Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133244
Lei Li , Binglin Zou , Xueqiang Cao , Yongqiu Zhang , Ying Wang , Lei Guo , Liang Zhou
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thick thermal barrier coating (TTBC) is an effective method for ultra-high temperature protection of titanium alloys. In order to improve the thermal insulation performance of YSZ TTBC, Pr6O11 doped ZrO2 (PrSZ) powders were synthesized and the double-ceramic layer (DCL) structure of TTBC with PrSZ thin layer as top layer was designed. Three distinct TTBCs of YSZ, PrSZ and DCL YSZ/PrSZ were fabricated on the titanium alloy substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Microstructure and thermal shock and thermal insulation properties of the TTBCs were investigated. The results showed that only a single-phase solid solution with cubic fluorite structure appeared during the APS process for the PrSZ powders with doping contents of 30–40 wt% Pr6O11. Compared with YSZ TTBC, PrSZ TTBCs exhibited relatively poor thermal shock performance due to the decrease in fracture toughness, but relatively superior thermal insulation property due to the increase in infrared emissivity. Notably, the DCL YSZ/PrSZ TTBCs have both superior thermal shock and thermal insulation properties, which could make them potentially attractive for high-temperature protective applications in titanium alloys.
{"title":"Microstructure and properties of thick thermal barrier coatings based on Pr6O11 doped ZrO2 on titanium alloy","authors":"Lei Li , Binglin Zou , Xueqiang Cao , Yongqiu Zhang , Ying Wang , Lei Guo , Liang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thick thermal barrier coating (TTBC) is an effective method for ultra-high temperature protection of titanium alloys. In order to improve the thermal insulation performance of YSZ TTBC, Pr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub> doped ZrO<sub>2</sub> (PrSZ) powders were synthesized and the double-ceramic layer (DCL) structure of TTBC with PrSZ thin layer as top layer was designed. Three distinct TTBCs of YSZ, PrSZ and DCL YSZ/PrSZ were fabricated on the titanium alloy substrate by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Microstructure and thermal shock and thermal insulation properties of the TTBCs were investigated. The results showed that only a single-phase solid solution with cubic fluorite structure appeared during the APS process for the PrSZ powders with doping contents of 30–40 wt% Pr<sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub>. Compared with YSZ TTBC, PrSZ TTBCs exhibited relatively poor thermal shock performance due to the decrease in fracture toughness, but relatively superior thermal insulation property due to the increase in infrared emissivity. Notably, the DCL YSZ/PrSZ TTBCs have both superior thermal shock and thermal insulation properties, which could make them potentially attractive for high-temperature protective applications in titanium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133244"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133196
Yuxin Jue , Jiayi He , Zikai Wu , Chen Wang , Jing Lu , Fenghua Luo
The cold–sprayed CuCrZr alloy coating was peeled off from the substrate, and the effects of annealing at 450 °C for 60 min on its microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity were studied. The results indicate that severe deformation occurs near the particle–particle interface, leading to the formation of nanocrystals. The deformation hardening of particles leads to an increase in the hardness of the cold–sprayed coating. Compared with the as–built CuCrZr alloy obtained by selective laser melting, the hardness of the cold–sprayed CuCrZr alloy increases by approximately 87% from 84 HV0.1 to 157 HV0.1. The pores and weak interfaces between mechanically interlocked particles lead to the brittleness of the coating. However, annealing can repair nanoscale pores and self–healing particle–particle interface bonding, and the precipitation of Cr–rich phase leads to aging strengthening, thereby improving the tensile strength and thermal conductivity of CuCrZr coatings. After annealing, the hardness, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity of the coating are all improved. Specifically, the hardness increased from 157 HV0.1 to 223 HV0.1, an increase of approximately 42%; The tensile strength increased from 61 MPa to 170 MPa, an increase of approximately 179%; The thermal conductivity increased from 91 W/(m·K) to 217 W/(m·K), an increase of 138%.
{"title":"Aging strengthening and interface self–healing of cold–sprayed CuCrZr alloy coatings","authors":"Yuxin Jue , Jiayi He , Zikai Wu , Chen Wang , Jing Lu , Fenghua Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cold–sprayed CuCrZr alloy coating was peeled off from the substrate, and the effects of annealing at 450 °C for 60 min on its microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity were studied. The results indicate that severe deformation occurs near the particle–particle interface, leading to the formation of nanocrystals. The deformation hardening of particles leads to an increase in the hardness of the cold–sprayed coating. Compared with the as–built CuCrZr alloy obtained by selective laser melting, the hardness of the cold–sprayed CuCrZr alloy increases by approximately 87% from 84 HV0.1 to 157 HV0.1. The pores and weak interfaces between mechanically interlocked particles lead to the brittleness of the coating. However, annealing can repair nanoscale pores and self–healing particle–particle interface bonding, and the precipitation of Cr–rich phase leads to aging strengthening, thereby improving the tensile strength and thermal conductivity of CuCrZr coatings. After annealing, the hardness, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity of the coating are all improved. Specifically, the hardness increased from 157 HV0.1 to 223 HV0.1, an increase of approximately 42%; The tensile strength increased from 61 MPa to 170 MPa, an increase of approximately 179%; The thermal conductivity increased from 91 W/(m·K) to 217 W/(m·K), an increase of 138%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133181
Sebastian Lellig , Subisha Balakumar , Peter Schweizer , Eva B. Mayer , Simon Evertz , Marcus Hans , Damian M. Holzapfel , Yin Du , Qing Zhou , Martin Dienwiebel , Johann Michler , Jochen M. Schneider
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), as the most prominent lubrication additive, forms tribofilms consisting primarily of zinc phosphate glasses containing sulfides. As sulfur is linked to environmental concerns, sulfur-free zinc phosphate coatings have been sputtered from a Zn3(PO4)2 target and investigated here.
Based on the bridging to non-bridging oxygen ratio, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the as deposited coatings are classified as metaphosphates. As the annealing temperature is increased, the chain lengths are reduced, as witnessed by XPS data indicated by a loss of phosphorus and oxygen of the coating surface, likely due to hydrolysis with water from the atmosphere.
Transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line scans show that the XPS-revealed composition change of the coating surface upon annealing occurs over the whole thickness of the coating. This alteration in composition and chain length reductions causes a rise in hardness, reduced Young's modulus, and wear resistance. Therefore, the properties of the artificial zinc phosphate tribofilms can be tailored via a thermally stimulated composition change, causing an alternation in chain length from meta- to orthophosphate and thereby enabling the design of coatings with desired mechanical properties.
{"title":"Designing artificial zinc phosphate tribofilms with tailored mechanical properties by altering the chain length","authors":"Sebastian Lellig , Subisha Balakumar , Peter Schweizer , Eva B. Mayer , Simon Evertz , Marcus Hans , Damian M. Holzapfel , Yin Du , Qing Zhou , Martin Dienwiebel , Johann Michler , Jochen M. Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), as the most prominent lubrication additive, forms tribofilms consisting primarily of zinc phosphate glasses containing sulfides. As sulfur is linked to environmental concerns, sulfur-free zinc phosphate coatings have been sputtered from a Zn<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> target and investigated here.</div><div>Based on the bridging to non-bridging oxygen ratio, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the as deposited coatings are classified as metaphosphates. As the annealing temperature is increased, the chain lengths are reduced, as witnessed by XPS data indicated by a loss of phosphorus and oxygen of the coating surface, likely due to hydrolysis with water from the atmosphere.</div><div>Transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy line scans show that the XPS-revealed composition change of the coating surface upon annealing occurs over the whole thickness of the coating. This alteration in composition and chain length reductions causes a rise in hardness, reduced Young's modulus, and wear resistance. Therefore, the properties of the artificial zinc phosphate tribofilms can be tailored via a thermally stimulated composition change, causing an alternation in chain length from meta- to orthophosphate and thereby enabling the design of coatings with desired mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133181"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133197
Zhiqing Tang , Xiao Liang , Wenlong Jiang , Zijian Wang , Chongchen Xiang , Hanlin Ding , Youtian Shen , Yuan Gao , Xuan Yao
Constructing a microstructurally stable, load-bearing reinforcement architecture is critical for improving the wear resistance and thermal stability of laser-clad Fe-based coatings. In this study, laser cladding technology is used to create a specialized network structure, where the M2B-type boride network acts as the supporting framework, and high-hardness core-shell (NbTiC@M23C6) composite carbides serve as the reinforcing phase. The results show that, at room temperature, the core-shell structure stabilizes the interface between the carbide and the matrix, effectively reducing both adhesive and abrasive wear. The M2B network, with its high hardness, further enhances the wear resistance by providing robust structural support. At elevated temperatures, the M2B network is associated with the formation of a stable Cr2O3 oxide layer, reducing oxidation wear and improving high-temperature stability. The core-shell composite carbides, with their high hardness, provide additional structural support, helping to maintain the integrity of the coating under thermal stress. The synergistic effects of the M2B boride network and core-shell composite carbides significantly improve the wear resistance and thermal stability of the coating, making it promising for high-temperature tribological applications with long-lasting durability in demanding environments.
{"title":"Core–shell NbTiC@M23C6 carbides embedded in an in-situ M2B network: A quasi-continuous protective architecture for laser-clad Fe-based composite coatings","authors":"Zhiqing Tang , Xiao Liang , Wenlong Jiang , Zijian Wang , Chongchen Xiang , Hanlin Ding , Youtian Shen , Yuan Gao , Xuan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructing a microstructurally stable, load-bearing reinforcement architecture is critical for improving the wear resistance and thermal stability of laser-clad Fe-based coatings. In this study, laser cladding technology is used to create a specialized network structure, where the M<sub>2</sub>B-type boride network acts as the supporting framework, and high-hardness core-shell (NbTiC@M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>) composite carbides serve as the reinforcing phase. The results show that, at room temperature, the core-shell structure stabilizes the interface between the carbide and the matrix, effectively reducing both adhesive and abrasive wear. The M<sub>2</sub>B network, with its high hardness, further enhances the wear resistance by providing robust structural support. At elevated temperatures, the M<sub>2</sub>B network is associated with the formation of a stable Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> oxide layer, reducing oxidation wear and improving high-temperature stability. The core-shell composite carbides, with their high hardness, provide additional structural support, helping to maintain the integrity of the coating under thermal stress. The synergistic effects of the M<sub>2</sub>B boride network and core-shell composite carbides significantly improve the wear resistance and thermal stability of the coating, making it promising for high-temperature tribological applications with long-lasting durability in demanding environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133202
A. Justina Maskavizan , Eugenia L. Dalibon , Germán Prieto , Walter R. Tuckart , Adriana B. Márquez , Sonia P. Brühl
PVD CrN coatings are extensively used to improve the wear resistance of medium-alloy steels. A reliable assessment of their industrial performance requires comparative analysis of sliding conditions and investigation of the role of substrate pre-treatments. The main goals of this work were to study the effect of plasma nitriding and in situ surface cleaning methods on multilayer Cr/CrN arc-PVD coating adhesion and wear behaviour under unidirectional and reciprocating motion. Nitrided and non-nitrided AISI 4140 steel were used as substrates. Two pre-cleaning methods, Ar + H₂ glow discharge and chromium ion etching, were studied. Microstructural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation and FIB-SEM. Adhesion was evaluated under static and dynamic loading conditions. Wear performance was assessed using unidirectional pin-on-disk and reciprocating ball-on-flat tests. Results reveal that adhesion is influenced by the pre-cleaning process in the PVD chamber and that the increase of substrate hardness achieved through plasma nitriding doubles the coating's critical load in scratch tests. Under reciprocating sliding at 1.4 GPa, coatings on non-nitrided steel failed after only a few cycles, whereas coatings on nitrided substrates suffered only polishing-like wear. However, in unidirectional tests under a Hertzian pressure of 1.5 GPa, even though coating delamination occurred, prior nitriding of the steel reduced the worn volume. Overall, results demonstrate that choosing the best combination of substrate treatments to achieve good adhesion is crucial to extend the durability of the coatings especially under reciprocating motion and high Hertzian pressures.
{"title":"Dry sliding wear resistance evaluation of cathodic arc-PVD Cr/CrN multilayer coatings deposited on AISI 4140 nitrided and non-nitrided steel","authors":"A. Justina Maskavizan , Eugenia L. Dalibon , Germán Prieto , Walter R. Tuckart , Adriana B. Márquez , Sonia P. Brühl","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PVD CrN coatings are extensively used to improve the wear resistance of medium-alloy steels. A reliable assessment of their industrial performance requires comparative analysis of sliding conditions and investigation of the role of substrate pre-treatments. The main goals of this work were to study the effect of plasma nitriding and in situ surface cleaning methods on multilayer Cr/CrN arc-PVD coating adhesion and wear behaviour under unidirectional and reciprocating motion. Nitrided and non-nitrided AISI 4140 steel were used as substrates. Two pre-cleaning methods, Ar + H₂ glow discharge and chromium ion etching, were studied. Microstructural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation and FIB-SEM. Adhesion was evaluated under static and dynamic loading conditions. Wear performance was assessed using unidirectional pin-on-disk and reciprocating ball-on-flat tests. Results reveal that adhesion is influenced by the pre-cleaning process in the PVD chamber and that the increase of substrate hardness achieved through plasma nitriding doubles the coating's critical load in scratch tests. Under reciprocating sliding at 1.4 GPa, coatings on non-nitrided steel failed after only a few cycles, whereas coatings on nitrided substrates suffered only polishing-like wear. However, in unidirectional tests under a Hertzian pressure of 1.5 GPa, even though coating delamination occurred, prior nitriding of the steel reduced the worn volume. Overall, results demonstrate that choosing the best combination of substrate treatments to achieve good adhesion is crucial to extend the durability of the coatings especially under reciprocating motion and high Hertzian pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133202"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133206
Seung-Woo Lee , Dong-Geun Lee
Titanium alloys offer high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue performance, but their poor wear resistance limits use in severe-friction environments. This study investigates the effect of shot peening (SP) pretreatment on the gas nitriding (GN) efficiency of a β-Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy. Four surface conditions were examined: homogenization treatment (HT), SP, GN, and SP + GN. SP introduced severe plastic deformation and ultrafine grains near the surface, which significantly enhanced nitrogen diffusion during GN. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction analyses confirmed an increased TiN phase fraction and higher dislocation density in the SP + GN condition. The surface hardness reached 1170 HV0.1, and the diffusion layer thickness increased by 63% compared with that of the GN sample. Wear tests showed that the SP + GN sample exhibited the highest wear resistance, reducing wear track width and depth by 35% and 55%, respectively, relative to HT. Although SP increased surface roughness, the resulting craters helped trap wear debris and lowered the friction coefficient. Electrochemical tests in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the SP + GN treatment provided superior corrosion resistance due to compressive residual stress and the formation of stable nitride layers. Overall, SP pretreatment effectively enhances nitriding efficiency and improves wear and electrochemical performances of β‑titanium alloys.
{"title":"Shot peening-based hybrid surface treatment for enhancing wear and electrochemical properties of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy","authors":"Seung-Woo Lee , Dong-Geun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium alloys offer high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and fatigue performance, but their poor wear resistance limits use in severe-friction environments. This study investigates the effect of shot peening (SP) pretreatment on the gas nitriding (GN) efficiency of a β-Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy. Four surface conditions were examined: homogenization treatment (HT), SP, GN, and SP + GN. SP introduced severe plastic deformation and ultrafine grains near the surface, which significantly enhanced nitrogen diffusion during GN. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction analyses confirmed an increased TiN phase fraction and higher dislocation density in the SP + GN condition. The surface hardness reached 1170 HV<sub>0.1</sub>, and the diffusion layer thickness increased by 63% compared with that of the GN sample. Wear tests showed that the SP + GN sample exhibited the highest wear resistance, reducing wear track width and depth by 35% and 55%, respectively, relative to HT. Although SP increased surface roughness, the resulting craters helped trap wear debris and lowered the friction coefficient. Electrochemical tests in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the SP + GN treatment provided superior corrosion resistance due to compressive residual stress and the formation of stable nitride layers. Overall, SP pretreatment effectively enhances nitriding efficiency and improves wear and electrochemical performances of β‑titanium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133206"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper is attractive for use in barrier materials to effectively isolate internal substances from external environments (such as gases, liquids, or light) because of its sustainability and non-toxicity. However, achieving both barrier properties and softness in eco-friendly paper remains a significant challenge due to its inherent porous structure. To address this challenge, we designed a soft all-cellulose barrier paper (SCB-paper) by constructing a dual-layer structure with a porous cellulose paper and a dense cellulose film. Specifically, the original paper was first transformed into a water-resistant substrate with an interlocked fiber structure, and then coated on the surface with a film of suitable thickness to impart barrier properties without compromising its softness. SCB-paper exhibits nearly unchanged softness (622 mN to 632 mN), excellent water barrier properties (penetration time: 86.4 s·MPa−1·g−1·cm−2), and oil barrier properties (kit rating: 12/12), with a wet tensile strength of 11.4 MPa. This study opens a new door for the design and application of sustainable barrier materials.
{"title":"Achieving both softness and barrier properties in all-cellulose paper via a dual-layer structure","authors":"Xin Jing , Hao Chen , Zehan Li, Jingya Zhang, Zhiru Cao, Dafang Huang, Yanfeng Chen, Mingwei Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paper is attractive for use in barrier materials to effectively isolate internal substances from external environments (such as gases, liquids, or light) because of its sustainability and non-toxicity. However, achieving both barrier properties and softness in eco-friendly paper remains a significant challenge due to its inherent porous structure. To address this challenge, we designed a soft all-cellulose barrier paper (SCB-paper) by constructing a dual-layer structure with a porous cellulose paper and a dense cellulose film. Specifically, the original paper was first transformed into a water-resistant substrate with an interlocked fiber structure, and then coated on the surface with a film of suitable thickness to impart barrier properties without compromising its softness. SCB-paper exhibits nearly unchanged softness (622 mN to 632 mN), excellent water barrier properties (penetration time: 86.4 s·MPa<sup>−1</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>·cm<sup>−2</sup>), and oil barrier properties (kit rating: 12/12), with a wet tensile strength of 11.4 MPa. This study opens a new door for the design and application of sustainable barrier materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133207"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133223
Lei Liu , Yugang Miao , Ji Liu , Yuyang Zhao , Yifan Wu , Yuhang Yang , Benshun Zhang , Ruizhi Wu
High-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings offer a highly promising strategy for enhancing the wear resistance of stainless steels under harsh service conditions. Here, we report a refractory FeCrCoNiAlTiWMoTaNb HEA coating fabricated on 316 L stainless steel via an advanced arc wire–powder hybrid directed energy deposition (AWP-DED) process. This approach enables single-pass deposition of millimeter-thick coatings with defect-free metallurgical bonding and uniform elemental distribution. The coating primarily consists of a BCC solid-solution matrix with abundant fine equiaxed grains (average size ∼31.8 μm), attributed to the precipitation of refractory W, Ta, Nb, and Mo elements along grain boundaries that effectively hinder grain growth. Within the grains, numerous nanoscale σ-phase precipitates are homogeneously distributed in the (Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Ti)-enriched BCC matrix. The coating exhibits an impressive microhardness of 690 HV—over three times higher than that of the 316 L substrate. Friction and wear tests reveal a 92.1% reduction in wear volume compared with 316 L stainless steel. During sliding, the coating demonstrates adaptive friction behavior, with the coefficient of friction decreasing from 0.665 to a stable value of 0.396. EBSD and TEM analyses indicate that the superior wear resistance arises from the synergistic effects of abundant high-angle grain boundaries, nanoscale refractory precipitates, and the dynamic formation of a compact oxide film that provides self-lubricating protection.
{"title":"FeCrCoNiAlTiWMoTaNb high entropy alloy coatings fabricated by wire–powder hybrid additive manufacturing: Microstructural and tribological behavior","authors":"Lei Liu , Yugang Miao , Ji Liu , Yuyang Zhao , Yifan Wu , Yuhang Yang , Benshun Zhang , Ruizhi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings offer a highly promising strategy for enhancing the wear resistance of stainless steels under harsh service conditions. Here, we report a refractory FeCrCoNiAlTiWMoTaNb HEA coating fabricated on 316 L stainless steel via an advanced arc wire–powder hybrid directed energy deposition (AWP-DED) process. This approach enables single-pass deposition of millimeter-thick coatings with defect-free metallurgical bonding and uniform elemental distribution. The coating primarily consists of a BCC solid-solution matrix with abundant fine equiaxed grains (average size ∼31.8 μm), attributed to the precipitation of refractory W, Ta, Nb, and Mo elements along grain boundaries that effectively hinder grain growth. Within the grains, numerous nanoscale σ-phase precipitates are homogeneously distributed in the (Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Ti)-enriched BCC matrix. The coating exhibits an impressive microhardness of 690 HV—over three times higher than that of the 316 L substrate. Friction and wear tests reveal a 92.1% reduction in wear volume compared with 316 L stainless steel. During sliding, the coating demonstrates adaptive friction behavior, with the coefficient of friction decreasing from 0.665 to a stable value of 0.396. EBSD and TEM analyses indicate that the superior wear resistance arises from the synergistic effects of abundant high-angle grain boundaries, nanoscale refractory precipitates, and the dynamic formation of a compact oxide film that provides self-lubricating protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133223"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133227
A. Shah , R.K. Rai
In this study, AgFeNi and AgCoNi ternary alloy coatings were electrodeposited on Cu substrates employing nitrate-based electrolytes. The structural analysis showed that AgFeNi exhibited an FCC solid solution with a small amount of Ag (δ) phase, while AgCoNi coating forms a single-phase FCC structure. Surface analysis of as-deposited coatings showed that the AgCoNi was homogeneous and more compact, with higher hydrophobicity (contact angle 98°) and lower roughness (Ra = 0.143 μm) in comparison to AgFeNi (82°; Ra = 1.214 μm). Electrochemical tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution revealed that the AgCoNi coating displayed better corrosion resistance as it has a significantly lower corrosion current density (0.97 vs. 4.27 μA/cm2) and high charge transfer resistance. The higher corrosion resistance of AgCoNi coating is ascribed to the formation of a stable passive film (Co₃O₄ and NiO). Moreover, AgCoNi also showed improved lubrication, reduced friction, and a lower wear rate (8.4 × 10−5 mm3/N·m vs. 2.09 × 10−4 mm3/N·). In contrast, AgFeNi exhibited relatively lower corrosion and wear resistance. This study highlights the correlation between microstructure, electrochemical performance, and tribological behavior, offering valuable insights for the development of multifunctional ternary coatings for advanced mechanical and electronic systems.
{"title":"Development of multifunctional AgFeNi and AgCoNi ternary alloy coatings: Microstructure, corrosion and tribological behavior","authors":"A. Shah , R.K. Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, AgFeNi and AgCoNi ternary alloy coatings were electrodeposited on Cu substrates employing nitrate-based electrolytes. The structural analysis showed that AgFeNi exhibited an FCC solid solution with a small amount of Ag (δ) phase, while AgCoNi coating forms a single-phase FCC structure. Surface analysis of as-deposited coatings showed that the AgCoNi was homogeneous and more compact, with higher hydrophobicity (contact angle 98°) and lower roughness (Ra = 0.143 μm) in comparison to AgFeNi (82°; Ra = 1.214 μm). Electrochemical tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution revealed that the AgCoNi coating displayed better corrosion resistance as it has a significantly lower corrosion current density (0.97 vs. 4.27 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>) and high charge transfer resistance. The higher corrosion resistance of AgCoNi coating is ascribed to the formation of a stable passive film (Co₃O₄ and NiO). Moreover, AgCoNi also showed improved lubrication, reduced friction, and a lower wear rate (8.4 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m vs. 2.09 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·). In contrast, AgFeNi exhibited relatively lower corrosion and wear resistance. This study highlights the correlation between microstructure, electrochemical performance, and tribological behavior, offering valuable insights for the development of multifunctional ternary coatings for advanced mechanical and electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133227"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133201
Jiale Weng, Zhiqiang Ye, Yu X. Xu, Dongsen Geng, Qimin Wang
Wear-resistant oxide coatings play an important role in protecting the surfaces of tools and components. The fabrication of hard oxides using advanced physical vapor deposition techniques has recently attracted considerable attention. In this work, Cr2O3 coatings, with a Cr transition layer, were deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering at different pulse widths, and their structure, thermal stability, and tribological properties were investigated. All Cr2O3 coatings demonstrate columnar grain growth with a thermodynamically stable hexagonal structure. A pulse width of 70 μs at a constant frequency of 500 Hz yields a peak current of 500 A, resulting in a hardness of 27.2 GPa, which is superior to that achieved at 100 and 280 μs. Decreasing the pulse width to 35 μs at 1500 Hz gives rise to a maximum hardness of 29.3 GPa. The hardness of Cr2O3 coatingsincreases upon annealing in air at 800 and 900 °C. Notable grain coarsening, along with increased porosity, leads to a decrease in hardness at 1000 and 1100 °C. The hardness at 1100 °C decreased by 3.5 to 4.7 GPa compared to that at 900 °C. The friction coefficients of the examined Cr2O3 range from 0.32 to 0.36 at ambient temperature and diminish to 0.26 to 0.28 at 600 °C. At ambient temperature, Cr2O3 coatings, including that deposited at a high pulse width of 280 μs, show outstanding wear resistance, with the specific wear rate below 2 × 10−7 mm3/N∙m. Nonetheless, certain coatings exhibit severe localized wear at 600 °C, with cracking inside wear tracks. This reduced wear resistance is likely attributable to the inherent brittleness of Cr2O3 and the inconsistency in deformation with the underlying Cr.
{"title":"Thermal stability and tribological properties of HiPIMS Cr2O3 coatings with varied pulse widths","authors":"Jiale Weng, Zhiqiang Ye, Yu X. Xu, Dongsen Geng, Qimin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wear-resistant oxide coatings play an important role in protecting the surfaces of tools and components. The fabrication of hard oxides using advanced physical vapor deposition techniques has recently attracted considerable attention. In this work, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coatings, with a Cr transition layer, were deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering at different pulse widths, and their structure, thermal stability, and tribological properties were investigated. All Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coatings demonstrate columnar grain growth with a thermodynamically stable hexagonal structure. A pulse width of 70 μs at a constant frequency of 500 Hz yields a peak current of 500 A, resulting in a hardness of 27.2 GPa, which is superior to that achieved at 100 and 280 μs. Decreasing the pulse width to 35 μs at 1500 Hz gives rise to a maximum hardness of 29.3 GPa. The hardness of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coatingsincreases upon annealing in air at 800 and 900 °C. Notable grain coarsening, along with increased porosity, leads to a decrease in hardness at 1000 and 1100 °C. The hardness at 1100 °C decreased by 3.5 to 4.7 GPa compared to that at 900 °C. The friction coefficients of the examined Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> range from 0.32 to 0.36 at ambient temperature and diminish to 0.26 to 0.28 at 600 °C. At ambient temperature, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coatings, including that deposited at a high pulse width of 280 μs, show outstanding wear resistance, with the specific wear rate below 2 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N∙m. Nonetheless, certain coatings exhibit severe localized wear at 600 °C, with cracking inside wear tracks. This reduced wear resistance is likely attributable to the inherent brittleness of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and the inconsistency in deformation with the underlying Cr.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"523 ","pages":"Article 133201"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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