Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.050
Ana Luíza Trajano Mangueira de Melo , Mariele Porto Carneiro Leão , Manassés Daniel da Silva , Cleidiane Macêdo Santos , Rahisa Helena da Silva , Elayne Cristina Ramos Vilanova , Antonio Félix da Costa , Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon , José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto
<div><div>Pathogenesis-related Protein 1 (PR-1) plays a crucial role in plant defense responses, particularly against fungal pathogens. Despite its significance, comprehensive studies characterizing this gene family in the common bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) are currently lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct genomic mining and characterization of the PR-1 in common bean (PvPR-1) genome. Additionally, we assessed the transcriptional expression of all its isoforms in response to inoculation with the fungus <em>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</em>. This evaluation was performed on leaf tissue samples obtained from both sensitive (Rosinha) and resistant (Africano 4) common bean varieties at 24-, 48-, and 96-hours post inoculation. Thirteen PvPR-1 genes were consistently identified, forming two major clusters across the clustering analyses. Physicochemical characterization indicated that the PvPR-1 proteins are predominantly basic, hydrophilic, and extracellularly localized. Moreover, their promoter regions contain putative cis-regulatory elements that respond to a broad spectrum of plant hormones, including jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene, which are key regulators of both biotic and abiotic stress responses. This discovery implies a multifaceted role for the studied proteins in common bean physiology. KEGG pathway analysis implicated PvPR-1 proteins in hormonal signaling (corroborating the anchored cis-regulatory elements) and plant-pathogen interaction networks. Secondary structure evaluation revealed the predominance of α-helices and coiled structures within these proteins. Subsequent 3D modeling demonstrated a conserved ‘α-β-α’ sandwich architecture characterized by a central cavity. This structural motif suggests potential functional versatility, particularly in pathogen recognition and responses. Additionally, the study provided insight into the potential interactions of PvPR-1 with Chitinase II (PR-3) and Rab-18, as suggested by the STRING platform. Temporal differences in PvPR-1 gene expression were observed between the common bean contrasting varieties following <em>C. lindemuthianum</em> inoculation. Africano-4, the resistant one, showed a higher abundance of up-regulated and constitutively expressed PvPR-1 transcripts compared to its sensitive counterpart (Rosinha), indicating a more effective role of this gene family against the pathogen. Furthermore, based on PCA analyses and interaction networks of differentially expressed genes, three key targets within the PvPR-1 family (PvPR-1-4, PvPR-1-5, and PvPR-1-10) emerged as promising candidates for future functional characterization. These molecular actors displayed differential transcriptional patterns between the studied varieties without compromising the transcript abundance of PvPR-1 protein synthesis in the resistant one. Consequently, they may represent key components of resistance mechanisms that contribute to the differentiation between the two or
{"title":"Exploring common bean's defense arsenal: Genome-wide characterization of PR-1 gene family and its transcriptional response to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum inoculation","authors":"Ana Luíza Trajano Mangueira de Melo , Mariele Porto Carneiro Leão , Manassés Daniel da Silva , Cleidiane Macêdo Santos , Rahisa Helena da Silva , Elayne Cristina Ramos Vilanova , Antonio Félix da Costa , Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon , José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pathogenesis-related Protein 1 (PR-1) plays a crucial role in plant defense responses, particularly against fungal pathogens. Despite its significance, comprehensive studies characterizing this gene family in the common bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) are currently lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct genomic mining and characterization of the PR-1 in common bean (PvPR-1) genome. Additionally, we assessed the transcriptional expression of all its isoforms in response to inoculation with the fungus <em>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</em>. This evaluation was performed on leaf tissue samples obtained from both sensitive (Rosinha) and resistant (Africano 4) common bean varieties at 24-, 48-, and 96-hours post inoculation. Thirteen PvPR-1 genes were consistently identified, forming two major clusters across the clustering analyses. Physicochemical characterization indicated that the PvPR-1 proteins are predominantly basic, hydrophilic, and extracellularly localized. Moreover, their promoter regions contain putative cis-regulatory elements that respond to a broad spectrum of plant hormones, including jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene, which are key regulators of both biotic and abiotic stress responses. This discovery implies a multifaceted role for the studied proteins in common bean physiology. KEGG pathway analysis implicated PvPR-1 proteins in hormonal signaling (corroborating the anchored cis-regulatory elements) and plant-pathogen interaction networks. Secondary structure evaluation revealed the predominance of α-helices and coiled structures within these proteins. Subsequent 3D modeling demonstrated a conserved ‘α-β-α’ sandwich architecture characterized by a central cavity. This structural motif suggests potential functional versatility, particularly in pathogen recognition and responses. Additionally, the study provided insight into the potential interactions of PvPR-1 with Chitinase II (PR-3) and Rab-18, as suggested by the STRING platform. Temporal differences in PvPR-1 gene expression were observed between the common bean contrasting varieties following <em>C. lindemuthianum</em> inoculation. Africano-4, the resistant one, showed a higher abundance of up-regulated and constitutively expressed PvPR-1 transcripts compared to its sensitive counterpart (Rosinha), indicating a more effective role of this gene family against the pathogen. Furthermore, based on PCA analyses and interaction networks of differentially expressed genes, three key targets within the PvPR-1 family (PvPR-1-4, PvPR-1-5, and PvPR-1-10) emerged as promising candidates for future functional characterization. These molecular actors displayed differential transcriptional patterns between the studied varieties without compromising the transcript abundance of PvPR-1 protein synthesis in the resistant one. Consequently, they may represent key components of resistance mechanisms that contribute to the differentiation between the two or","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.031
N. Bhagya
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. (= Caesalpinia pulcherrima f. flava (O. Deg.) H. St. John, Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. flava Bailey & Rehder) is an ornamental plant with medicinal values belonging to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and the genus Caesalpinia. The plant is a native of tropical America and is extensively cultivated in gardens globally for its beautiful flowers. The plant is well-mentioned in the ethnomedicine that led the researchers to use modern pharmacological methods to discover the diverse phytochemicals in different parts of C. pulcherrima with bioactive potential. The current review discusses on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of C. pulcherrima along with a brief note on the biosynthesis of major classes of phytochemicals in this plant. Altogether 70 articles published between 2007 and 2023 that are related to the phytochemicals in C. pulcherrima and their biosyntheisis were collected from online scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ACS and Google Scholar. The isolated phytochemicals from C. pulcherrima were tested for various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and insecticidal activities discussed in the current review will pave the way for the discovery of new drugs.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.(= Caesalpinia pulcherrima f. flava (O. Deg.) H. St. John, Caesalpinia pulcherrima var. flava Bailey & Rehder) 是一种具有药用价值的观赏植物，隶属于豆科（豆科）和 Caesalpinia 属。该植物原产于美洲热带地区，因其美丽的花朵而在全球花园中广泛种植。该植物在民族医药中被广泛提及，这促使研究人员使用现代药理学方法来发现 C. pulcherrima 不同部位中具有生物活性潜力的多种植物化学物质。本综述讨论了 C. pulcherrima 的植物化学、药理学和毒理学方面，并简要介绍了该植物中主要类别植物化学物质的生物合成。研究人员从在线科学数据库（包括 Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、ACS 和 Google Scholar）中收集了 2007 年至 2023 年间发表的 70 篇与 C. pulcherrima 植物化学成分及其生物合成相关的文章。本综述中讨论的从 C. pulcherrima 中分离出的植物化学物质进行了各种药理特性测试，如抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、细胞毒性、抗糖尿病和杀虫活性，这将为发现新药铺平道路。
{"title":"A critical review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.","authors":"N. Bhagya","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</em> (L.) Sw. (= <em>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</em> f. flava (O. Deg.) H. St. John, <em>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</em> var. flava Bailey & Rehder) is an ornamental plant with medicinal values belonging to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and the genus <em>Caesalpinia</em>. The plant is a native of tropical America and is extensively cultivated in gardens globally for its beautiful flowers. The plant is well-mentioned in the ethnomedicine that led the researchers to use modern pharmacological methods to discover the diverse phytochemicals in different parts of <em>C. pulcherrima</em> with bioactive potential. The current review discusses on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of <em>C. pulcherrima</em> along with a brief note on the biosynthesis of major classes of phytochemicals in this plant<em>.</em> Altogether 70 articles published between 2007 and 2023 that are related to the phytochemicals in <em>C. pulcherrima</em> and their biosyntheisis were collected from online scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ACS and Google Scholar. The isolated phytochemicals from <em>C. pulcherrima</em> were tested for various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and insecticidal activities discussed in the current review will pave the way for the discovery of new drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.055
Garandi Badawe, Paul Nayim, Victor Kuete
Ziziphus jujuba is a medicinal botanical with various pharmacological properties against cardiovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, gastrointestinal problems, dysentery, and diarrhea. Despite its exhaustive use for medicinal aims, no study has yet been directed to evaluate this plant's potentially toxic profile. The present work focused on the acute and subchronic toxicity of Z. jujuba bark extract.
The acute oral toxicity was performed using the OECD guideline 425; Z. jujuba bark extract was administered to female rats at a single dose of 5000 mg kg-1 body weight. The subchronic acute oral toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines 407; Z. jujuba bark extract was administered to male and female rats at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg-1 bw; after 28 days of Z. jujuba bark extract daily administration, the animals were sacrificed. Hematological parameters, serum and urinary biochemical parameters, and histological sections of the liver and kidneys were assessed.
Administration of the single-oral dose of Z. jujuba bark methanolic extract did not cause any death in rats, and the LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg kg-1 bw. The repeated administration of Z. jujuba bark methanolic extract at 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg-1 bw did not induce any significant perturbation of the white blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets in rats as compared to the controls. For the lipid parameters, namely triglycerides and cholesterol, no significant difference was recorded between the profiles of the treated and untreated groups of animals. Likewise, we registered non-significant changes in renal parameters such as creatinine, urea, and proteins; this was confirmed by the histological sections, which showed a normal kidney structure. Besides, we did not observe any significant modification in the values of liver parameters, ALT and AST. This finding was further confirmed by the histological examination of the liver, which revealed the organ's normal structure.
Finally, for single-oral administration, Z. jujuba bark extract is almost non-toxic. For repeated oral administration, Z. jujuba bark extract is safe at doses up to 1000 mg kg-1 bw over a 28-day period.
{"title":"Acute and subchronic toxicological profile of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. bark methanolic extract toward Swiss albino rats","authors":"Garandi Badawe, Paul Nayim, Victor Kuete","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ziziphus jujuba</em> is a medicinal botanical with various pharmacological properties against cardiovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, gastrointestinal problems, dysentery, and diarrhea. Despite its exhaustive use for medicinal aims, no study has yet been directed to evaluate this plant's potentially toxic profile. The present work focused on the acute and subchronic toxicity of <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark extract.</div><div>The acute oral toxicity was performed using the OECD guideline 425; Z<em>. jujuba</em> bark extract was administered to female rats at a single dose of 5000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> body weight. The subchronic acute oral toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines 407; <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark extract was administered to male and female rats at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> bw; after 28 days of <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark extract daily administration, the animals were sacrificed. Hematological parameters, serum and urinary biochemical parameters, and histological sections of the liver and kidneys were assessed.</div><div>Administration of the single-oral dose of <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark methanolic extract did not cause any death in rats, and the LD<sub>50</sub> was found to be greater than 5000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> bw. The repeated administration of <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark methanolic extract at 250, 500, and 1000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> bw did not induce any significant perturbation of the white blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets in rats as compared to the controls. For the lipid parameters, namely triglycerides and cholesterol, no significant difference was recorded between the profiles of the treated and untreated groups of animals. Likewise, we registered non-significant changes in renal parameters such as creatinine, urea, and proteins; this was confirmed by the histological sections, which showed a normal kidney structure. Besides, we did not observe any significant modification in the values of liver parameters, ALT and AST. This finding was further confirmed by the histological examination of the liver, which revealed the organ's normal structure.</div><div>Finally, for single-oral administration, <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark extract is almost non-toxic. For repeated oral administration, <em>Z. jujuba</em> bark extract is safe at doses up to 1000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> bw over a 28-day period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.042
Ummahan Öz
Plant secondary metabolite gene clusters are regions within the plant genome that encode enzymes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Helianthus annuus L. is a significant oilseed plant with economic importance. This study aims to comprehensively identify secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters within H. annuus using bioinformatics tools, shedding light on the functions of the enzymes involved. In this study, the plantiSMASH software was utilized to predict secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in H. annuus. The results from plantiSMASH were analyzed to identify the biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites on each chromosome. The biological and molecular functions of the enzymes within these clusters were predicted using data from the relevant articles. According to the obtained data, H. annuus lacks a biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosomes four, seven, and fifteen. The identified gene clusters in this plant are polyketide, saccharide, saccharide-terpene, alkaloid, putative, and terpene. The enzyme categories found in secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters include Methyltransferase, Ketosynthase, Glycosyltransferase, BAHD acyltransferase, Dioxygenase, CoA-ligase, Epimerase, PRISE enzymes, Prenyltransferase, Oxidoreductase, Aminotransferase, Copper amine oxidase, Cytochrome P450, Terpene synthase, and Pictet-Spengler enzyme (Bet v1). This comprehensive analysis provides a foundation for further investigations into the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in H. annuus, offering valuable insights for researchers exploring the medicinal and pharmaceutical potential of this plant species.
{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in Helianthus annuus L.: A bioinformatics approach","authors":"Ummahan Öz","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant secondary metabolite gene clusters are regions within the plant genome that encode enzymes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. <em>Helianthus annuus</em> L. is a significant oilseed plant with economic importance. This study aims to comprehensively identify secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters within <em>H. annuus</em> using bioinformatics tools, shedding light on the functions of the enzymes involved. In this study, the plantiSMASH software was utilized to predict secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in <em>H. annuus</em>. The results from plantiSMASH were analyzed to identify the biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites on each chromosome. The biological and molecular functions of the enzymes within these clusters were predicted using data from the relevant articles. According to the obtained data, <em>H. annuus</em> lacks a biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosomes four, seven, and fifteen. The identified gene clusters in this plant are polyketide, saccharide, saccharide-terpene, alkaloid, putative, and terpene. The enzyme categories found in secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters include Methyltransferase, Ketosynthase, Glycosyltransferase, BAHD acyltransferase, Dioxygenase, CoA-ligase, Epimerase, PRISE enzymes, Prenyltransferase, Oxidoreductase, Aminotransferase, Copper amine oxidase, Cytochrome P450, Terpene synthase, and Pictet-Spengler enzyme (Bet v1). This comprehensive analysis provides a foundation for further investigations into the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in <em>H. annuus</em>, offering valuable insights for researchers exploring the medicinal and pharmaceutical potential of this plant species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.041
C Bester , NC Le Maitre , M Visser , WC Botes
Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) are good sources of unexplored genetic diversity that can assist plant breeders to increase the yield and resilience of their crops. These species are valuable plant genetic resources (PGR) that have been used in more than 4,157 documented cases of plant improvement to date. South Africa has 258 prioritized CWR, selected based on their distribution, threat status and potential as gene donors. In light of ongoing habitat destruction, global warming and mismanagement of resources, the conservation of these PGR is vital. Complementary conservation approaches allow for the continuous development of CWR, while harnessing and applying the available diversity in plant breeding programs. The South African National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) strives to utilize conservation resources to build and maintain an effective complementary, in situ to ex situ conservation pipeline. As part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Africa has access to numerous resources that can assist to protect its rich floral diversity, including the SADC Plant Genetic Resource Centre (SPGRC), the SADC CWR Project and CAPFITOGEN3.
{"title":"Complementary conservation of South African crop wild relatives for plant improvement","authors":"C Bester , NC Le Maitre , M Visser , WC Botes","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) are good sources of unexplored genetic diversity that can assist plant breeders to increase the yield and resilience of their crops. These species are valuable plant genetic resources (PGR) that have been used in more than 4,157 documented cases of plant improvement to date. South Africa has 258 prioritized CWR, selected based on their distribution, threat status and potential as gene donors. In light of ongoing habitat destruction, global warming and mismanagement of resources, the conservation of these PGR is vital. Complementary conservation approaches allow for the continuous development of CWR, while harnessing and applying the available diversity in plant breeding programs. The South African National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) strives to utilize conservation resources to build and maintain an effective complementary, <em>in situ to ex situ</em> conservation pipeline. As part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Africa has access to numerous resources that can assist to protect its rich floral diversity, including the SADC Plant Genetic Resource Centre (SPGRC), the SADC CWR Project and CAPFITOGEN3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.032
Phazha Bushe Baeti , Donald Phenyo Brown , Keagile Bati , G.F. Chi , Ibrahim Demirtaş , Kabo Masisi , Goabaone Gaobotse , Tebogo Elvis Kwape
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Conventional drugs are expensive and have been reported to have side effects. This directs efforts in cancer research to search for inexpensive solutions with less or no side effects. This study aimed at screening for phytochemicals and the antiproliferative effects of Sclerocarya birrea fruit exocarp (SBFE) and Terminalia prunioides pods extracts (TPPE) on human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Extracts were qualitatively evaluated for their phytochemicals using HPLC and LC-MS/MS, and the antiproliferative effects by 4-[-3(4-Iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene sulfonate (WST-1) assay. HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis led to identification and quantification of 24 polyphenolic metabolites amongst which shikimic acid (3.6014 mg g-1), gallic acid (40.8283 mg g-1), and quercetin-3-d-xyloside (3.4677 mg g-1) as the major metabolites. Results from antiproliferative effects of extracts were used to make 3 potential anticancer formulations. Furthermore, effects of extracts and formulations on the expressions of cervical cancer markers: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1 (MACC1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Cytokeratin Fragment (CYFRA 21-1), and Cluster differentiation 95 (CD95) were evaluated by Reverse transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of both plants tested positive for saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside and steroids. Methanol extracts were the most effective with IC50 values of 75 µg/mL and 190 µg/mL for SBFE and TPPE respectively. The formulations: M1E1M2E2 and M1M2 had IC50 values of 77 µg/mL and 83 µg/mL respectively. All treatments downregulated mRNA expression of EGFR, VEGF, MACC1, CYFRA 21-1, and upregulated CD 95 mRNA expression. Formulations were more effective than individual extracts against HeLa cells. However, there is need for further testing for other possible mechanisms of action and isolation of phytocompounds.
{"title":"Sclerocarya birrea and Terminalia prunioides: Phytochemical screening and synergistic inhibition of cervical cancer cells proliferation through modulation of EGFR, VEGF, MACC1, CYFRA 21-1, and CD 95 gene expressions","authors":"Phazha Bushe Baeti , Donald Phenyo Brown , Keagile Bati , G.F. Chi , Ibrahim Demirtaş , Kabo Masisi , Goabaone Gaobotse , Tebogo Elvis Kwape","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Conventional drugs are expensive and have been reported to have side effects. This directs efforts in cancer research to search for inexpensive solutions with less or no side effects. This study aimed at screening for phytochemicals and the antiproliferative effects of <em>Sclerocarya birrea</em> fruit exocarp (SBFE) and <em>Terminalia prunioides</em> pods extracts (TPPE) on human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Extracts were qualitatively evaluated for their phytochemicals using HPLC and LC-MS/MS, and the antiproliferative effects by 4-[-3(4-Iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitro-phenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene sulfonate (WST-1) assay. HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis led to identification and quantification of 24 polyphenolic metabolites amongst which shikimic acid (3.6014 mg g<sup>-1</sup>), gallic acid (40.8283 mg g<sup>-1</sup>), and quercetin-3-d-xyloside (3.4677 mg g<sup>-1</sup>) as the major metabolites. Results from antiproliferative effects of extracts were used to make 3 potential anticancer formulations. Furthermore, effects of extracts and formulations on the expressions of cervical cancer markers: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1 (MACC1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Cytokeratin Fragment (CYFRA 21-1), and Cluster differentiation 95 (CD95) were evaluated by Reverse transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of both plants tested positive for saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside and steroids. Methanol extracts were the most effective with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 75 µg/mL and 190 µg/mL for SBFE and TPPE respectively. The formulations: M1E1M2E2 and M1M2 had IC<sub>50</sub> values of 77 µg/mL and 83 µg/mL respectively. All treatments downregulated mRNA expression of EGFR, VEGF, MACC1, CYFRA 21-1, and upregulated CD 95 mRNA expression. Formulations were more effective than individual extracts against HeLa cells. However, there is need for further testing for other possible mechanisms of action and isolation of phytocompounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.043
Sinawo Tsipinana , Linda Obi , Stephen Amoo , Rasheed Adeleke
Many endophytic bacteria have plant growth promoting attributes that could improve agricultural yield as well as resistance to various types of stress and disease. Detection of such attributes usually involves in vitro screening and the subsequent testing of the isolates on the plants for specific or combined effects on germination, seedling growth and yield. Despite many studies in this field, there is a knowledge gap on the influence of endophytes on early growth of certain economically important plants such as medicinal plants. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro capabilities of bacterial endophytes isolated from Lessertia frutescens (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton) for plant growth promotion and their effect on initial seedling growth. Using a culture-dependent approach, plant samples of Lessertia frutes cens were screened for bacterial endophytes. The isolated bacterial endophytes were subsequently evaluated for their plant growth-promoting attributes along with their ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Molecular identification of selected endophytic bacteria based on the 16S rRNA genes of strains that tested negative in the hemolysis test was conducted. The two most promising isolates were evaluated for their ability to promote Lessertia frutescens seedling growth in a two-month pot trial study. The obtained results revealed that many of the bacterial endophytes had potential to promote plant growth. Specifically, 86 % of the endophytes possessed nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing, and IAA-producing abilities, while approximately 71 % were able to exhibit siderophore-producing capabilities. The endophytes exhibited significant production of essential hydrolytic enzymes, including amylase (86 %), gelatinase (86 %), protease (29 %), lipase (43 %), and D-nase (57 %). The two best isolates were identified as relatives of Bacillus spp. (Bacillus licheniformis BaDB06 and Bacillus velezensis strain SM-95). Their plant growth-promoting properties such as their ability to enhance plant height and their ability to be used as bio-agent were further confirmed in the pot trial study as they enhanced the growth of Lessertia frutescens seedlings compared to the control. This study provides insights into the functional roles of endophytic bacteria of Lessertia frutescens in seedling growth and their potential plant growth enhancement, highlighting their potential for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.
{"title":"Plant growth-promoting potential of bacterial endophytes isolated from Lessertia frutescens","authors":"Sinawo Tsipinana , Linda Obi , Stephen Amoo , Rasheed Adeleke","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many endophytic bacteria have plant growth promoting attributes that could improve agricultural yield as well as resistance to various types of stress and disease. Detection of such attributes usually involves <em>in vitro</em> screening and the subsequent testing of the isolates on the plants for specific or combined effects on germination, seedling growth and yield. Despite many studies in this field, there is a knowledge gap on the influence of endophytes on early growth of certain economically important plants such as medicinal plants. In the present study, we evaluated the <em>in vitro</em> capabilities of bacterial endophytes isolated from <em>Lessertia frutescens</em> (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. <em>Sutherlandia frutescens</em> (L.) W.T.Aiton) for plant growth promotion and their effect on initial seedling growth. Using a culture-dependent approach, plant samples of <em>Lessertia frutes cens</em> were screened for bacterial endophytes. The isolated bacterial endophytes were subsequently evaluated for their plant growth-promoting attributes along with their ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes. Molecular identification of selected endophytic bacteria based on the 16S rRNA genes of strains that tested negative in the hemolysis test was conducted. The two most promising isolates were evaluated for their ability to promote <em>Lessertia frutescens</em> seedling growth in a two-month pot trial study. The obtained results revealed that many of the bacterial endophytes had potential to promote plant growth. Specifically, 86 % of the endophytes possessed nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing, and IAA-producing abilities, while approximately 71 % were able to exhibit siderophore-producing capabilities. The endophytes exhibited significant production of essential hydrolytic enzymes, including amylase (86 %), gelatinase (86 %), protease (29 %), lipase (43 %), and D-nase (57 %). The two best isolates were identified as relatives of <em>Bacillus</em> spp. <em>(Bacillus licheniformis</em> BaDB06 and <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> strain SM-95). Their plant growth-promoting properties such as their ability to enhance plant height and their ability to be used as bio-agent were further confirmed in the pot trial study as they enhanced the growth of <em>Lessertia frutescens</em> seedlings compared to the control. This study provides insights into the functional roles of endophytic bacteria of <em>Lessertia frutescens</em> in seedling growth and their potential plant growth enhancement, highlighting their potential for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hetertermes indicola Wasman (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) is a highly wood-destructive termite species in the urban settings of Pakistan. This study evaluated the biocidal action of Melia azedarach leaf extract in different solvents on H. indicola by conducting choice and no-choice feeding deterrence assays using impregnated palatable wood under field and laboratory conditions. Dose-dependent and time-dependent trends were observed in the leaf extracts of M. azedarach at different concentrations (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) using solvent water and methanol with 80–100 % termite mortality after 6 days of exposure. A key outcome was the higher termiticidal efficacy of methanolic extract compared to aqueous extract under both field and laboratory conditions. The LC50 values of 358 ppm for methanol and 466 ppm for aqueous extract after 15 days in a laboratory no-choice experiment exhibit a quantitative measure of chinaberry leaf extract toxicity. A significant reduction in mean percent weight loss (8.26 %) of treated wood with 1500 ppm of M. azedarach leaf extract in methanol was observed under field conditions. In conclusion, triterpenoids and phytol present in methanolic leaf extract demonstrated higher efficacy in both lab and field conditions making a solid foundation for the further development of natural wood preservatives. Since they induced rapid lethargic conditions in termites and digestive toxicity which leads to minimum loss of treated wood.
{"title":"Efficacy of Melia azedarach leaf extract in different solvents against Heterotermes indicola Wasmann (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) using non-durable wooden blocks under laboratory and field conditions","authors":"Muhammad Afzal , Hamid-ur Rehman , Ismail Zeb , Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Hetertermes indicola</em> Wasman (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) is a highly wood-destructive termite species in the urban settings of Pakistan. This study evaluated the biocidal action of <em>Melia azedarach</em> leaf extract in different solvents on <em>H. indicola</em> by conducting choice and no-choice feeding deterrence assays using impregnated palatable wood under field and laboratory conditions. Dose-dependent and time-dependent trends were observed in the leaf extracts of <em>M. azedarach</em> at different concentrations (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) using solvent water and methanol with 80–100 % termite mortality after 6 days of exposure. A key outcome was the higher termiticidal efficacy of methanolic extract compared to aqueous extract under both field and laboratory conditions. The LC50 values of 358 ppm for methanol and 466 ppm for aqueous extract after 15 days in a laboratory no-choice experiment exhibit a quantitative measure of chinaberry leaf extract toxicity. A significant reduction in mean percent weight loss (8.26 %) of treated wood with 1500 ppm of <em>M. azedarach</em> leaf extract in methanol was observed under field conditions. In conclusion, triterpenoids and phytol present in methanolic leaf extract demonstrated higher efficacy in both lab and field conditions making a solid foundation for the further development of natural wood preservatives. Since they induced rapid lethargic conditions in termites and digestive toxicity which leads to minimum loss of treated wood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoperiods affect plant flowering, organ formation, and metabolite synthesis. Cannabis sativa L., renowned as one of the world's oldest medicinal plants, primarily derives its medicinal properties from secondary metabolites. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying the response of C. sativa to different photoperiods remain poorly studied and reported. This study aimed to elucidate, for the first time, the effects of varied photoperiods on C. sativa after a 28 d vegetative growth period, particularly on the regulation of yield, cannabinoid, and terpenes. The results showed that the yield and cannabinoid levels of C. sativa were hypersensitive to photoperiod. Integrated analyses combining metabolomics and transcriptomics unveiled the intricate response mechanisms of C. sativa to diverse photoperiods. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway as having the highest concentration of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), crucial for the synthesis of medicinal compounds. Photosynthesis and plant hormones directly determined yield, with 18 DEGs and two DAMs (indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid) playing pivotal roles in the regulation of the yield. DXR, OAC, and THCAS regulated cannabinoid synthesis, CsTPS regulated terpene synthesis. Furthermore, glandular trichomes and transcription factors, including bHLH and MYB, emerged as significant regulators in cannabinoid and terpene synthesis. In summary, this study provides a theoretical and practical reference for the optimal photoperiod to improve plant yield and quality of C. sativa.
{"title":"Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed the regulation of yields, cannabinoid, and terpene biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa L. under different photoperiods","authors":"Ying Xu , Jing Zhang , Qing Tang, Zhigang Dai, Canhui Deng, Yang Chen, Chaohua Cheng, Zemao Yang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Jiquan Chen, Mingbao Luan, Jianguang Su","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoperiods affect plant flowering, organ formation, and metabolite synthesis. <em>Cannabis sativa</em> L., renowned as one of the world's oldest medicinal plants, primarily derives its medicinal properties from secondary metabolites. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying the response of <em>C. sativa</em> to different photoperiods remain poorly studied and reported. This study aimed to elucidate, for the first time, the effects of varied photoperiods on <em>C. sativa</em> after a 28 d vegetative growth period, particularly on the regulation of yield, cannabinoid, and terpenes. The results showed that the yield and cannabinoid levels of <em>C. sativa</em> were hypersensitive to photoperiod. Integrated analyses combining metabolomics and transcriptomics unveiled the intricate response mechanisms of <em>C. sativa</em> to diverse photoperiods. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway as having the highest concentration of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), crucial for the synthesis of medicinal compounds. Photosynthesis and plant hormones directly determined yield, with 18 DEGs and two DAMs (indole-3-acetic acid and salicylic acid) playing pivotal roles in the regulation of the yield. <em>DXR, OAC</em>, and <em>THCAS</em> regulated cannabinoid synthesis, <em>CsTPS</em> regulated terpene synthesis. Furthermore, glandular trichomes and transcription factors, including bHLH and MYB, emerged as significant regulators in cannabinoid and terpene synthesis. In summary, this study provides a theoretical and practical reference for the optimal photoperiod to improve plant yield and quality of <em>C. sativa.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′Herit ex Aiton) family, Geraniaceae, is also vegetative propagated (through rooted stem cutting), a high-value aromatic crop. Essential oil is extensively used in the fragrance, aromatherapy, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. But the cultivation of rose-scented geranium as a monocrop creates competition with companion seasonal food crops in terms of limited availability of land. Intercropping is a sustainable approach to achieve higher production per unit land area and time by maximizing the utilization of available resources. This work was aimed to study the effectiveness of rose-scented geranium with companion seasonal food crops in intercropping system for enhancing the yield, quality of rose-scented geranium essential oil, and monetary gains for farmers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in two successive years, with spatial arrangements of rose-scented geranium at 45 × 30 (G1), 45 × 45 (G2), and 45 × 60 (G3), companion seasonal food crops viz. maize (S1), sunflower (S2), mungbean (S3), okra (S4), onion (S5), and uradbean (S6) at their recommended populations along with their sole crops as a control. The results demonstrated that fresh herb yield (21.36 t/ha) and oil yield (35.57 kg/ha) were recorded maximum under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at 45 × 45). In a similar manner, the highest monetary gains (4520 USD/ha) were achieved under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2), followed by S4+G1 and S3+G2. The total land equivalent ratio (2.28), area time equivalent ratio (1.72), and land use efficiency (3.14) were higher in S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2) over monocrop. The quality of essential oils of rose-scented geranium was good and acceptable for market in all intercropping treatments. Thus, the intercropping system will help to increase high-value essential oil production and provide more benefit to seasonal food growers, as well as help the aroma industry.
{"title":"Spatial arrangements of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′Herit ex Aiton) with seasonal food crops in intercropping system ameliorate the land productivity, biological efficiency and economic returns","authors":"Archana Chaudhary , Kirti Verma , Anjali Singh , Parminder Kaur , Anil Kumar Singh , Rakesh Kumar , Saudan Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sajb.2024.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rose-scented geranium (<em>Pelargonium graveolens</em> L′Herit ex Aiton) family, Geraniaceae, is also vegetative propagated (through rooted stem cutting), a high-value aromatic crop. Essential oil is extensively used in the fragrance, aromatherapy, flavor, and pharmaceutical industries. But the cultivation of rose-scented geranium as a monocrop creates competition with companion seasonal food crops in terms of limited availability of land. Intercropping is a sustainable approach to achieve higher production per unit land area and time by maximizing the utilization of available resources. This work was aimed to study the effectiveness of rose-scented geranium with companion seasonal food crops in intercropping system for enhancing the yield, quality of rose-scented geranium essential oil, and monetary gains for farmers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in two successive years, with spatial arrangements of rose-scented geranium at 45 × 30 (G1), 45 × 45 (G2), and 45 × 60 (G3), companion seasonal food crops viz. maize (S1), sunflower (S2), mungbean (S3), okra (S4), onion (S5), and uradbean (S6) at their recommended populations along with their sole crops as a control. The results demonstrated that fresh herb yield (21.36 t/ha) and oil yield (35.57 kg/ha) were recorded maximum under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at 45 × 45). In a similar manner, the highest monetary gains (4520 USD/ha) were achieved under S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2), followed by S4+G1 and S3+G2. The total land equivalent ratio (2.28), area time equivalent ratio (1.72), and land use efficiency (3.14) were higher in S4+G2 (Okra + Rose-scented geranium at G2) over monocrop. The quality of essential oils of rose-scented geranium was good and acceptable for market in all intercropping treatments. Thus, the intercropping system will help to increase high-value essential oil production and provide more benefit to seasonal food growers, as well as help the aroma industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21919,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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