menée pour examiner la différence de RSI entre les populations sportives. Ainsi, le but de cette revue systématique était de résumer la littérature et de déterminer s’il y avait une différence significative de RSI entre différentes populations et de résumer les facteurs sous-jacents contribuant à ces résultats.
Méthodes
Le protocole de revue systématique a produit 865 articles pour la sélection, dont 19 ont été inclus pour l’analyse finale selon les critères d’inclusion/exclusion.
Résultats
Des différences modérées à importantes ont été principalement observées entre différentes populations d’athlètes, et la force de ces relations variait en fonction des populations comparées.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.05.001
G. Bayrak , U. Baş Aslan
Objectives
Suspension training has become popular in sports and functional performance in recent years. Suspension training may promote higher improvement in physical performance compared to traditional training because of its greater instability. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of 10-week suspension and traditional push-up training on physical performance in young men.
Methods
Thirty-two young men were divided randomly into two groups: suspension push-up (n = 17) and traditional push-up (n = 15). Physical performance tests included 900 push-up test for strength-endurance, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES) for shoulder stability, Y Balance Test (YBT) for dynamic balance, and Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) for power. Assessments were completed in two sessions in both groups before and after the 10-week push-up training.
Results
In baseline values, a significant difference was found for only the CKCUES test in favor of the suspension push-up group (P < 0.05). Both groups showed significant improvements in physical performance tests (P < 0.05); however, when compared groups, there was a significant difference in the 900 push-up test in favor of the suspension push-up group (P < 0.05). After 10 weeks of push-up training, Cohen's d effect size of both groups was high except for SMBT in the traditional push-up group.
Conclusion
Both suspension and traditional push-up training effectively improved physical performance in healthy untrained young men. However, suspension push-up is more efficacious than traditional push-up in strength-endurance. Our results suggest that healthy untrained young men who desire to increase muscular strength and endurance may prefer suspension push-up training.
Objectifs
L’entraînement en suspension est devenu populaire ces dernières années dans le domaine du sport et de la performance fonctionnelle. L’entraînement en suspension peut favoriser une amélioration plus importante des performances physiques par rapport à l’entraînement traditionnel en raison de sa plus grande instabilité. Par conséquent, cette étude visait à comparer les effets d’un entraînement en suspension de 10 semaines et d’un entraînement traditionnel aux pompes sur les performances physiques de jeunes hommes..
Méthodes
Trente-deux jeunes hommes ont été divisés au hasard en deux groupes : pompes en suspension (n = 17) et pompes traditionnelles (n = 15). Les tests de performance physique comprenaient le 90° push-up test pour la force-endurance, le CKCUES (Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test) pour la stabilité des épaules, le Y Balance Test (YBT) pour l’équilibre dynamique et le SM
{"title":"10-week suspension and traditional push-up training: Comparison the effects on physical performance in young men","authors":"G. Bayrak , U. Baş Aslan","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Suspension training has become popular in sports and functional performance in recent years. Suspension training may promote higher improvement in physical performance compared to traditional training because of its greater instability. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of 10-week suspension and traditional push-up training on physical performance in young men.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Thirty-two young men were divided randomly into two groups: suspension push-up (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->17) and traditional push-up (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->15). Physical performance tests included 90<sup>0</sup> push-up test for strength-endurance, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES) for shoulder stability, Y Balance Test (YBT) for dynamic balance, and Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) for power. Assessments were completed in two sessions in both groups before and after the 10-week push-up training.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In baseline values, a significant difference was found for only the CKCUES test in favor of the suspension push-up group (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). Both groups showed significant improvements in physical performance tests (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05); however, when compared groups, there was a significant difference in the 90<sup>0</sup> push-up test in favor of the suspension push-up group (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). After 10 weeks of push-up training, Cohen's d effect size of both groups was high except for SMBT in the traditional push-up group.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Both suspension and traditional push-up training effectively improved physical performance in healthy untrained young men. However, suspension push-up is more efficacious than traditional push-up in strength-endurance. Our results suggest that healthy untrained young men who desire to increase muscular strength and endurance may prefer suspension push-up training.</p></div><div><h3>Objectifs</h3><p>L’entraînement en suspension est devenu populaire ces dernières années dans le domaine du sport et de la performance fonctionnelle. L’entraînement en suspension peut favoriser une amélioration plus importante des performances physiques par rapport à l’entraînement traditionnel en raison de sa plus grande instabilité. Par conséquent, cette étude visait à comparer les effets d’un entraînement en suspension de 10 semaines et d’un entraînement traditionnel aux pompes sur les performances physiques de jeunes hommes..</p></div><div><h3>Méthodes</h3><p> <!--> <!--> <!--> <!-->Trente-deux jeunes hommes ont été divisés au hasard en deux groupes : pompes en suspension (n = 17) et pompes traditionnelles (n = 15). Les tests de performance physique comprenaient le 90° push-up test pour la force-endurance, le CKCUES (Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test) pour la stabilité des épaules, le Y Balance Test (YBT) pour l’équilibre dynamique et le SM","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139299973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.07.017
L.G. Seimetz, P.B. Zanella
Purpose
The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the scientific evidence in relation to neuromuscular adaptations to physical exercise in vegetarians versus omnivores.
Methods
A thorough literature search of randomized clinical trials was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane), CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without limitation of the starting date until June of 2021. Trials were eligible for inclusion if they measured the effect of diet (vegetarian or vegan versus omnivorous) of physical activity practitioners on neuromuscular adaptations, such as strength, power, endurance, and muscle hypertrophy.
Results
Eleven studies were selected, most performed with males. The intervention period ranged from one 1 to 12 weeks, and four studies supplement creatine. No statistically significant difference was observed for most parameters, only one study found difference in the strength where it was significantly higher for the vegetarian diet group. Of the studies that had creatine supplementation in one, the peak power output was greater for the mixed diet than for vegetarians, and in the other, vegetarians had total work performance greater than omnivores.
Conclusion
Vegetarian plus creatine and ovolactovegetarian diets seem to have no inferiority compared to the omnivorous diet in relation to neuromuscular adaptations to exercise, but caution still required for other vegetarian diets which that may not provide adequate amounts of protein and micronutrients.
Objectif
L’objectif de cette revue systématique est d’analyser les preuves scientifiques relatives aux adaptations neuromusculaires à l’exercice physique chez les végétariens par rapport aux omnivores.
Méthodes
Une recherche documentaire approfondie des essais cliniques randomisés a été menée dans PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane), CINAHL, SPORTDiscus et Web of Science sans limitation de date de début jusqu’en juin 2021. Les essais étaient éligibles pour l’inclusion s’ils mesuraient l’effet du régime alimentaire (végétarien ou végétalien versus omnivore) des pratiquants d’activité physique sur les adaptations neuromusculaires, telles que la force, la puissance, l’endurance et l’hypertrophie musculaire.
Résultats
Onze études ont été sélectionnées, la plupart réalisées avec des hommes. La période d’intervention variait de 1 à 12 semaines, et quatre études utilisaient une supplémentation en créatine. Aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a été observée pour la plupart des paramètres, une seule étude a trouvé une différence de force laquelle était significativement plus élevée pour le groupe végétarien. Parmi les études qui incluaient une supplémentation en créatine dans l’une, la puissance de maximale était plus élevée pour le régime mixte que pour les végétariens, et dans l’autre, les végétariens avaient
方法 在 PubMed、Embase、CENTRAL (Cochrane)、CINAHL、SPORTDiscus 和 Web of Science 中对随机临床试验进行了全面的文献检索，检索起始日期不受限制，直至 2021 年 6 月。如果试验测量了体育锻炼者的饮食（素食或纯素与杂食）对力量、功率、耐力和肌肉肥大等神经肌肉适应性的影响，则符合纳入条件。干预时间从 1 周到 12 周不等，其中四项研究补充了肌酸。大多数参数在统计学上没有明显差异，只有一项研究发现，素食组的力量明显高于其他组。在一项补充肌酸的研究中，混合饮食组的峰值功率输出高于素食者，而在另一项研究中，素食者的总工作表现高于杂食者。结论在运动的神经肌肉适应性方面，素食加肌酸和卵磷脂素食似乎并不比杂食饮食差，但仍需谨慎对待其他素食饮食，因为它们可能无法提供充足的蛋白质和微量营养素。方法在 PubMed、Embase、CENTRAL (Cochrane)、CINAHL、SPORTDiscus 和 Web of Science 中对随机临床试验进行了广泛的文献检索，检索开始日期不限，直至 2021 年 6 月。如果试验测量了运动者的饮食（素食或纯素与杂食）对神经肌肉适应性（如力量、功率、耐力和肌肉肥大）的影响，则符合纳入条件。干预时间从 1 周到 12 周不等，其中四项研究使用了肌酸补充剂。大多数参数在统计学上没有发现明显差异，只有一项研究发现，素食组的力量明显高于其他组。在含有肌酸补充剂的研究中，一项研究发现，混合饮食组的最大力量高于素食组，另一项研究发现，素食组的总功绩高于杂食组。结论就运动的神经肌肉适应性而言，补充肌酸的素食和卵-乳-素食似乎并不比杂食者饮食差，但其他素食可能无法提供充足的蛋白质和微量元素，因此需要谨慎。
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Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.01.006
A. Haueise , M. Körner , A.V. Dieterich
Background
Stretching is widely used in sports and physiotherapy for improving flexibility, performance, and lowering the risk of injury. Recent research re-evaluated the effects and underlying mechanisms of stretching, challenging the belief that muscles would elongate. Currently, two main mechanisms are supported by evidence, (a) an altered sensation leading to a greater tolerance to stretch, and (b) changes in the viscoelastic properties of muscle tissue. Similar effects on the nervous system and muscles have been observed following relaxation therapy. Besides somatic effects, relaxation techniques have shown psychological effects, especially on stress and stress-related symptoms. Possible correlations between psychological relaxation and muscle flexibility have not been scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to pilot a study design to evaluate possible effects of Autogenic Training on functional flexibility, muscle activity, and muscle stiffness as well as perceived stress.
Methods
Twelve female participants (age: 23 ± 2) were randomly assigned to the relaxation (n = 6) or the stress group (n = 6). The relaxation group conducted the exercise the heaviness from the “Autogenic Training” relaxation therapy, while the stress group completed the “Montreal Imaging Stress Task”, a standardized stress induction protocol. Perceived stress, flexibility, activation, and stiffness of the hamstring muscles were measured before and after the interventions. Measurements consisted of the “Perceived Stress Questionnaire”, the “Toe Touch Test”, the “Passive Straight Leg Raise Test”, the normalized amplitude of surface electromyography, and the shear modulus of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles.
Results
From baseline to post assessment perceived stress decreased significantly in the relaxation group, (p = 0.027), while perceived stress increased in the stress group, (p = 0.028). The relaxation group demonstrated a significant increase in functional flexibility measured with the “Toe Touch Test”, (p = 0.046), while the stress group showed no significant changes in any of the measures. There was no statistically significant correlation between perceived stress and the other outcome measures. No changes of muscle stiffness or activation in the hamstring muscles were detected.
Conclusion
Autogenic training appears to be a promising intervention to reduce perceived stress and improve functional flexibility in movements such as toe touching. In future research, the effects of long-term relaxation programs on flexibility should be evaluated.
Contexte
Les exercices d’assouplissement de la musculature en sport ou en kinésithérapie pour améliorer la mobilité, prévenir les blessures et a
背景拉伸被广泛应用于体育运动和物理治疗中，以提高灵活性和运动表现，降低受伤风险。最近的研究重新评估了拉伸的效果和内在机制，对 "肌肉会拉长 "的观点提出了质疑。目前，有证据支持两种主要机制：（a）感觉改变导致对拉伸的耐受性增强；（b）肌肉组织的粘弹性发生变化。放松疗法对神经系统和肌肉也有类似的影响。除了对躯体的影响，放松技巧还对心理产生影响，尤其是对压力和压力相关症状。心理放松与肌肉灵活性之间可能存在的关联尚未得到科学评估。本研究的目的是试行一种研究设计，以评估自生训练对功能灵活性、肌肉活动和肌肉僵硬度以及感知压力可能产生的影响。方法将 12 名女性参与者（年龄：23 ± 2）随机分配到放松组（n = 6）或压力组（n = 6）。放松组进行 "自生训练 "放松疗法中的 "沉重感 "练习，而压力组则完成标准化压力诱导方案 "蒙特利尔成像压力任务"。在干预前后，对腿筋肌肉的感知压力、灵活性、激活度和僵硬度进行了测量。测量包括 "感知压力问卷"、"脚趾触摸测试"、"被动直腿抬高测试"、表面肌电图的归一化振幅以及股二头肌和半腱肌的剪切模量。通过 "脚趾触摸测试 "测量，放松组的功能灵活性有了明显提高（p = 0.046），而压力组在任何测量指标上都没有明显变化。在统计学上，感知压力与其他结果测量之间没有明显的相关性。结论自发训练似乎是一种很有前途的干预措施，可以减少感知到的压力并改善触趾等动作的功能灵活性。在未来的研究中，应评估长期放松计划对柔韧性的影响。背景在运动中或在运动疗法中，为改善运动能力、预防肢体损伤和提高运动表现而进行的肌肉放松训练非常普遍。但这些运动的效果并不持久，而且会引起更大的冲击力和肌肉粘弹性的变化。放松技术对神经系统和肌肉产生的类似效果会对心理健康产生积极的影响。设备和方法12 名女性（年龄 23 ± 2）随机分为两组：放松组（n = 6）和压力组（n = 6）。在第 1 组进行自主训练期间，第 2 组使用一种诱导压力的方法（"蒙特利尔成像压力任务"）。两组在运动前和运动后都进行了相同的测试，包括 "感知压力问卷"、"脚趾触地测试 "和 "被动直腿抬高测试"，以及表面肌电图和M.RésultatsLe groupe relaxation a pu réduire le stress ressenti de façon significative (p = 0,027) alors que pour le groupe stress ou en note une augmentation importante (p = 0,028).所有其他测量结果都表明，控制变化组没有变化，而放松组在 "脚趾触摸测试 "中的反应明显增强（p = 0.046）。结论 自控训练是一种适应性强、易于学习的方法，可以有效减少压力，并通过某些动作（例如触碰脚趾的练习）提高感觉。我们还没有发现趾骨粗隆肌的变化，也没有发现汤力与压力之间的关系。在今后的研究中，我们应重新组织练习，以消除对测量结果的影响，并研究长期放松计划对灵活性的影响。
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Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.008
Š. Volčanšek , M. Lunder , A. Janež
Objective
We aimed to examine self-reported physical activity (PA) and sitting time (ST) in older patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in daily clinical practice, and their associations with metabolic health, namely body mass index (BMI) and glycemic control (HbA1c).
Methods
This cross-sectional cohort non-exposure study included 117 patients (n = 29 T1D and n = 88 T2D), aged 71.6 ± 1.1 years, on insulin regimens. Statistical analyses were conducted on data gathered with the validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
Results
T1D patients reported a longer duration of weekly physical activity and shorter duration of sitting time compared to T2D patients (active 162 ± 32 vs 72 ± 12 minutes weekly; sedentary 4.4 ± 0.7 vs 6.7 ± 0.9 hours daily, respectively) (P < 0.01 for both). PA was negatively associated with BMI in T1D (r = –0.5; P < 0.01). ST was positively associated with BMI in T2D (r = 0.2; P < 0.05). Only the (T2D + T1D) patients who achieved > 1500 metabolic equivalent-minutes weekly had significantly lower HbA1c (7.9 ± 1.6% vs.7.3 ± 1.2% (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Physical inactivity was associated with a higher BMI in a real-world cohort of older patients with diabetes, on insulin treatment. Beneficial effects of PA on glycemic control were observed only in the highly active subgroup. Assessing and addressing health-enhancing physical activity should be integrated into everyday clinical practice, since encouraging different modes of physical activity and interrupting sitting behavior has potential health implications.
Objectif
L’objectif était d’examiner l’activité physique (AP) et le temps passé assis (TA) autodéclarés chez les patients âgés atteints de diabète de type 1 (DT1) et de diabète de type 2 (DT2) dans la pratique clinique quotidienne, et leurs associations avec la santé métabolique, à savoir l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et le contrôle glycémique (HbA1c).
Méthodes
Cette étude transversale de cohorte sans exposition a inclus 117 patients (n = 29 DT1 et n = 88 DT2), âgés de 71,6 ± 1,1 ans, sous insuline. Des analyses statistiques ont été menées sur les données recueillies avec le questionnaire international sur l’activité physique validée.
Résultats
Les patients DT1 ont rapporté une durée d’activité physique hebdomadaire plus longue et une durée plus courte de temps assis par ra
{"title":"Patterns of health enhancing physical activity in older patients with diabetes mellitus","authors":"Š. Volčanšek , M. Lunder , A. Janež","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2022.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We aimed to examine self-reported physical activity (PA) and sitting time (ST) in older patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in daily clinical practice, and their associations with metabolic health, namely body mass index (BMI) and glycemic control (HbA1c).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional cohort non-exposure study included 117 patients (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->29 T1D and <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->88 T2D), aged 71.6<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1.1 years, on insulin regimens. Statistical analyses were conducted on data gathered with the validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>T1D patients reported a longer duration of weekly physical activity and shorter duration of sitting time compared to T2D patients (active 162<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->32 vs 72<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->12<!--> <!-->minutes weekly; sedentary 4.4<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.7 vs 6.7<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.9<!--> <!-->hours daily, respectively) (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.01 for both). PA was negatively associated with BMI in T1D (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->–0.5; <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.01). ST was positively associated with BMI in T2D (r<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.2; <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05). Only the (T2D<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->T1D) patients who achieved ><!--> <!-->1500 metabolic equivalent-minutes weekly had significantly lower HbA1c (7.9<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1.6% vs.7.3<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1.2% (<em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Physical inactivity was associated with a higher BMI in a real-world cohort of older patients with diabetes, on insulin treatment. Beneficial effects of PA on glycemic control were observed only in the highly active subgroup. Assessing and addressing health-enhancing physical activity should be integrated into everyday clinical practice, since encouraging different modes of physical activity and interrupting sitting behavior has potential health implications.</p></div><div><h3>Objectif</h3><p>L’objectif était d’examiner l’activité physique (AP) et le temps passé assis (TA) autodéclarés chez les patients âgés atteints de diabète de type 1 (DT1) et de diabète de type 2 (DT2) dans la pratique clinique quotidienne, et leurs associations avec la santé métabolique, à savoir l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et le contrôle glycémique (HbA1c).</p></div><div><h3>Méthodes</h3><p>Cette étude transversale de cohorte sans exposition a inclus 117 patients (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->29 DT1 et <em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->88 DT2), âgés de 71,6<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->1,1 ans, sous insuline. Des analyses statistiques ont été menées sur les données recueillies avec le questionnaire international sur l’activité physique validée.</p></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><p>Les patients DT1 ont rapporté une durée d’activité physique hebdomadaire plus longue et une durée plus courte de temps assis par ra","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135248256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.009
A.P. Swafford , B. Lim , K.E. Conroy , J.A. Mercer
Introduction
The purpose was to determine if core temperature was influenced by wearing a triathlon wetsuit while swimming in warm water (25.5 °C).
Summary of facts and results
Participants (n = 5) completed two 1000 m swim conditions: wearing a full sleeve wetsuit (WFull) and no wetsuit (NWS) at a self-selected pace. Condition order was randomized. Core temperature was measured using an ingestible telemetry core temperature pill. Initial temperature (Ti), final temperature (Tf), average temperature (TAVG) and rate of change of temperature (ΔT/Δt) were recorded for analysis. Core temperature was analyzed using a 2 (condition: WFull, NWS) × 2 (time: Ti, Tf) repeated measures analysis of variance. Stroke rate, performance time, TAVG, and ΔT/Δt were compared between conditions using paired t-tests. Core temperature was not influenced by the interaction of condition and time (P = 0.118) nor by condition (P = 0.695) but was influenced by time (P = 0.012). TAVG, ΔT/Δt, and stroke rate were not different between conditions (P > 0.05). Swim performance was faster for the WFull (861.9 ± 109.0 s) vs. NWS condition (912.1 ± 114.7 s; P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Core temperature during swimming in warm water (25.5 °C) at self-selected pace was not influenced by wearing a wetsuit.
Introduction
L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si la température corporelle était influencée par le port d’une combinaison de triathlon lors de la natation en eau chaude (25,5 °C).
Résumé des faits et résultats
Les participants (n = 5) ont nagé sur une distance de 1000 m dans deux conditions : en portant une combinaison à manches complètes (WFull) ou sans combinaison (NWS), à une vitesse de libre choix. L’ordre des conditions était aléatoire. La température centrale a été mesurée à l’aide d’une pilule télémétrique ingérable. La température initiale (Ti), la température finale (Tf), la température moyenne (TAVG) et le changement de température (ΔT/Δt) ont été enregistrés pour être analysés. La température centrale a été analysée à l’aide d’une Anova à mesures répétées à 2 voies prenant en compte les effets de la condition (WFull versus NWS) et du temps de mesure (Ti versus Tf). La fréquence cardiaque, les performances, les TAVG et ΔT/Δt ont été comparés entre les différentes conditions à l’aide de tests t appariés. La température centrale n’a pas été influencée par l’interaction entre la condition et le temps (p = 0,118) ni par la conditio
{"title":"Core temperature while swimming in warm water wearing a triathlon wetsuit","authors":"A.P. Swafford , B. Lim , K.E. Conroy , J.A. Mercer","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The purpose was to determine if core temperature was influenced by wearing a triathlon wetsuit while swimming in warm water (25.5<!--> <!-->°C).</p></div><div><h3>Summary of facts and results</h3><p>Participants (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->5) completed two 1000<!--> <!-->m swim conditions: wearing a full sleeve wetsuit (W<sub>Full</sub>) and no wetsuit (NWS) at a self-selected pace. Condition order was randomized. Core temperature was measured using an ingestible telemetry core temperature pill. Initial temperature (T<sub>i</sub>), final temperature (T<sub>f</sub>), average temperature (T<sub>AVG</sub>) and rate of change of temperature (ΔT/Δt) were recorded for analysis. Core temperature was analyzed using a 2 (condition: W<sub>Full</sub>, NWS)<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->2 (time: Ti, Tf) repeated measures analysis of variance. Stroke rate, performance time, T<sub>AVG</sub>, and ΔT/Δt were compared between conditions using paired <em>t</em>-tests. Core temperature was not influenced by the interaction of condition and time (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.118) nor by condition (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.695) but was influenced by time (<em>P</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.012). T<sub>AVG</sub>, ΔT/Δt, and stroke rate were not different between conditions (<em>P</em> <!-->><!--> <!-->0.05). Swim performance was faster for the W<sub>Full</sub> (861.9<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->109.0<!--> <!-->s) vs. NWS condition (912.1<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->114.7<!--> <!-->s; <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Core temperature during swimming in warm water (25.5<!--> <!-->°C) at self-selected pace was not influenced by wearing a wetsuit.</p></div><div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si la température corporelle était influencée par le port d’une combinaison de triathlon lors de la natation en eau chaude (25,5<!--> <!-->°C).</p></div><div><h3>Résumé des faits et résultats</h3><p>Les participants (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->5) ont nagé sur une distance de 1000<!--> <!-->m dans deux conditions : en portant une combinaison à manches complètes (WFull) ou sans combinaison (NWS), à une vitesse de libre choix. L’ordre des conditions était aléatoire. La température centrale a été mesurée à l’aide d’une pilule télémétrique ingérable. La température initiale (Ti), la température finale (Tf), la température moyenne (TAVG) et le changement de température (ΔT/Δt) ont été enregistrés pour être analysés. La température centrale a été analysée à l’aide d’une Anova à mesures répétées à 2 voies prenant en compte les effets de la condition (WFull versus NWS) et du temps de mesure (Ti versus Tf). La fréquence cardiaque, les performances, les TAVG et ΔT/Δt ont été comparés entre les différentes conditions à l’aide de tests <em>t</em> appariés. La température centrale n’a pas été influencée par l’interaction entre la condition et le temps (<em>p</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0,118) ni par la conditio","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139640036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.003
H. Fernandes
{"title":"Can carbohydrate periodization strategies be applied to bodybuilding athletes in the pre-contest phase?","authors":"H. Fernandes","doi":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scispo.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21728,"journal":{"name":"Science & Sports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139297617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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