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High entropy oxide thin films of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox by pulsed laser deposition
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129
Muhamad Jalu Purnomo , Yu-Chieh Lee , Ching-An Huang , Ing-Song Yu
In recent years, high entropy oxide (HEO) thin films have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Concurrently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has emerged as a prominent technique for thin film fabrication, especially for the ceramic materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox thin films on silicon substrates, which was conducted by a 248 nm laser ablation on a high entropy alloy target of HfNbTaTiZr in a high vacuum chamber. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques was employed to assess the films' morphological characteristics, chemical composition, microstructural, optical and mechanical properties. Morphological analysis conducted through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed an ultra-smooth and uniform surfaces of thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the films' chemical state, confirming the oxide layer with five elements of Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Zr, namely (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox. Moreover, post-annealing process at different temperatures was carried out for the amorphous (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox film. The microstructures of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The surface morphology and phase transformation of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox thin films were observed after annealing from 700 to 850 °C. Finally, their optical and mechanical properties of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox thin films, were analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanoindentation test, respectively. In this report, we have first illustrated an advanced PLD approach to fabricate an ultra-smooth HEO thin film of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox, which could be a potential functional material for a wide range of applications.
{"title":"High entropy oxide thin films of (HfNbTaTiZr)Ox by pulsed laser deposition","authors":"Muhamad Jalu Purnomo ,&nbsp;Yu-Chieh Lee ,&nbsp;Ching-An Huang ,&nbsp;Ing-Song Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, high entropy oxide (HEO) thin films have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Concurrently, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has emerged as a prominent technique for thin film fabrication, especially for the ceramic materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films on silicon substrates, which was conducted by a 248 nm laser ablation on a high entropy alloy target of HfNbTaTiZr in a high vacuum chamber. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques was employed to assess the films' morphological characteristics, chemical composition, microstructural, optical and mechanical properties. Morphological analysis conducted through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed an ultra-smooth and uniform surfaces of thin films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the films' chemical state, confirming the oxide layer with five elements of Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti and Zr, namely (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub>. Moreover, post-annealing process at different temperatures was carried out for the amorphous (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> film. The microstructures of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The surface morphology and phase transformation of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films were observed after annealing from 700 to 850 °C. Finally, their optical and mechanical properties of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub> thin films, were analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanoindentation test, respectively. In this report, we have first illustrated an advanced PLD approach to fabricate an ultra-smooth HEO thin film of (HfNbTaTiZr)O<sub>x</sub>, which could be a potential functional material for a wide range of applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132129"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pioneering work for the implementation of the inverted fireball technology for more effective PVD magnetron sputtering
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119
M. Fenker , G.T. Eichenhofer , D. Baeurer , J. Gruenwald , M. Oberberg , J. Albrecht , H. Kaßner
Inverted fireballs (IFBs) represent a groundbreaking advance in plasma physics, offering a new level of control over plasma density and surface modification capabilities. Despite their remarkable potential, the integration of IFBs with established industrial processes remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first successful incorporation of an IFB configuration into a magnetron sputtering system, marking a crucial breakthrough in plasma-assisted coating technology.
Using titanium deposition onto high-speed steel as a model system, we investigated plasma parameters and resulting film properties. Multipole resonance probe measurements revealed plasma densities reaching 1 × 1016 m−3, while optical emission spectroscopy provided insights into the plasma composition. The IFB-assisted magnetron sputtering process yielded films with significantly enhanced mechanical properties, particularly increased hardness, compared to conventional magnetron sputtering.
This advance overcomes the previous limitations of IFB technology, which was restricted to DC or AC discharges and gaseous precursors. This new approach, using a magnetron sputtering source and an IFB, enables its application with solid precursors and metal-based plasmas. Our results establish a new paradigm for plasma-assisted coating processes, offering improved efficiency and enhanced technological possibilities for industrial applications. This innovative combination of IFB and magnetron sputtering technologies opens new avenues for advanced materials processing and surface engineering.
倒置火球(IFB)是等离子物理学的一个突破性进展,它将等离子体密度和表面改性能力的控制提升到了一个新的水平。尽管倒置火球具有非凡的潜力,但如何将其与现有的工业流程相结合仍是一项重大挑战。在这里,我们首次成功地将 IFB 配置集成到磁控溅射系统中,这标志着等离子体辅助镀膜技术取得了重大突破。我们以高速钢上的钛沉积为模型系统,研究了等离子体参数和由此产生的薄膜特性。多极共振探针测量显示等离子体密度达到 1 × 1016 m-3,而光学发射光谱则提供了对等离子体组成的深入了解。与传统的磁控溅射相比,IFB 辅助磁控溅射工艺产生的薄膜具有显著增强的机械性能,尤其是硬度。这种使用磁控溅射源和中频炉的新方法可以应用于固体前驱体和金属基等离子体。我们的成果为等离子体辅助镀膜工艺建立了一个新范例,为工业应用提供了更高的效率和更强的技术可能性。这种创新性的 IFB 和磁控溅射技术的结合为先进的材料加工和表面工程开辟了新的途径。
{"title":"Pioneering work for the implementation of the inverted fireball technology for more effective PVD magnetron sputtering","authors":"M. Fenker ,&nbsp;G.T. Eichenhofer ,&nbsp;D. Baeurer ,&nbsp;J. Gruenwald ,&nbsp;M. Oberberg ,&nbsp;J. Albrecht ,&nbsp;H. Kaßner","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inverted fireballs (IFBs) represent a groundbreaking advance in plasma physics, offering a new level of control over plasma density and surface modification capabilities. Despite their remarkable potential, the integration of IFBs with established industrial processes remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first successful incorporation of an IFB configuration into a magnetron sputtering system, marking a crucial breakthrough in plasma-assisted coating technology.</div><div>Using titanium deposition onto high-speed steel as a model system, we investigated plasma parameters and resulting film properties. Multipole resonance probe measurements revealed plasma densities reaching 1 × 10<sup>16</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, while optical emission spectroscopy provided insights into the plasma composition. The IFB-assisted magnetron sputtering process yielded films with significantly enhanced mechanical properties, particularly increased hardness, compared to conventional magnetron sputtering.</div><div>This advance overcomes the previous limitations of IFB technology, which was restricted to DC or AC discharges and gaseous precursors. This new approach, using a magnetron sputtering source and an IFB, enables its application with solid precursors and metal-based plasmas. Our results establish a new paradigm for plasma-assisted coating processes, offering improved efficiency and enhanced technological possibilities for industrial applications. This innovative combination of IFB and magnetron sputtering technologies opens new avenues for advanced materials processing and surface engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132119"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laser cladding of FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy coatings to modulate the microstructure and enhance the tribo-corrosion behavior on 304 stainless steel
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114
K.X. Zheng , D.T. Yu , J.L. Liu , C.L. Wu , S. Zhang , C.H. Zhang , Q. Wang , Dan Zhang
Coatings of the FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) were fabricated through laser cladding on 304 stainless steel (304SS) using various laser energy densities, intending to adjust the microstructure and improve the tribo-corrosion characteristics. The results showed that the HEA coatings with good metallurgical bonding can be achieved under appropriate laser parameters. The coating thicknesses exhibited a decreasing trend with reduced laser energy density, and the grain size of the coatings was also reduced from 57.52 μm to 27.23 μm, accompanying by the increase of microhardness from 178.1 HV for the substrate to 380.6 HV in the HEA coating. The FeCoCrNiTi HEA coating exhibited FCC and BCC dual-phase structure, which was in agreement with the thermodynamically calculated results. The average Schmid factor decreased from 0.440 to 0.423. At a laser energy density of 40 J/mm2, the coating exhibited the best comprehensive performance, with the lowest coefficient of friction (0.438), the highest corrosion potential (−350.9 mV), and the lowest corrosion current density (3.51 × 10−6 A/cm2). After 10 h of cavitation erosion (CE) testing, the coating obtained at a laser energy density of 40 J/mm2 displayed the lowest cumulative mass loss, which can be attributed to the strong resistance of its grain structure to plastic deformation, the high stability and good self-healing ability of its passive film during cavitation erosion.
{"title":"Laser cladding of FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy coatings to modulate the microstructure and enhance the tribo-corrosion behavior on 304 stainless steel","authors":"K.X. Zheng ,&nbsp;D.T. Yu ,&nbsp;J.L. Liu ,&nbsp;C.L. Wu ,&nbsp;S. Zhang ,&nbsp;C.H. Zhang ,&nbsp;Q. Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coatings of the FeCoCrNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) were fabricated through laser cladding on 304 stainless steel (304SS) using various laser energy densities, intending to adjust the microstructure and improve the tribo-corrosion characteristics. The results showed that the HEA coatings with good metallurgical bonding can be achieved under appropriate laser parameters. The coating thicknesses exhibited a decreasing trend with reduced laser energy density, and the grain size of the coatings was also reduced from 57.52 μm to 27.23 μm, accompanying by the increase of microhardness from 178.1 HV for the substrate to 380.6 HV in the HEA coating. The FeCoCrNiTi HEA coating exhibited FCC and BCC dual-phase structure, which was in agreement with the thermodynamically calculated results. The average Schmid factor decreased from 0.440 to 0.423. At a laser energy density of 40 J/mm<sup>2</sup>, the coating exhibited the best comprehensive performance, with the lowest coefficient of friction (0.438), the highest corrosion potential (−350.9 mV), and the lowest corrosion current density (3.51 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>). After 10 h of cavitation erosion (CE) testing, the coating obtained at a laser energy density of 40 J/mm<sup>2</sup> displayed the lowest cumulative mass loss, which can be attributed to the strong resistance of its grain structure to plastic deformation, the high stability and good self-healing ability of its passive film during cavitation erosion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132114"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reverse pulse strategies for silicon dioxide thin films deposition by high power impulse magnetron sputtering
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132117
A.W. Oniszczuk , D.S. Owen , D.A.L. Loch , P.Eh. Hovsepian , A.P. Ehiasarian
High density transparent oxide layers on polymers and glass can improve the environmental viability of photovoltaics‚ displays‚ and low emissivity layers in glazing as well as aid the design of optical filters. High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) produces high density microstructures and high hardness due to the delivery of an ionised metal and dissociated Oxygen deposition flux to the substrates. Silicon dioxide (SiOx) films were deposited by reactive HIPIMS of a metallic target in an Argon-Oxygen atmosphere. Single-target HIPIMS sputtering with reverse voltage operation was evaluated. The HIPIMS process was carried out by controlling the current within the pulse. This resulted in the elimination of stability issues associated with runaway currents for all target poisoning states from metallic to compound. SiOx was deposited at a peak current density of 0.5 Acm−2 in a plasma dominated by Si1+ ions as shown by energy- and mass- resolved spectrometry. The measured signal of atomic Oxygen was twice the amount of molecular Oxygen. The pulse duration was 20 microseconds. Plasma persisted to >150 μs after the pulse switch off as evidenced by the Ar neutral (Ar I) optical emission intensity. Arcing rates were significantly reduced when reverse pulsing was used due to the discharging of the target surface. The key attributes of the reverse voltage which influenced the extent of film defects caused by arcing events and deposition conditions were the amplitude and the delay between the switch-off of the pulse and the application of the reverse voltage. Applying a reverse voltage immediately after the end of the pulse utilised the undispersed high-density plasma still present in the racetrack at the point of switch off to neutralise the target surface and reduce arc energy. Reverse voltages of +25 V coupled with short delay times resulted in enhancing the flux and augmenting the energy of metal ions to the substrate. The gains in adatom mobility afforded by this approach promoted the formation of smooth and dense films with microscopic roughness of Ra = 3 nm as observed by AFM and high optical transmittivity of up to 97 % at a wavelength of 800 nm for 200 nm thick films. The high density supported a high nanohardness of 1 μm thick films of 10 ± 1 GPa and Young's modulus 77 ± 9 GPa, representing a 10 % increase over a glass substrate. Reverse voltages of +75 V and beyond were detrimental due to the production of ions of process and contaminant gases near the chamber walls and the target, which disrupted the lateral growth of film grains and induced the formation of globular morphology with a high microscopic surface roughness.
{"title":"Reverse pulse strategies for silicon dioxide thin films deposition by high power impulse magnetron sputtering","authors":"A.W. Oniszczuk ,&nbsp;D.S. Owen ,&nbsp;D.A.L. Loch ,&nbsp;P.Eh. Hovsepian ,&nbsp;A.P. Ehiasarian","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High density transparent oxide layers on polymers and glass can improve the environmental viability of photovoltaics‚ displays‚ and low emissivity layers in glazing as well as aid the design of optical filters. High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) produces high density microstructures and high hardness due to the delivery of an ionised metal and dissociated Oxygen deposition flux to the substrates. Silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>x</sub>) films were deposited by reactive HIPIMS of a metallic target in an Argon-Oxygen atmosphere. Single-target HIPIMS sputtering with reverse voltage operation was evaluated. The HIPIMS process was carried out by controlling the current within the pulse. This resulted in the elimination of stability issues associated with runaway currents for all target poisoning states from metallic to compound. SiO<sub>x</sub> was deposited at a peak current density of 0.5 Acm<sup>−2</sup> in a plasma dominated by Si<sup>1+</sup> ions as shown by energy- and mass- resolved spectrometry. The measured signal of atomic Oxygen was twice the amount of molecular Oxygen. The pulse duration was 20 microseconds. Plasma persisted to &gt;150 μs after the pulse switch off as evidenced by the Ar neutral (Ar I) optical emission intensity. Arcing rates were significantly reduced when reverse pulsing was used due to the discharging of the target surface. The key attributes of the reverse voltage which influenced the extent of film defects caused by arcing events and deposition conditions were the amplitude and the delay between the switch-off of the pulse and the application of the reverse voltage. Applying a reverse voltage immediately after the end of the pulse utilised the undispersed high-density plasma still present in the racetrack at the point of switch off to neutralise the target surface and reduce arc energy. Reverse voltages of +25 V coupled with short delay times resulted in enhancing the flux and augmenting the energy of metal ions to the substrate. The gains in adatom mobility afforded by this approach promoted the formation of smooth and dense films with microscopic roughness of R<sub>a</sub> = 3 nm as observed by AFM and high optical transmittivity of up to 97 % at a wavelength of 800 nm for 200 nm thick films. The high density supported a high nanohardness of 1 μm thick films of 10 ± 1 GPa and Young's modulus 77 ± 9 GPa, representing a 10 % increase over a glass substrate. Reverse voltages of +75 V and beyond were detrimental due to the production of ions of process and contaminant gases near the chamber walls and the target, which disrupted the lateral growth of film grains and induced the formation of globular morphology with a high microscopic surface roughness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132117"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microstructure and properties of laser-cladded CoCrMoNb(TiC)x high entropy alloy coatings with various TiC contents
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132116
Peng Gao , Kai Wang , Yinghang Sheng , Tong Cui , Fuli Li , Zhiquan Wang , Yingying Fu , Fei Dai , Siying Chen , Bo Li , Hongjian Guo
In this work, CoCrMoNb(TiC)x high entropy alloy coatings with various TiC contents were fabricated by using the laser cladding technology. The effect of TiC content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings was investigated. The tribological properties of the CoCrMoNb(TiC)7.5% coatings were investigated in the temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 800 °C. The results showed that the CoCrMoNb(TiC)x coatings were mainly composed of BCC, FCC phases, and a small amount of Laves phases. The addition of TiC introduced new compounds such as Cr3C2 and NbC into the coatings. As the TiC content increased, the skeletal-like structure progressively bonded and fused in the coating, resulted in a denser structure. The CoCrMoNb(TiC) 7.5 % coating exhibited the largest microhardness of 938HV0.3 and best wear resistance (1.6 × 10−5 mm3/Nm) at RT, which was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of solid solution strengthening, fine grain strengthening, and dispersion strengthening by hard phases such as TiC, Cr3C2 and NbC. The CoCrMoNb(TiC)7.5% coating demonstrated the best tribological property at 800 °C, primarily due to the formation of a dense enamel layer composed of Cr2O3, Co3O4, Nb2O5, and other oxides on the worn surface, which effectively reduced the friction and enhanced the anti-wear resistant of the coating.
{"title":"Microstructure and properties of laser-cladded CoCrMoNb(TiC)x high entropy alloy coatings with various TiC contents","authors":"Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Yinghang Sheng ,&nbsp;Tong Cui ,&nbsp;Fuli Li ,&nbsp;Zhiquan Wang ,&nbsp;Yingying Fu ,&nbsp;Fei Dai ,&nbsp;Siying Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Hongjian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, CoCrMoNb(<em>TiC</em>)<sub>x</sub> high entropy alloy coatings with various TiC contents were fabricated by using the laser cladding technology. The effect of TiC content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings was investigated. The tribological properties of the CoCrMoNb(TiC)<sub>7.5%</sub> coatings were investigated in the temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 800 °C. The results showed that the CoCrMoNb(<em>TiC</em>)<sub>x</sub> coatings were mainly composed of BCC, FCC phases, and a small amount of Laves phases. The addition of TiC introduced new compounds such as Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and NbC into the coatings. As the TiC content increased, the skeletal-like structure progressively bonded and fused in the coating, resulted in a denser structure. The CoCrMoNb(TiC) 7.5 % coating exhibited the largest microhardness of 938HV<sub>0.3</sub> and best wear resistance (1.6 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm) at RT, which was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of solid solution strengthening, fine grain strengthening, and dispersion strengthening by hard phases such as TiC, Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and NbC. The CoCrMoNb(TiC)<sub>7.5%</sub> coating demonstrated the best tribological property at 800 °C, primarily due to the formation of a dense enamel layer composed of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and other oxides on the worn surface, which effectively reduced the friction and enhanced the anti-wear resistant of the coating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of C content on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of AlCoCrFeNiTiW high-entropy alloy coatings
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132115
Kedong Yu , Zhen Li , Fujie Zhou , Yingzhe Li , Jinglong Tang , Zhen Luo
Laser cladding was used to fabricate AlCoCrFeNiTiWCx high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) reinforced with μ-phase and in-situ (Ti, W)C carbides. The influence of carbon content on the coatings' microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance was examined. Results showed that all coatings exhibited a dominant BCC phase. With increasing carbon content, the μ-phase evolved from a blocky to a network-like structure, while its volume fraction decreased. Simultaneously, the carbides transformed from near-spherical to flower-like and dendritic morphologies, with their volume fraction increasing. Wear resistance initially improved and then declined, with the C1 coating demonstrating the highest resistance. The primary wear mechanisms were abrasive and oxidative wear. Strengthening mechanisms included solid solution strengthening, secondary phase strengthening by μ-phase and in-situ carbides, and grain refinement strengthening.
{"title":"Effect of C content on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of AlCoCrFeNiTiW high-entropy alloy coatings","authors":"Kedong Yu ,&nbsp;Zhen Li ,&nbsp;Fujie Zhou ,&nbsp;Yingzhe Li ,&nbsp;Jinglong Tang ,&nbsp;Zhen Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser cladding was used to fabricate AlCoCrFeNiTiWC<sub>x</sub> high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) reinforced with μ-phase and in-situ (Ti, W)C carbides. The influence of carbon content on the coatings' microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance was examined. Results showed that all coatings exhibited a dominant BCC phase. With increasing carbon content, the μ-phase evolved from a blocky to a network-like structure, while its volume fraction decreased. Simultaneously, the carbides transformed from near-spherical to flower-like and dendritic morphologies, with their volume fraction increasing. Wear resistance initially improved and then declined, with the C<sub>1</sub> coating demonstrating the highest resistance. The primary wear mechanisms were abrasive and oxidative wear. Strengthening mechanisms included solid solution strengthening, secondary phase strengthening by μ-phase and in-situ carbides, and grain refinement strengthening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A thermal mechanical coupled damage accumulation model for rare earth-doped EB-PVD TBCs under isothermal oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep conditions
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132088
Ziang Li , Kun Xiong , Dongxu Li , Cheng Hou , Xueling Fan
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), a key thermal protection technology, can effectively improve the service temperature and life of aircraft engineturbine blades. It is crucial to accurately predict the damage and life of TBCs under service environments for ensuring the safe and stable operation of engines. In this work, the isothermal oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep tests of EB-PVD TBCs were carried out at 980 °C. The microstructure evolution of the TBCs was observed to reveal the failure mechanism of TBCs. The vertical compressive strain and compressive stress of TBCs were determined to characterize TBCs damage based on room-temperature compression tests and three-dimensional digital image correlation technology. In addition, a nonlinear coupled damage accumulation model of TBCs was developed, considering high-temperature oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep conditions at 980 °C. Results show that the TBCs damage during service can be attributed to factors including the thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth, thermal mismatch stress and plastic deformation accumulation. The error between predicted damage and experimental results is <15 %.
{"title":"A thermal mechanical coupled damage accumulation model for rare earth-doped EB-PVD TBCs under isothermal oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep conditions","authors":"Ziang Li ,&nbsp;Kun Xiong ,&nbsp;Dongxu Li ,&nbsp;Cheng Hou ,&nbsp;Xueling Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), a key thermal protection technology, can effectively improve the service temperature and life of aircraft engineturbine blades. It is crucial to accurately predict the damage and life of TBCs under service environments for ensuring the safe and stable operation of engines. In this work, the isothermal oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep tests of EB-PVD TBCs were carried out at 980 °C. The microstructure evolution of the TBCs was observed to reveal the failure mechanism of TBCs. The vertical compressive strain and compressive stress of TBCs were determined to characterize TBCs damage based on room-temperature compression tests and three-dimensional digital image correlation technology. In addition, a nonlinear coupled damage accumulation model of TBCs was developed, considering high-temperature oxidation, cyclic oxidation and creep conditions at 980 °C. Results show that the TBCs damage during service can be attributed to factors including the thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth, thermal mismatch stress and plastic deformation accumulation. The error between predicted damage and experimental results is &lt;15 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132088"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vapor- and impurity-controlled growth regimes during deposition of thin noble metal films on weakly-interacting substrates
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132111
K. Sarakinos , S. Kirjonen , B. Sanzone , F.L. Nadji Adjim , A. Ashraf , N.J. Tanzum , S. Moraes , S. Korkos , K. Mizohata
We study the effect of impurities on the morphological evolution of thin silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) films deposited by direct current and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering on weakly-interacting silicon dioxide and amorphous carbon substrates. We systematically vary the ratio of impurity-to-metal particle flux JimpJmetal arriving at the substrate in the range 10410 and assess the character of film morphological evolution and the overall growth dynamics by means of real-time in-situ diagnostic tools and ex-situ analyses. We find that both thin-film materials exhibit a three-dimensional morphological evolution, which for the case of Ag is governed by the effect of metal vapor flux magnitude on the dynamic competition among island nucleation, growth, and coalescence (vapor-controlled growth regime). At all deposition conditions, small amounts (of the order of 1at.%) of impurities (comprising oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen) are incorporated in the Ag films, while an increase of JimpJmetal suppresses three-dimensional growth for layers deposited on silicon dioxide. Cu exhibits a similar (vis-à-vis Ag) behavior with respect to the overall morphology and impurity incorporation for JimpJmetal below a critical value of 1. For JimpJmetal above 1, the impurity content in the Cu layers increases sharply (reaching 10at.% for JimpJmetal10) and film morphological evolution is seemingly determined by the effect of impurities on the fundamental structure-forming process of island nucleation, grain growth, and crystal growth (impurity-controlled growth regime).
{"title":"Vapor- and impurity-controlled growth regimes during deposition of thin noble metal films on weakly-interacting substrates","authors":"K. Sarakinos ,&nbsp;S. Kirjonen ,&nbsp;B. Sanzone ,&nbsp;F.L. Nadji Adjim ,&nbsp;A. Ashraf ,&nbsp;N.J. Tanzum ,&nbsp;S. Moraes ,&nbsp;S. Korkos ,&nbsp;K. Mizohata","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the effect of impurities on the morphological evolution of thin silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) films deposited by direct current and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering on weakly-interacting silicon dioxide and amorphous carbon substrates. We systematically vary the ratio of impurity-to-metal particle flux <span><math><mfrac><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>imp</mi></msub><msub><mi>J</mi><mtext>metal</mtext></msub></mfrac></math></span> arriving at the substrate in the range <span><math><mo>∼</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>10</mn></math></span> and assess the character of film morphological evolution and the overall growth dynamics by means of real-time in-situ diagnostic tools and ex-situ analyses. We find that both thin-film materials exhibit a three-dimensional morphological evolution, which for the case of Ag is governed by the effect of metal vapor flux magnitude on the dynamic competition among island nucleation, growth, and coalescence (<em>vapor-controlled growth regime</em>). At all deposition conditions, small amounts (of the order of <span><math><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>at</mi><mo>.</mo><mo>%</mo></math></span>) of impurities (comprising oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen) are incorporated in the Ag films, while an increase of <span><math><mfrac><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>imp</mi></msub><msub><mi>J</mi><mtext>metal</mtext></msub></mfrac></math></span> suppresses three-dimensional growth for layers deposited on silicon dioxide. Cu exhibits a similar (<em>vis-à-vis</em> Ag) behavior with respect to the overall morphology and impurity incorporation for <span><math><mfrac><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>imp</mi></msub><msub><mi>J</mi><mtext>metal</mtext></msub></mfrac></math></span> below a critical value of <span><math><mo>∼</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>. For <span><math><mfrac><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>imp</mi></msub><msub><mi>J</mi><mtext>metal</mtext></msub></mfrac></math></span> above <span><math><mo>∼</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>, the impurity content in the Cu layers increases sharply (reaching <span><math><mo>∼</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>at</mi><mo>.</mo><mo>%</mo></math></span> for <span><math><mfrac><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>imp</mi></msub><msub><mi>J</mi><mtext>metal</mtext></msub></mfrac><mo>∼</mo><mn>10</mn></math></span>) and film morphological evolution is seemingly determined by the effect of impurities on the fundamental structure-forming process of island nucleation, grain growth, and crystal growth (<em>impurity-controlled growth regime</em>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microstructural evolution and mechanism of a gradient multilayer CrN coating during isothermal oxidation
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132109
Shupeng Xu , Yu Xia , Jian Peng , Qiang Shen , Chuanbin Wang
The isothermal oxidation behavior, kinetics, and microstructural evolution of a gradient multilayer CrN coating deposited on 304 stainless steel were systematically investigated. The CrN coating demonstrated superior oxidation resistance compared to conventional Cr and CrN coatings, as evidenced by a lower weight gain over prolonged oxidation. The gradient structure of the coating evolved into a homogeneous multilayer, which effectively delayed the oxidation by hindering the diffusion of oxygen. Additionally, the introduction of a Cr bonding layer not only facilitated the formation of a robust interdiffusion zone with the substrate but also enhanced the coating's adhesion, contributing to its long-term stability.
{"title":"Microstructural evolution and mechanism of a gradient multilayer CrN coating during isothermal oxidation","authors":"Shupeng Xu ,&nbsp;Yu Xia ,&nbsp;Jian Peng ,&nbsp;Qiang Shen ,&nbsp;Chuanbin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The isothermal oxidation behavior, kinetics, and microstructural evolution of a gradient multilayer Cr<img>N coating deposited on 304 stainless steel were systematically investigated. The Cr<img>N coating demonstrated superior oxidation resistance compared to conventional Cr and CrN coatings, as evidenced by a lower weight gain over prolonged oxidation. The gradient structure of the coating evolved into a homogeneous multilayer, which effectively delayed the oxidation by hindering the diffusion of oxygen. Additionally, the introduction of a Cr bonding layer not only facilitated the formation of a robust interdiffusion zone with the substrate but also enhanced the coating's adhesion, contributing to its long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A new low infrared emissivity Ag-YCrO3 composite coating for high-temperature infrared stealth applications
IF 5.3 2区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132107
Rifei Han , Naeem ul Haq Tariq , Jiqiang Wang , Tianying Xiong , Deming Zhang , Tianjie Shi , Xiaoxiao Pang , Xinyu Cui
The rise in temperatures in the hot-end components of aircraft engines underscores the need for the development of infrared stealth coatings capable of withstanding high-temperature conditions, thereby improving aircraft survivability. However, creating a high-performance infrared stealth coating for such environments presents a significant challenge due to the extreme thermal stresses and stringent material requirements. In this study, we design and fabricate a novel YCrO₃-reinforced Ag matrix composite coating with low infrared emissivity, high temperature resistance, and strong adhesion. The coating is characterized under simulated aircraft service conditions. Results reveal that the as-sprayed coating exhibits a low infrared emissivity of 0.376 (3–5 μm, 900 °C) and an adhesion strength of 17.58 ± 0.58 MPa. Furthermore, the coating demonstrates exceptional durability in high-temperature marine environments, as confirmed by a salt spray-thermal exposure cycle test. After 20 cycles, the coating shows no structural failure, with emissivity decreasing to 0.279 (3–5 μm, 900 °C) and bond strength increasing to 33.90 ± 1.10 MPa. This study demonstrates the potential for achieving high-temperature infrared stealth using a low-emissivity perovskite-reinforced noble metal composite coating.
{"title":"A new low infrared emissivity Ag-YCrO3 composite coating for high-temperature infrared stealth applications","authors":"Rifei Han ,&nbsp;Naeem ul Haq Tariq ,&nbsp;Jiqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Tianying Xiong ,&nbsp;Deming Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianjie Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Pang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.132107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise in temperatures in the hot-end components of aircraft engines underscores the need for the development of infrared stealth coatings capable of withstanding high-temperature conditions, thereby improving aircraft survivability. However, creating a high-performance infrared stealth coating for such environments presents a significant challenge due to the extreme thermal stresses and stringent material requirements. In this study, we design and fabricate a novel YCrO₃-reinforced Ag matrix composite coating with low infrared emissivity, high temperature resistance, and strong adhesion. The coating is characterized under simulated aircraft service conditions. Results reveal that the as-sprayed coating exhibits a low infrared emissivity of 0.376 (3–5 μm, 900 °C) and an adhesion strength of 17.58 ± 0.58 MPa. Furthermore, the coating demonstrates exceptional durability in high-temperature marine environments, as confirmed by a salt spray-thermal exposure cycle test. After 20 cycles, the coating shows no structural failure, with emissivity decreasing to 0.279 (3–5 μm, 900 °C) and bond strength increasing to 33.90 ± 1.10 MPa. This study demonstrates the potential for achieving high-temperature infrared stealth using a low-emissivity perovskite-reinforced noble metal composite coating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"505 ","pages":"Article 132107"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Surface & Coatings Technology
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