Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02357-5
Paula Etayo-Urtasun, Mikel Izquierdo, Mikel L. Sáez de Asteasu
Background Physical exercise has been proposed to enhance cardiovascular autonomic function; however, current evidence in older populations remains controversial. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of physical exercise on autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect on March 12, 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Two independent reviewers applied the PICOS model to screen randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published since 2010 that investigated the effects of exercise interventions on autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated through random effects models using the Empirical Bayes method. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420250651364). Results Fifteen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise interventions significantly increased the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) (SMD 0.636, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.014–1.258; p = 0.045) and significantly decreased the low-frequency / high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio (SMD − 0.506, 95% CI − 0.954 to − 0.057; p = 0.027). No significant effects were found for the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) (SMD 0.718, 95% CI − 0.120 to 1.557; p = 0.093) or baroreflex sensitivity (SMD − 0.137, 95% CI − 0.670 to 0.396; p = 0.614). Although substantial heterogeneity was noted, no evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusion These results highlight the utility of structured exercise as a nonpharmacological tool to improve autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults, with potential implications for reducing cardiovascular risk and promoting healthy ageing.
体育锻炼可增强心血管自主神经功能；然而，目前在老年人群中的证据仍然存在争议。目的本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在探讨体育锻炼对老年人自主心血管功能的影响。方法按照PRISMA 2020指南，于2025年3月12日在PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus和ScienceDirect进行系统文献检索。两名独立审稿人应用PICOS模型筛选了2010年以来发表的随机对照试验（RCTs），这些试验研究了运动干预对老年人自主心血管功能的影响。采用PEDro量表评估方法学质量。采用经验贝叶斯方法，通过随机效应模型计算标准化平均差（SMD）和95%置信区间（CI）。该系统评价和荟萃分析已在PROSPERO注册（CRD420250651364）。结果meta分析共纳入15项rct。运动干预显著增加了连续差异的均方根（RMSSD） （SMD 0.636, 95%可信区间[CI] 0.014-1.258, p = 0.045），显著降低了低频/高频（LF/HF）比（SMD - 0.506, 95% CI - 0.954 ~ - 0.057, p = 0.027）。正态到正态区间的标准差（SDNN） （SMD为0.718,95% CI为- 0.120至1.557,p = 0.093）或气压反射敏感性（SMD为- 0.137,95% CI为- 0.670至0.396,p = 0.614）未发现显著影响。虽然注意到实质性的异质性，但没有观察到发表偏倚的证据。这些结果强调了有组织的锻炼作为一种非药物工具的效用，可以改善老年人的自主心血管功能，具有降低心血管风险和促进健康老龄化的潜在意义。
{"title":"Effects of Exercise on Autonomic Cardiovascular Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Paula Etayo-Urtasun, Mikel Izquierdo, Mikel L. Sáez de Asteasu","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02357-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02357-5","url":null,"abstract":"Background Physical exercise has been proposed to enhance cardiovascular autonomic function; however, current evidence in older populations remains controversial. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of physical exercise on autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect on March 12, 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Two independent reviewers applied the PICOS model to screen randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published since 2010 that investigated the effects of exercise interventions on autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated through random effects models using the Empirical Bayes method. This systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420250651364). Results Fifteen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise interventions significantly increased the root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) (SMD 0.636, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.014–1.258; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.045) and significantly decreased the low-frequency / high-frequency (LF/HF) ratio (SMD − 0.506, 95% CI − 0.954 to − 0.057; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.027). No significant effects were found for the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) (SMD 0.718, 95% CI − 0.120 to 1.557; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.093) or baroreflex sensitivity (SMD − 0.137, 95% CI − 0.670 to 0.396; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.614). Although substantial heterogeneity was noted, no evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusion These results highlight the utility of structured exercise as a nonpharmacological tool to improve autonomic cardiovascular function in older adults, with potential implications for reducing cardiovascular risk and promoting healthy ageing.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145553302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02347-7
Saurabh Satija,Todd W Mitchell,Ryan Anthony,Gregory E Peoples,John A Sampson
Exercise triggers a proportional inflammatory response that is crucial for muscle fiber repair and adaptation. However, excessive or chronic inflammation can delay recovery and increase injury risk. Biomarkers such as creatine kinase and interleukins are commonly used to assess muscle damage and inflammation, respectively, but they have limitations in specificity and sensitivity. However, lipid mediators that signal all inflammatory events with distinct roles in pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-resolving phases could provide a more complete understanding of the inflammatory response to exercise. In this review, we discuss the limitations of current biomarkers and the potential of lipid mediators to theoretically offer more precise insights into the inflammatory processes following exercise. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols for measuring lipid mediators and to understand their temporal dynamics in relation to inflammation and recovery. This knowledge could lead to improved strategies for monitoring and enhancing recovery in athletes.
{"title":"From Strain to Repair: A Targeted Review of Lipid Mediators Driving the Inflammatory Cascade Following Exercise.","authors":"Saurabh Satija,Todd W Mitchell,Ryan Anthony,Gregory E Peoples,John A Sampson","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02347-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02347-7","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise triggers a proportional inflammatory response that is crucial for muscle fiber repair and adaptation. However, excessive or chronic inflammation can delay recovery and increase injury risk. Biomarkers such as creatine kinase and interleukins are commonly used to assess muscle damage and inflammation, respectively, but they have limitations in specificity and sensitivity. However, lipid mediators that signal all inflammatory events with distinct roles in pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-resolving phases could provide a more complete understanding of the inflammatory response to exercise. In this review, we discuss the limitations of current biomarkers and the potential of lipid mediators to theoretically offer more precise insights into the inflammatory processes following exercise. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols for measuring lipid mediators and to understand their temporal dynamics in relation to inflammation and recovery. This knowledge could lead to improved strategies for monitoring and enhancing recovery in athletes.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02354-8
Andrew J Hall,Chris Bishop,Amy O'Donnell,Tony Bennett,Graeme L Close,Wimpie Du Plessis,Andrew D Murray
BACKGROUNDGolf is enjoyed by over 108 million people globally, and has established elite female, male and disability competitive schedules. The use of golf carts during elite competition is a topic of discussion regarding the principles of inclusivity and competitive fairness with important scientific, legal and ethical considerations.OBJECTIVEThe primary aim was to evaluate the evidence relating to riding a golf cart in comparison to walking the golf course, pertaining specifically to: (1) inclusivity and safety, and (2) competitive fairness. The secondary aim was to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities.METHODSWe conducted a scoping review and the search strategy was applied to the following databases, and articles were extracted by independent reviewers from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest Central. Grey literature was examined using Google Advanced Search. A five-stage scoping review methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Articles were collated using an online tool (Covidence) and evaluated against pre-determined criteria. Data from included studies were collated to facilitate descriptive and thematic analysis.RESULTSOf the 879 studies identified, 72 were included for analysis. Seven themes emerged: physical demands, inclusion and accessibility, cognitive demands, legal and ethical, nutrition and hydration, competitive fairness, and safety and injury risk. Golf carts promote accessibility, particularly for individuals with disabilities. Safety concerns predominantly arise in non-elite settings, with incidents linked to operator error, poor safety governance and use on public highways. There is compelling evidence demonstrating that in-round riding of golf carts reduces the physical demands of golf, with users expending less energy and covering shorter distances, although effects on performance is uncertain. Golf cart use may mitigate the environmental aspects of golf, including the effects of hot/humid weather or hilly topography.CONCLUSIONSGolf carts can increase inclusivity for golfers and enable clubs and organisations to meet their ethical and legal requirements around accessibility. However, riding golf carts may diminish some of the health benefits of golf, and present a risk of injury and practical challenges. In the competitive setting, golf cart use reduces the physical demands of the game, affecting the environmental challenges of variable weather and terrain. It is biologically plausible and likely that this would offer a performance advantage in some circumstances. More research is needed to guide the fair use of this enabling technology within clearly defined contexts by: (1) evaluating the performance deficits associated with medical issues in which the use of golf carts might be considered permissible, and (2) evaluating the magnitude and nature of competitive advantages experienced by golf cart riders.
全球有超过1.08亿人喜欢高尔夫球，并建立了精英女子，男子和残疾人的比赛时间表。在精英比赛中使用高尔夫球车是一个关于包容性和竞争公平原则的讨论话题，具有重要的科学，法律和道德考虑。本研究的主要目的是评估与乘坐高尔夫球车相比，在高尔夫球场上行走的证据，具体涉及：(1)包容性和安全性，以及(2)竞争公平性。第二个目标是确定知识差距和研究重点。方法我们对以下数据库进行了范围综述和检索策略，文章由独立审稿人从PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus和ProQuest Central中提取。使用谷歌高级检索对灰色文献进行检查。一个五阶段范围评价方法遵循系统评价和范围评价扩展元分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA-ScR）。使用在线工具（covid）对文章进行整理，并根据预先确定的标准进行评估。对纳入研究的数据进行了整理，以促进描述性和专题分析。结果在879项研究中，有72项被纳入分析。七个主题出现了：身体需求、包容和可及性、认知需求、法律和道德、营养和水合作用、竞争公平、安全和伤害风险。高尔夫球车促进无障碍，特别是对残疾人。安全问题主要出现在非精英环境中，事故与操作失误、安全管理不善和公共公路使用有关。有令人信服的证据表明，高尔夫球车的回合骑行减少了高尔夫球的体力需求，用户消耗的能量更少，覆盖的距离更短，尽管对表现的影响尚不确定。高尔夫球车的使用可以减轻高尔夫球的环境方面，包括炎热/潮湿的天气或丘陵地形的影响。结论高尔夫球车可以增加高尔夫球手的包容性，使俱乐部和组织能够满足他们在无障碍方面的道德和法律要求。然而，乘坐高尔夫球车可能会减少高尔夫球的一些健康益处，并带来受伤的风险和实际挑战。在竞技环境中，高尔夫球车的使用减少了比赛对体力的要求，影响了多变的天气和地形对环境的挑战。这在生物学上是合理的，并且可能在某些情况下提供性能优势。需要更多的研究来指导在明确界定的背景下公平使用这种使能技术：(1)评估与医疗问题相关的性能缺陷，其中高尔夫球车的使用可能被认为是允许的；(2)评估高尔夫球车骑手所经历的竞争优势的程度和性质。
{"title":"The Use of Golf Carts as On-Course Transportation During Competitive Golf Events: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Andrew J Hall,Chris Bishop,Amy O'Donnell,Tony Bennett,Graeme L Close,Wimpie Du Plessis,Andrew D Murray","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02354-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02354-8","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDGolf is enjoyed by over 108 million people globally, and has established elite female, male and disability competitive schedules. The use of golf carts during elite competition is a topic of discussion regarding the principles of inclusivity and competitive fairness with important scientific, legal and ethical considerations.OBJECTIVEThe primary aim was to evaluate the evidence relating to riding a golf cart in comparison to walking the golf course, pertaining specifically to: (1) inclusivity and safety, and (2) competitive fairness. The secondary aim was to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities.METHODSWe conducted a scoping review and the search strategy was applied to the following databases, and articles were extracted by independent reviewers from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest Central. Grey literature was examined using Google Advanced Search. A five-stage scoping review methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Articles were collated using an online tool (Covidence) and evaluated against pre-determined criteria. Data from included studies were collated to facilitate descriptive and thematic analysis.RESULTSOf the 879 studies identified, 72 were included for analysis. Seven themes emerged: physical demands, inclusion and accessibility, cognitive demands, legal and ethical, nutrition and hydration, competitive fairness, and safety and injury risk. Golf carts promote accessibility, particularly for individuals with disabilities. Safety concerns predominantly arise in non-elite settings, with incidents linked to operator error, poor safety governance and use on public highways. There is compelling evidence demonstrating that in-round riding of golf carts reduces the physical demands of golf, with users expending less energy and covering shorter distances, although effects on performance is uncertain. Golf cart use may mitigate the environmental aspects of golf, including the effects of hot/humid weather or hilly topography.CONCLUSIONSGolf carts can increase inclusivity for golfers and enable clubs and organisations to meet their ethical and legal requirements around accessibility. However, riding golf carts may diminish some of the health benefits of golf, and present a risk of injury and practical challenges. In the competitive setting, golf cart use reduces the physical demands of the game, affecting the environmental challenges of variable weather and terrain. It is biologically plausible and likely that this would offer a performance advantage in some circumstances. More research is needed to guide the fair use of this enabling technology within clearly defined contexts by: (1) evaluating the performance deficits associated with medical issues in which the use of golf carts might be considered permissible, and (2) evaluating the magnitude and nature of competitive advantages experienced by golf cart riders.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02349-5
Ricardo Dantas de Lucas, Anderson Santiago Teixeira, Jean de Souza dos Santos, Fernando Klitzke Borszcz, Lorival José Carminatti
{"title":"Comment on: “Assessment of Aerobic Fitness and Repeated Sprint Ability in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research”","authors":"Ricardo Dantas de Lucas, Anderson Santiago Teixeira, Jean de Souza dos Santos, Fernando Klitzke Borszcz, Lorival José Carminatti","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02349-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02349-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02350-y
Nikolaos D. Asimakidis, Chris Bishop, Marco Beato, Anthony N. Turner
{"title":"Response to Comment on: “Assessment of Aerobic Fitness and Repeated Sprint Ability in Elite Male Soccer: A Systematic Review of Test Protocols Used in Practice and Research”","authors":"Nikolaos D. Asimakidis, Chris Bishop, Marco Beato, Anthony N. Turner","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02350-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02350-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02325-z
Edgar Schwarz, Catarina B. Oliveira, Monica Duarte Muñoz, Agustín Alanis, Marcela Alanis, Aldo Lara, Alfredo Freeze, Júlio A. Costa, Tim Meyer, Rob Duffield
Purpose This study investigated the effects of pre-cooling and cooling breaks on thermoregulatory, hydration and running responses in football (soccer) players in moderate and hot temperatures. Methods Forty male youth footballers participated in at least two of four matches, during which core body temperature ( <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ), heart rate (HR), match running, hydration and perceptual responses were measured. Cooling breaks (CBs), consisting of ice-cold towels and drinks, were compared to drinking breaks (DBs), consisting of passive rest and a temperate drink, applied at the same timeframes. Both were used as pre-cooling for 10 min before the warm-up, before the pre-match, during half-time and during additional 3-min cooling breaks at the 25th minute of each half. Initially, 20 players performed two crossover matches in 25 °C wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) receiving cooling (CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ) and drinking (DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ). A second group of 20 players played a regular match in 25 °C WBGT with no breaks (NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ) and then a match in 33 °C WBGT during which they received either cooling (CB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> ) or drinking breaks (DB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> ). Results In CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> , players felt cooler ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001) and less fatigued ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.045) than in DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> , without differences in match running ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.20), HR <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.35) or <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.09). Players in CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> sweated less ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.005) and drank less ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002), resulting in no significant difference in body mass loss compared to DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . In CB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> , players had lower HR <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007), similar total distance ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.21), lower peak <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001) and lower body mass loss ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007) compared to NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . In DB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> , players reduced moderate (12–18 km/h; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007) and high-speed running distance (18–24 km/h; p = 0.002) but had similar peak <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.71) and body mass loss ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.95) to that in NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . Conclusions In general, high <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> values and body mass losses were observed even when playing in moderate heat. Both drinking and cooling breaks attenuated the continuous <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:su
{"title":"Effects of Pre-cooling and Cooling Breaks on Thermoregulatory, Physiological and Match Running Responses During Football in Moderate and Hot Temperatures","authors":"Edgar Schwarz, Catarina B. Oliveira, Monica Duarte Muñoz, Agustín Alanis, Marcela Alanis, Aldo Lara, Alfredo Freeze, Júlio A. Costa, Tim Meyer, Rob Duffield","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02325-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02325-z","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose This study investigated the effects of pre-cooling and cooling breaks on thermoregulatory, hydration and running responses in football (soccer) players in moderate and hot temperatures. Methods Forty male youth footballers participated in at least two of four matches, during which core body temperature ( <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ), heart rate (HR), match running, hydration and perceptual responses were measured. Cooling breaks (CBs), consisting of ice-cold towels and drinks, were compared to drinking breaks (DBs), consisting of passive rest and a temperate drink, applied at the same timeframes. Both were used as pre-cooling for 10 min before the warm-up, before the pre-match, during half-time and during additional 3-min cooling breaks at the 25th minute of each half. Initially, 20 players performed two crossover matches in 25 °C wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) receiving cooling (CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ) and drinking (DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ). A second group of 20 players played a regular match in 25 °C WBGT with no breaks (NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> ) and then a match in 33 °C WBGT during which they received either cooling (CB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> ) or drinking breaks (DB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> ). Results In CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> , players felt cooler ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001) and less fatigued ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.045) than in DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> , without differences in match running ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.20), HR <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.35) or <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> > 0.09). Players in CB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> sweated less ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.005) and drank less ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002), resulting in no significant difference in body mass loss compared to DB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . In CB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> , players had lower HR <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007), similar total distance ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.21), lower peak <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001) and lower body mass loss ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007) compared to NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . In DB <jats:sub>33</jats:sub> , players reduced moderate (12–18 km/h; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.007) and high-speed running distance (18–24 km/h; p = 0.002) but had similar peak <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.71) and body mass loss ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.95) to that in NB <jats:sub>25</jats:sub> . Conclusions In general, high <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>core</jats:sub> values and body mass losses were observed even when playing in moderate heat. Both drinking and cooling breaks attenuated the continuous <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:su","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02340-0
Elliott C. R. Hall, Robert M. Erskine
Background The point of fastest growth during somatic maturation is termed ‘peak height velocity’ (PHV), and the chronological age at which this occurs varies considerably. Academy football (soccer) players are typically categorised by chronological age, yet many children of the same age will naturally mature and grow at different ages and rates, respectively, which could affect injury risk. However, despite nearly two decades of studies investigating the association of growth and maturation with injury in academy footballers, confusion remains. Objective To critically appraise the literature concerning the association of maturity timing, maturity status and growth rate with injury in academy football. Methods Scopus, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases were screened from inception until April 2025. Study design, setting, sample size, methods for estimating maturity timing/maturity status/growth rate, and injury reporting were evaluated in this narrative review to determine individual study quality. Results A total of 472 articles were screened with data extracted from 26 eligible studies published between 2007 and 2025. Conclusions We found that (i) early maturing players suffer more soft-tissue injuries than on-time or late maturing players; (ii) more growth-related injuries occur circa-PHV than pre- or post-PHV, but post-PHV players generally have greater injury risk than circa- or pre-PHV; and (iii) fast growth (stature increase ≥ 7.2 cm per year) increases injury risk in academy footballers. However, all eligible studies demonstrated inherent limitations and none investigated the impact of maturity timing, maturity status or growth rate on injury in female academy players, indicating future research should address these issues.
身体成熟过程中生长最快的点被称为“峰值高度速度”（PHV），而发生这种情况的实足年龄差异很大。学院足球（足球）运动员通常按实际年龄分类，然而许多同龄的孩子自然会以不同的年龄和速度成熟和成长，这可能会影响受伤的风险。然而，尽管近二十年的研究调查了成长和成熟与学院足球运动员受伤的关系，但困惑仍然存在。目的对青训足球运动员成熟时机、成熟状态、成长速度与损伤的关系进行批判性评价。方法对Scopus、PubMed、SPORTDiscus和CINAHL数据库进行检索，检索时间为建立期至2025年4月。研究设计、设置、样本量、估计成熟时间/成熟状态/生长速度的方法以及损伤报告在这篇叙述性综述中进行了评估，以确定个体研究的质量。结果共筛选了472篇文章，数据来自2007年至2025年间发表的26项符合条件的研究。结论：(1)早熟球员比准时和晚熟球员更易遭受软组织损伤；（ii）与phv前后相比，phv前后发生的生长相关损伤更多，但phv前后的运动员通常比phv前后的运动员有更大的受伤风险；(3)快速成长（身高增长≥7.2 cm /年）增加了青训足球运动员受伤的风险。然而，所有符合条件的研究都显示出固有的局限性，并且没有研究成熟时间，成熟状态或生长速度对女性学院球员受伤的影响，这表明未来的研究应该解决这些问题。
{"title":"The Association of Growth and Maturation with Injury in Academy Soccer Players: A Narrative Review","authors":"Elliott C. R. Hall, Robert M. Erskine","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02340-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02340-0","url":null,"abstract":"Background The point of fastest growth during somatic maturation is termed ‘peak height velocity’ (PHV), and the chronological age at which this occurs varies considerably. Academy football (soccer) players are typically categorised by chronological age, yet many children of the same age will naturally mature and grow at different ages and rates, respectively, which could affect injury risk. However, despite nearly two decades of studies investigating the association of growth and maturation with injury in academy footballers, confusion remains. Objective To critically appraise the literature concerning the association of maturity timing, maturity status and growth rate with injury in academy football. Methods Scopus, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases were screened from inception until April 2025. Study design, setting, sample size, methods for estimating maturity timing/maturity status/growth rate, and injury reporting were evaluated in this narrative review to determine individual study quality. Results A total of 472 articles were screened with data extracted from 26 eligible studies published between 2007 and 2025. Conclusions We found that (i) early maturing players suffer more soft-tissue injuries than on-time or late maturing players; (ii) more growth-related injuries occur circa-PHV than pre- or post-PHV, but post-PHV players generally have greater injury risk than circa- or pre-PHV; and (iii) fast growth (stature increase ≥ 7.2 cm per year) increases injury risk in academy footballers. However, all eligible studies demonstrated inherent limitations and none investigated the impact of maturity timing, maturity status or growth rate on injury in female academy players, indicating future research should address these issues.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02330-2
Kelvin YH. Chua, Samuel R. Leahey, Danny Lum, Jack T. Fahey, Martin Buchheit, Jason C. Laffer, Mackenzie CN. Evans, Youssef J. Wannouch, Paul Comfort
{"title":"Terminology and Interpretation Across Neuromuscular Profiling Methods: A Systematic Review","authors":"Kelvin YH. Chua, Samuel R. Leahey, Danny Lum, Jack T. Fahey, Martin Buchheit, Jason C. Laffer, Mackenzie CN. Evans, Youssef J. Wannouch, Paul Comfort","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02330-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02330-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02342-y
Lachlan P. James, Vincent G. Kelly, Jonathon Weakley, Rich D. Johnston, Minh Huynh
{"title":"Does Maximal Strength or Speed-Strength Have Stronger Associations with Performance Indicators in the Rugby Football Codes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Lachlan P. James, Vincent G. Kelly, Jonathon Weakley, Rich D. Johnston, Minh Huynh","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02342-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02342-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1007/s40279-025-02321-3
André Milheiro,Ivan Baptista,Fábio Y Nakamura,Hugo Sarmento,Filipe Manuel Clemente,João Renato Silva,José Afonso
BACKGROUNDPerformance in team sports is influenced by physical, technical, tactical, and psychological factors. Understanding the disparities in playing time between starters and nonstarters is crucial for optimizing training strategies and performance management.OBJECTIVESThis systematic scoping review with an evidence gap map (EGM) aimed to (i) synthesize findings from studies comparing the performance factors of starters and nonstarters, (ii) identify compensatory strategies for players with reduced playing times and barriers to the implementation of these strategies, and (iii) provide an EGM to guide future research toward addressing the most relevant gaps in the literature. This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the respective extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Electronic databases such as the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (Core Collection) were searched on 31/08/2023. The RoBANS tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Among 32,613 articles, 57 trials from 70 publications were included.RESULTSFemale soccer players were represented in only 15.8% of the trials. The physical performance factor (k = 56, 98.2%) has been extensively studied in relation to the differences between starters and nonstarters. Few studies have analyzed technical and psychological performance factors, while tactical factors have not been addressed. Starters presented higher values of external absolute intensity (EAI, measured by the total distance and sprint distance), higher internal absolute intensity (IAI, assessed through heart rate-based measures as above 70% maximal heart rate), along with greater improvements in exercise performance measurements (countermovement jump and 20-m sprint), than nonstarters did. The most adopted categorization was based on match participation (k = 33, 57.9%), with starters defined as players who played for ≥ 66.7% of a match time (14.0%). The day commonly used for compensatory training was 24 h after a match (k = 16; 37.5%). Several strategies attempting to reproduce competitive loads were used, such as small-sided games (k = 9; 56.3%), running-based drills (k = 8, 50.0%), small-positional games (k = 3, 18.8%), tactical-technical drills (k = 2, 12.5%), strength training (k = 2, 12.5%), and friendly matches (k = 1, 6.5%).CONCLUSIONThis scoping review highlights the necessity of placing increased emphasis on technical, tactical, and psychological performance factors and compensatory training strategies (including the day and types of exercise). These measures aim to replicate the competitive match demands for nonstarters, maintaining or enhancing the physical adaptations, psychological factors, and tactical-technical skills required for performance improvement throughout the season. This review proposes three main future research areas for the topic: (i) investigating the effects of compensatory training on nonstarters' weekly loads when distributed across multiple days; (ii) inv
{"title":"The Influence of Competition Time on Soccer Players' Performance Factors: A Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map.","authors":"André Milheiro,Ivan Baptista,Fábio Y Nakamura,Hugo Sarmento,Filipe Manuel Clemente,João Renato Silva,José Afonso","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02321-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02321-3","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDPerformance in team sports is influenced by physical, technical, tactical, and psychological factors. Understanding the disparities in playing time between starters and nonstarters is crucial for optimizing training strategies and performance management.OBJECTIVESThis systematic scoping review with an evidence gap map (EGM) aimed to (i) synthesize findings from studies comparing the performance factors of starters and nonstarters, (ii) identify compensatory strategies for players with reduced playing times and barriers to the implementation of these strategies, and (iii) provide an EGM to guide future research toward addressing the most relevant gaps in the literature. This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the respective extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Electronic databases such as the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (Core Collection) were searched on 31/08/2023. The RoBANS tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Among 32,613 articles, 57 trials from 70 publications were included.RESULTSFemale soccer players were represented in only 15.8% of the trials. The physical performance factor (k = 56, 98.2%) has been extensively studied in relation to the differences between starters and nonstarters. Few studies have analyzed technical and psychological performance factors, while tactical factors have not been addressed. Starters presented higher values of external absolute intensity (EAI, measured by the total distance and sprint distance), higher internal absolute intensity (IAI, assessed through heart rate-based measures as above 70% maximal heart rate), along with greater improvements in exercise performance measurements (countermovement jump and 20-m sprint), than nonstarters did. The most adopted categorization was based on match participation (k = 33, 57.9%), with starters defined as players who played for ≥ 66.7% of a match time (14.0%). The day commonly used for compensatory training was 24 h after a match (k = 16; 37.5%). Several strategies attempting to reproduce competitive loads were used, such as small-sided games (k = 9; 56.3%), running-based drills (k = 8, 50.0%), small-positional games (k = 3, 18.8%), tactical-technical drills (k = 2, 12.5%), strength training (k = 2, 12.5%), and friendly matches (k = 1, 6.5%).CONCLUSIONThis scoping review highlights the necessity of placing increased emphasis on technical, tactical, and psychological performance factors and compensatory training strategies (including the day and types of exercise). These measures aim to replicate the competitive match demands for nonstarters, maintaining or enhancing the physical adaptations, psychological factors, and tactical-technical skills required for performance improvement throughout the season. This review proposes three main future research areas for the topic: (i) investigating the effects of compensatory training on nonstarters' weekly loads when distributed across multiple days; (ii) inv","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145440595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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