Surface & Coatings Technology最新文献

英文中文

High entropy oxide thin films of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox by pulsed laser deposition

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129

Muhamad Jalu Purnomo , Yu-Chieh Lee , Ching-An Huang , Ing-Song Yu

In recent years, high entropy oxide (HEO) thin films have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Concurrently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has emerged as a prominent technique for thin film fabrication, especially for the ceramic materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x thin films on silicon substrates, which was conducted by a 248 nm laser ablation on a high entropy alloy target of HfNbTaTiZr in a high vacuum chamber. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques was employed to assess the films' morphological characteristics, chemical composition, microstructural, optical and mechanical properties. Morphological analysis conducted through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed an ultra-smooth and uniform surfaces of thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the films' chemical state, confirming the oxide layer with five elements of Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Zr, namely (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x. Moreover, post-annealing process at different temperatures was carried out for the amorphous (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x film. The microstructures of (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The surface morphology and phase transformation of (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x thin films were observed after annealing from 700 to 850 °C. Finally, their optical and mechanical properties of (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x thin films, were analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanoindentation test, respectively. In this report, we have first illustrated an advanced PLD approach to fabricate an ultra-smooth HEO thin film of (HfNbTaTiZr)O_x, which could be a potential functional material for a wide range of applications.

{"title":"High entropy oxide thin films of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox by pulsed laser deposition","authors":"Muhamad Jalu Purnomo , Yu-Chieh Lee , Ching-An Huang , Ing-Song Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, high entropy oxide (HEO) thin films have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Concurrently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has emerged as a prominent technique for thin film fabrication, especially for the ceramic materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films on silicon substrates, which was conducted by a 248 nm laser ablation on a high entropy alloy target of HfNbTaTiZr in a high vacuum chamber. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques was employed to assess the films' morphological characteristics, chemical composition, microstructural, optical and mechanical properties. Morphological analysis conducted through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed an ultra-smooth and uniform surfaces of thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the films' chemical state, confirming the oxide layer with five elements of Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Zr, namely (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub>. Moreover, post-annealing process at different temperatures was carried out for the amorphous (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> film. The microstructures of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The surface morphology and phase transformation of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films were observed after annealing from 700 to 850 °C. Finally, their optical and mechanical properties of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films, were analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanoindentation test, respectively. In this report, we have first illustrated an advanced PLD approach to fabricate an ultra-smooth HEO thin film of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub>, which could be a potential functional material for a wide range of applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132129"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

ZnO:(B, Ga)/Au electrodes for improved Ohmic contacts on ultrawide-bandgap Ga2O3 films

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132127

Haofei Huang , Hengzhi Xing , Wei Zhang , Shilin Wang , Ke Tang , Lujun Wang , Lulu Wang , Zhichao Qian , Jian Huang , Linjun Wang

Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) is an ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor material known for its high breakdown field strength, large Baliga's figure of merit, and significant thermal and chemical stability, making it suitable for advanced technological applications. In this paper, Ga₂O₃ films were prepared using radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. B and Ga co-doped ZnO (BGZO)/Au composite electrodes were developed to achieve improved Ohmic contact characteristics with Ga₂O₃ films, comparing these results with those of widely used Ti/Au electrodes. The specific contact resistance of the electrodes was quantitatively measured using the dot circular transmission line model (d-CTLM) method. The results indicate that the presence of BGZO intermediate semiconductor layers (ISL) with appropriate thickness effectively reduces the specific contact resistance between the electrode and the Ga₂O₃ film, and the minimum specific contact resistance value is 1.049 × 10⁻² Ω·cm². This research provides critical insights into optimizing electrode to enhance the performance and reliability of Ga₂O₃-based devices.

{"title":"ZnO:(B, Ga)/Au electrodes for improved Ohmic contacts on ultrawide-bandgap Ga2O3 films","authors":"Haofei Huang , Hengzhi Xing , Wei Zhang , Shilin Wang , Ke Tang , Lujun Wang , Lulu Wang , Zhichao Qian , Jian Huang , Linjun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gallium oxide (Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is an ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor material known for its high breakdown field strength, large Baliga's figure of merit, and significant thermal and chemical stability, making it suitable for advanced technological applications. In this paper, Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films were prepared using radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. B and Ga co-doped ZnO (BGZO)/Au composite electrodes were developed to achieve improved Ohmic contact characteristics with Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films, comparing these results with those of widely used Ti/Au electrodes. The specific contact resistance of the electrodes was quantitatively measured using the dot circular transmission line model (d-CTLM) method. The results indicate that the presence of BGZO intermediate semiconductor layers (ISL) with appropriate thickness effectively reduces the specific contact resistance between the electrode and the Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> film, and the minimum specific contact resistance value is 1.049 × 10<sup>−2</sup> Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>. This research provides critical insights into optimizing electrode to enhance the performance and reliability of Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"506 ","pages":"Article 132127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ex-situ observation of microstructure evolution and electrical resistance transition in micro joints under electron current stressing

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132124

Yi-An Wu , Zhao-Yu Yang , Pei-Chia Hsu , Chih-Ming Chen , Yu-An Shen , Cheng-En Ho

Micro joint fabrication is a prevalent technology for microelectronic industry and the joint electrical and mechanical integrities significantly impact the electronic package reliability. In this study, the transitions in electrical resistance and crystallographic characteristics (grain orientation and size) of micro joints upon electron current stressing was characterized using an ohmmeter and an electron backscatter diffraction analysis system equipped in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. A significant decrease (approximately 7 %) in the joint electrical resistance accompanied with β-Sn grain reorientation and grain boundary elimination was induced in a few hours of the current stressing test. Mayadas-Shatzkes (M-S) model was employed to evaluate the contribution of grain boundary characteristics to the resistance drop, and revealed that approximately 85 % resistance drop was caused by the Sn grain reorientation and the remaining part (approximately 15 %) was by the grain boundary elimination. This quantitative analysis advanced the fundamental understanding of micro-joint characteristics in electrical transition induced by electromigration. Finally, a mitigation strategy of electromigration-induced β-Sn crystallographic and electrical transitions was proposed in this study.

{"title":"Ex-situ observation of microstructure evolution and electrical resistance transition in micro joints under electron current stressing","authors":"Yi-An Wu , Zhao-Yu Yang , Pei-Chia Hsu , Chih-Ming Chen , Yu-An Shen , Cheng-En Ho","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro joint fabrication is a prevalent technology for microelectronic industry and the joint electrical and mechanical integrities significantly impact the electronic package reliability. In this study, the transitions in electrical resistance and crystallographic characteristics (grain orientation and size) of micro joints upon electron current stressing was characterized using an ohmmeter and an electron backscatter diffraction analysis system equipped in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. A significant decrease (approximately 7 %) in the joint electrical resistance accompanied with β-Sn grain reorientation and grain boundary elimination was induced in a few hours of the current stressing test. Mayadas-Shatzkes (M-S) model was employed to evaluate the contribution of grain boundary characteristics to the resistance drop, and revealed that approximately 85 % resistance drop was caused by the Sn grain reorientation and the remaining part (approximately 15 %) was by the grain boundary elimination. This quantitative analysis advanced the fundamental understanding of micro-joint characteristics in electrical transition induced by electromigration. Finally, a mitigation strategy of electromigration-induced β-Sn crystallographic and electrical transitions was proposed in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132124"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancement of high-temperature stability of solar absorber coatings on metallic substrates through diffusion barriers

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132120

C.I. Parra-Montero , T.C. Rojas , R. Escobar-Galindo , J.C. Sánchez-López

The high-temperature stability of solar absorber paints is critical for the efficiency of concentrating solar power systems, particularly central towers operating at ∼800 °C, where ion interdiffusion at the coating/substrate interface is significant. This work examines the effect of a diffusion barrier (DB) formed by controlled surface oxidation of stainless steel 316L (SS316) and Inconel 625 (INC625) at 800 °C to improve the thermal stability and optical performance. A CrAlSiN/AlSiO solar absorber tandem structure was deposited on oxidized and unoxidized substrates, with their stability compared after annealing at 800 °C for 2 h. The presence of the DB layer resulted in improved thermal stability and optical performance, with post-annealing absorptance values of 0.953 (SS316) and 0.949 (INC625), surpassing those of the reference samples, without the diffusion barrier (0.932 and 0.901, respectively). Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the effectiveness of the DB, highlighting its potential for advanced concentrating solar power applications.

{"title":"Enhancement of high-temperature stability of solar absorber coatings on metallic substrates through diffusion barriers","authors":"C.I. Parra-Montero , T.C. Rojas , R. Escobar-Galindo , J.C. Sánchez-López","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature stability of solar absorber paints is critical for the efficiency of concentrating solar power systems, particularly central towers operating at ∼800 °C, where ion interdiffusion at the coating/substrate interface is significant. This work examines the effect of a diffusion barrier (DB) formed by controlled surface oxidation of stainless steel 316L (SS316) and Inconel 625 (INC625) at 800 °C to improve the thermal stability and optical performance. A CrAlSiN/AlSiO solar absorber tandem structure was deposited on oxidized and unoxidized substrates, with their stability compared after annealing at 800 °C for 2 h. The presence of the DB layer resulted in improved thermal stability and optical performance, with post-annealing absorptance values of 0.953 (SS316) and 0.949 (INC625), surpassing those of the reference samples, without the diffusion barrier (0.932 and 0.901, respectively). Microstructural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the effectiveness of the DB, highlighting its potential for advanced concentrating solar power applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"507 ","pages":"Article 132120"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reconstructed oxide scale driving fracture behavior to improve cold spray bonding

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132123

Xiao-Xue Dong, Mei-Jun Liu, Xiao-Tao Luo, Guan-Jun Yang, Chang-Jiu Li

Cold spraying is a promising technology for biomedical and aerospace applications, yet weak inter-particle bonding remains a critical limitation to coating quality. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance interfacial bonding by reconstructing the oxide scale on titanium alloy powders. The reconstructed oxide scale features a loose and more friable structure that facilitates controlled fracture during particle impact, exposing more fresh metallic surfaces and enabling more metallurgical bonding. AC-STEM and interfacial analyses reveal that this reconstructed oxide scale significantly reduces the barrier effect of surface oxides, promoting stronger inter-particle bonding. Bond strength tests confirm substantial improvements in coating performance, demonstrating the potential of oxide scale reconstruction as an innovative strategy to optimize cold-sprayed coatings. These findings offer valuable insights into surface engineering for enhancing interfacial properties and advancing cold spray technology.

引用次数: 0

Engineered porous bio-ceramic coating with antibacterial and excellent biocompatibility on the surface of low modulus multi-component titanium alloy

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132121

Hong Wu , Ziqing Duan , Luxin Liang , Gen Li , Qingge Wang , Jingbo Liu , Aqsa Kanwal , Bing Wang , Cuie Wen , Lin Bo

In order to integrate biomimetic porous structure with bioactive metal elements, a novel containing-Ag/Mg coating was developed on the surface of Ti-Nb-Zr-Mg (TNZM) alloy with low modulus using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. The thickness of MAO coating with dual-layered structure gradually decreases with the increase of AgNO₃ concentration in the electrolyte. The inner layer in the MAO coating comprising basal elemental oxides (TiO₂, Nb₂O₅, ZrO₂, and MgO) shows high degree of density and continuity. In contrast, the outer layer in the MAO coating exhibits a morphology typical of a volcanic pile pore surface. In addition to having the same metal oxides as the inner layer, the outer layer also contains hydroxyapatite Ca, P, Ag and O. The MAO coatings provide barrier protection, the ranking for corrosion rate from low to high is: MAO-2 < MAO-3 < MAO-1 < TNZM. The antibacterial rate of MAO-3 against E. coli is as high as 100 %. Meanwhile, the porous structure and released Ca/P/Mg synergistically regulate early osteoblast attachment and activity. This result indicates that the Mg and Ag sustained-release bionic MAO coating has excellent corrosion resistance, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility. Engineered porous bio-ceramic coating has potential application prospects in the field of bone implantation.

{"title":"Engineered porous bio-ceramic coating with antibacterial and excellent biocompatibility on the surface of low modulus multi-component titanium alloy","authors":"Hong Wu , Ziqing Duan , Luxin Liang , Gen Li , Qingge Wang , Jingbo Liu , Aqsa Kanwal , Bing Wang , Cuie Wen , Lin Bo","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to integrate biomimetic porous structure with bioactive metal elements, a novel containing-Ag/Mg coating was developed on the surface of Ti-Nb-Zr-Mg (TNZM) alloy with low modulus using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. The thickness of MAO coating with dual-layered structure gradually decreases with the increase of AgNO<sub>3</sub> concentration in the electrolyte. The inner layer in the MAO coating comprising basal elemental oxides (TiO<sub>2</sub>, Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, and MgO) shows high degree of density and continuity. In contrast, the outer layer in the MAO coating exhibits a morphology typical of a volcanic pile pore surface. In addition to having the same metal oxides as the inner layer, the outer layer also contains hydroxyapatite Ca, P, Ag and O. The MAO coatings provide barrier protection, the ranking for corrosion rate from low to high is: MAO-2 < MAO-3 < MAO-1 < TNZM. The antibacterial rate of MAO-3 against <em>E. coli</em> is as high as 100 %. Meanwhile, the porous structure and released Ca/P/Mg synergistically regulate early osteoblast attachment and activity. This result indicates that the Mg and Ag sustained-release bionic MAO coating has excellent corrosion resistance, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility. Engineered porous bio-ceramic coating has potential application prospects in the field of bone implantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"506 ","pages":"Article 132121"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pioneering work for the implementation of the inverted fireball technology for more effective PVD magnetron sputtering

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119

M. Fenker , G.T. Eichenhofer , D. Baeurer , J. Gruenwald , M. Oberberg , J. Albrecht , H. Kaßner

Inverted fireballs (IFBs) represent a groundbreaking advance in plasma physics, offering a new level of control over plasma density and surface modification capabilities. Despite their remarkable potential, the integration of IFBs with established industrial processes remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first successful incorporation of an IFB configuration into a magnetron sputtering system, marking a crucial breakthrough in plasma-assisted coating technology.

Using titanium deposition onto high-speed steel as a model system, we investigated plasma parameters and resulting film properties. Multipole resonance probe measurements revealed plasma densities reaching 1 × 10¹⁶ m⁻³, while optical emission spectroscopy provided insights into the plasma composition. The IFB-assisted magnetron sputtering process yielded films with significantly enhanced mechanical properties, particularly increased hardness, compared to conventional magnetron sputtering.

This advance overcomes the previous limitations of IFB technology, which was restricted to DC or AC discharges and gaseous precursors. This new approach, using a magnetron sputtering source and an IFB, enables its application with solid precursors and metal-based plasmas. Our results establish a new paradigm for plasma-assisted coating processes, offering improved efficiency and enhanced technological possibilities for industrial applications. This innovative combination of IFB and magnetron sputtering technologies opens new avenues for advanced materials processing and surface engineering.

倒置火球（IFB）是等离子物理学的一个突破性进展，它将等离子体密度和表面改性能力的控制提升到了一个新的水平。尽管倒置火球具有非凡的潜力，但如何将其与现有的工业流程相结合仍是一项重大挑战。在这里，我们首次成功地将 IFB 配置集成到磁控溅射系统中，这标志着等离子体辅助镀膜技术取得了重大突破。我们以高速钢上的钛沉积为模型系统，研究了等离子体参数和由此产生的薄膜特性。多极共振探针测量显示等离子体密度达到 1 × 1016 m-3，而光学发射光谱则提供了对等离子体组成的深入了解。与传统的磁控溅射相比，IFB 辅助磁控溅射工艺产生的薄膜具有显著增强的机械性能，尤其是硬度。这种使用磁控溅射源和中频炉的新方法可以应用于固体前驱体和金属基等离子体。我们的成果为等离子体辅助镀膜工艺建立了一个新范例，为工业应用提供了更高的效率和更强的技术可能性。这种创新性的 IFB 和磁控溅射技术的结合为先进的材料加工和表面工程开辟了新的途径。

{"title":"Pioneering work for the implementation of the inverted fireball technology for more effective PVD magnetron sputtering","authors":"M. Fenker , G.T. Eichenhofer , D. Baeurer , J. Gruenwald , M. Oberberg , J. Albrecht , H. Kaßner","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inverted fireballs (IFBs) represent a groundbreaking advance in plasma physics, offering a new level of control over plasma density and surface modification capabilities. Despite their remarkable potential, the integration of IFBs with established industrial processes remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first successful incorporation of an IFB configuration into a magnetron sputtering system, marking a crucial breakthrough in plasma-assisted coating technology.</div><div>Using titanium deposition onto high-speed steel as a model system, we investigated plasma parameters and resulting film properties. Multipole resonance probe measurements revealed plasma densities reaching 1 × 10<sup>16</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, while optical emission spectroscopy provided insights into the plasma composition. The IFB-assisted magnetron sputtering process yielded films with significantly enhanced mechanical properties, particularly increased hardness, compared to conventional magnetron sputtering.</div><div>This advance overcomes the previous limitations of IFB technology, which was restricted to DC or AC discharges and gaseous precursors. This new approach, using a magnetron sputtering source and an IFB, enables its application with solid precursors and metal-based plasmas. Our results establish a new paradigm for plasma-assisted coating processes, offering improved efficiency and enhanced technological possibilities for industrial applications. This innovative combination of IFB and magnetron sputtering technologies opens new avenues for advanced materials processing and surface engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of non-uniform CMAS deposition and penetration on the performance degradation of a film-cooled vane with TBCs under a hot streak condition

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132118

Li Shi, Changce Wang, Xiao Tan, Siqi Liao, Zhixuan Deng, Rongli Deng, Jiasheng Song

This paper presents a model and computational method to analyze the impact of CMAS deposition and penetration on the aerodynamic performance, cooling efficiency, and stress evolution of a film-cooled turbine vane under a hot streak condition. The results indicate that the insulation effect of the deposit layer enhances the vane's cooling efficiency as it thickens, leading to reduced temperatures within the coating and a decreased CMAS penetration rate. However, CMAS penetration increases the thermal conductivity of the coating, thereby diminishing its insulation effectiveness. After 1500 h of deposition, the CMAS penetration coefficient decreases by 11.8 %, while the thermal conductivity of the top coat (TC) increases by 8.93 %. Cooling efficiency improves by 2.1 % after 1500 h due to deposition, but this effect diminishes to 1.06 % because of CMAS penetration. Additionally, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) increases from 1.0 μm to 1.729 μm after 1500 h, and further to 1.761 μm with CMAS penetration. CMAS penetration results in a maximum stress increase of 34 MPa in the TGO after 1500 h, indicating significant stress accumulation in the TGO, followed by the bond coat (BC) and top coat (TC).

{"title":"Impact of non-uniform CMAS deposition and penetration on the performance degradation of a film-cooled vane with TBCs under a hot streak condition","authors":"Li Shi, Changce Wang, Xiao Tan, Siqi Liao, Zhixuan Deng, Rongli Deng, Jiasheng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a model and computational method to analyze the impact of CMAS deposition and penetration on the aerodynamic performance, cooling efficiency, and stress evolution of a film-cooled turbine vane under a hot streak condition. The results indicate that the insulation effect of the deposit layer enhances the vane's cooling efficiency as it thickens, leading to reduced temperatures within the coating and a decreased CMAS penetration rate. However, CMAS penetration increases the thermal conductivity of the coating, thereby diminishing its insulation effectiveness. After 1500 h of deposition, the CMAS penetration coefficient decreases by 11.8 %, while the thermal conductivity of the top coat (TC) increases by 8.93 %. Cooling efficiency improves by 2.1 % after 1500 h due to deposition, but this effect diminishes to 1.06 % because of CMAS penetration. Additionally, the thermally grown oxide (TGO) increases from 1.0 μm to 1.729 μm after 1500 h, and further to 1.761 μm with CMAS penetration. CMAS penetration results in a maximum stress increase of 34 MPa in the TGO after 1500 h, indicating significant stress accumulation in the TGO, followed by the bond coat (BC) and top coat (TC).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"506 ","pages":"Article 132118"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Micro-arc oxidation treatment applied on the surface of β TiNb matrix composites as a strategy to modulate cellular behavior

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132113

Vinícius Richieri Manso Gonçalves , Diego Rafael Nespeque Corrêa , Giovana Collombaro Cardoso , Gerson Santos de Almeida , Willian Fernando Zambuzzi , Conrado Ramos Moreira Afonso , Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho , Carlos Roberto Grandini

Large bone injuries require long-term implant materials with multifunctional properties. While β-type TiNb alloys offer a reduced elastic modulus closer to bone stiffness, metallic materials remain susceptible to degradation under friction in corrosive environments, such as articulating joints exposed to body fluids. In this context, Ti-based matrix composites (TMCs) have emerged as promising alternatives, as β TiNb matrices reinforced with TiC and/or TiB precipitates have recently demonstrated superior tribocorrosion resistance compared to unreinforced β TiNb alloys, while maintaining low elastic moduli. The current study focuses on enhancing the biological properties of β-TMCs through surface micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment. An electrolyte enriched with Ca-, P-, and Mg-based compounds was used to generate bioactive porous oxide coatings. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed Ca/P ratios close to 1.67 in all MAO coatings, while high-resolution spectra identified phosphate functional groups and calcium carbonate, indicating favorable compositions for bone regeneration. TiB and TiC may have formed volatile oxides such as B₂O₃ and CO₂, whereas only B₂O₃ was detected in the XPS results. Furthermore, TiB in the substrate refined pore sizes to below 1 μm² and increased MAO coating thickness to over 11 μm, although neither TiB nor TiC affected the anatase-to-rutile ratio. In vitro cellular assays demonstrated that MAO-treated β-TMCs facilitate osteoblast proliferation due to their controlled porous surface structure and biomimetic composition. These findings support β-TMCs as promising candidates for biomedical applications, with MAO treatment serving as an effective strategy for enhancing biological performance. Further preclinical studies are required to validate their clinical potential.

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引用次数: 0

Laser cladding of FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy coatings to modulate the microstructure and enhance the tribo-corrosion behavior on 304 stainless steel

IF 5.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Surface & Coatings Technology

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114

K.X. Zheng , D.T. Yu , J.L. Liu , C.L. Wu , S. Zhang , C.H. Zhang , Q. Wang , Dan Zhang

Coatings of the FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) were fabricated through laser cladding on 304 stainless steel (304SS) using various laser energy densities, intending to adjust the microstructure and improve the tribo-corrosion characteristics. The results showed that the HEA coatings with good metallurgical bonding can be achieved under appropriate laser parameters. The coating thicknesses exhibited a decreasing trend with reduced laser energy density, and the grain size of the coatings was also reduced from 57.52 μm to 27.23 μm, accompanying by the increase of microhardness from 178.1 HV for the substrate to 380.6 HV in the HEA coating. The FeCoCrNiTi HEA coating exhibited FCC and BCC dual-phase structure, which was in agreement with the thermodynamically calculated results. The average Schmid factor decreased from 0.440 to 0.423. At a laser energy density of 40 J/mm², the coating exhibited the best comprehensive performance, with the lowest coefficient of friction (0.438), the highest corrosion potential (−350.9 mV), and the lowest corrosion current density (3.51 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm²). After 10 h of cavitation erosion (CE) testing, the coating obtained at a laser energy density of 40 J/mm² displayed the lowest cumulative mass loss, which can be attributed to the strong resistance of its grain structure to plastic deformation, the high stability and good self-healing ability of its passive film during cavitation erosion.

{"title":"Laser cladding of FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy coatings to modulate the microstructure and enhance the tribo-corrosion behavior on 304 stainless steel","authors":"K.X. Zheng , D.T. Yu , J.L. Liu , C.L. Wu , S. Zhang , C.H. Zhang , Q. Wang , Dan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coatings of the FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) were fabricated through laser cladding on 304 stainless steel (304SS) using various laser energy densities, intending to adjust the microstructure and improve the tribo-corrosion characteristics. The results showed that the HEA coatings with good metallurgical bonding can be achieved under appropriate laser parameters. The coating thicknesses exhibited a decreasing trend with reduced laser energy density, and the grain size of the coatings was also reduced from 57.52 μm to 27.23 μm, accompanying by the increase of microhardness from 178.1 HV for the substrate to 380.6 HV in the HEA coating. The FeCoCrNiTi HEA coating exhibited FCC and BCC dual-phase structure, which was in agreement with the thermodynamically calculated results. The average Schmid factor decreased from 0.440 to 0.423. At a laser energy density of 40 J/mm<sup>2</sup>, the coating exhibited the best comprehensive performance, with the lowest coefficient of friction (0.438), the highest corrosion potential (−350.9 mV), and the lowest corrosion current density (3.51 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>). After 10 h of cavitation erosion (CE) testing, the coating obtained at a laser energy density of 40 J/mm<sup>2</sup> displayed the lowest cumulative mass loss, which can be attributed to the strong resistance of its grain structure to plastic deformation, the high stability and good self-healing ability of its passive film during cavitation erosion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132114"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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