Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131500
Huafeng Quan , Woqian Gao , Shanying Sui , Dong Huang , Lianyi Wang , Chong Ye , Xiaotian Yang , Xiaohui Dong , Yuefeng Zhang , Ruixuan Tan , Ruiying Luo , Jinshui Liu
In this study, a feasible slurry sintering strategy with the oxygen-assist heat treatment was developed to realize one-step full densification of high-temperature ceramic coating. The results show the stable oxidation resistance of the SiC/Si-B-Zr-Cr/SiC coating, which exhibits an overall mass loss of only 2.28 % after 1400 °C/300 h oxidation and high fracture toughness of 2.13–2.54 MPa·m1/2. The protection/failure mechanisms reveal that the formation of ZrSiO4@ZrO2 alleviates stress mismatch in the coating, competing with the contribution of coating failure arising from the increasing tensile stress. The liquid-phase convection inside the coating can reconstruct its structure and composition, thereby improving the thermal performance.
本研究开发了一种可行的浆料烧结策略，通过氧辅助热处理实现了高温陶瓷涂层的一步全致密化。结果表明，SiC/Si-B-Zr-Cr/SiC 涂层具有稳定的抗氧化性，在 1400 °C/300 h 氧化后，其整体质量损失仅为 2.28%，断裂韧性高达 2.13-2.54 MPa-m1/2。保护/失效机理显示，ZrSiO4@ZrO2 的形成缓解了涂层中的应力失配，与拉伸应力增加导致的涂层失效形成竞争。涂层内部的液相对流可以重构其结构和成分，从而改善热性能。
{"title":"Improved strategy of oxygen-assist heat treatment to prepare the antioxidant coating for carbon/carbon composites","authors":"Huafeng Quan , Woqian Gao , Shanying Sui , Dong Huang , Lianyi Wang , Chong Ye , Xiaotian Yang , Xiaohui Dong , Yuefeng Zhang , Ruixuan Tan , Ruiying Luo , Jinshui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a feasible slurry sintering strategy with the oxygen-assist heat treatment was developed to realize one-step full densification of high-temperature ceramic coating. The results show the stable oxidation resistance of the SiC/Si-B-Zr-Cr/SiC coating, which exhibits an overall mass loss of only 2.28 % after 1400 °C/300 h oxidation and high fracture toughness of 2.13–2.54 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>. The protection/failure mechanisms reveal that the formation of ZrSiO<sub>4</sub>@ZrO<sub>2</sub> alleviates stress mismatch in the coating, competing with the contribution of coating failure arising from the increasing tensile stress. The liquid-phase convection inside the coating can reconstruct its structure and composition, thereby improving the thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131500"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131533
Xiaotian Fan, Xiufang Cui, Guo Jin, Junyan Wang, Ye Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mengran Zha
Underwater wet laser cladding has gradually become the key technology for online repair of marine engineering materials. This work successfully prepared a Ta-reinforced 17-4PH coating on a 20Cr substrate using this technique. The study primarily examined how varying levels of tantalum (Ta) influence the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, immersion corrosion, and electrochemical properties of underwater cladding coatings. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the corrosion mechanism was conducted. The experimental findings demonstrated that incorporating Ta can greatly enhance the forming quality and overall performance of coatings. When the Ta addition was 10 %, the forming quality was the best, and there were no porosity or depressions. The 10 % Ta coating had the best densification with a minimum porosity of 0.05 %. The average microhardness of the T10 coating was 594.1 ± 5.9 HV0.2, an increase of about 13 % over the original T0 coating. Additionally, when the Ta content reached 10 %, the formation of Ta2O5 on the surface played a crucial role in enhancing the coating's resistance to immersion corrosion. The T10 coating demonstrates the highest polarization resistance and superior corrosion resistance among the coatings tested. The corrosion mechanism of the original unadded Ta coating involved severe intergranular corrosion and pitting; The corrosion mechanism observed in the T10 coating involved local crevice corrosion and minor pitting. This study reveals the strengthening mechanism of Ta on the organizational properties of the underwater laser cladding layer, which can provide meaningful guidance for the future development of underwater laser cladding technology.
水下湿激光熔覆技术已逐渐成为海洋工程材料在线修复的关键技术。本研究采用该技术在 20Cr 基体上成功制备了钽强化 17-4PH 涂层。研究主要考察了不同含量的钽 (Ta) 如何影响水下熔覆涂层的微观结构、相组成、显微硬度、浸水腐蚀和电化学性能。此外，还对腐蚀机理进行了详细分析。实验结果表明，加入 Ta 可以大大提高涂层的成型质量和整体性能。当 Ta 的添加量为 10% 时，涂层的成型质量最好，没有气孔或凹陷。Ta 含量为 10% 的涂层致密性最好，气孔率最低，仅为 0.05%。T10 涂层的平均显微硬度为 594.1 ± 5.9 HV0.2，比原来的 T0 涂层提高了约 13%。此外，当 Ta 含量达到 10 % 时，表面形成的 Ta2O5 对提高涂层的耐浸渍腐蚀性能起到了关键作用。在测试的涂层中，T10 涂层具有最高的抗极化能力和优异的耐腐蚀性能。原始无添加钽涂层的腐蚀机理包括严重的晶间腐蚀和点蚀；T10 涂层的腐蚀机理包括局部缝隙腐蚀和轻微的点蚀。本研究揭示了 Ta 对水下激光熔覆层组织性能的强化机制，可为未来水下激光熔覆技术的发展提供有意义的指导。
{"title":"Effects of Ta on the strengthening mechanism of microstructure and corrosion resistance of underwater wet laser cladding 17-4PH coating","authors":"Xiaotian Fan, Xiufang Cui, Guo Jin, Junyan Wang, Ye Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mengran Zha","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underwater wet laser cladding has gradually become the key technology for online repair of marine engineering materials. This work successfully prepared a Ta-reinforced 17-4PH coating on a 20Cr substrate using this technique. The study primarily examined how varying levels of tantalum (Ta) influence the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, immersion corrosion, and electrochemical properties of underwater cladding coatings. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the corrosion mechanism was conducted. The experimental findings demonstrated that incorporating Ta can greatly enhance the forming quality and overall performance of coatings. When the Ta addition was 10 %, the forming quality was the best, and there were no porosity or depressions. The 10 % Ta coating had the best densification with a minimum porosity of 0.05 %. The average microhardness of the T10 coating was 594.1 ± 5.9 HV<sub>0.2</sub>, an increase of about 13 % over the original T0 coating. Additionally, when the Ta content reached 10 %, the formation of Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> on the surface played a crucial role in enhancing the coating's resistance to immersion corrosion. The T10 coating demonstrates the highest polarization resistance and superior corrosion resistance among the coatings tested. The corrosion mechanism of the original unadded Ta coating involved severe intergranular corrosion and pitting; The corrosion mechanism observed in the T10 coating involved local crevice corrosion and minor pitting. This study reveals the strengthening mechanism of Ta on the organizational properties of the underwater laser cladding layer, which can provide meaningful guidance for the future development of underwater laser cladding technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131544
Yogendra Mahton , Meeta Ashok Kamde , Partha Saha
Electroless nickel‑phosphorus based (ENP) coating on Al alloys offers superior mechanical, and tribological properties conferring resistance against corrosion. Further, the inclusion of copper in the ENP coating can improve the thermal stability and surface passivation. The present work explores the effect of a gradual increase in cupric sulfate (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g L−1) concentration on the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Al-Cu-Mg alloy in NaCl solution while maintaining the nickel-phosphorous bath parameters viz., pH, temperature, and deposition time unchanged. The phase, microstructure, and tribological analysis show that 0.1 gL−1 CuSO4 addition is optimal, providing a few microns thick, smooth, and compact coating of nodular particulates demonstrating the highest microhardness (∼314 ± 7 HV0.05) and scratch resistance (Hs ∼930 MPa). However, further increasing the Cu2+-ions concentration beyond 0.1 g L−1 changes the morphology to a cauliflower-like nodular structure consisting of surface heterogeneities with low microhardness and high surface roughness owing to the softening of deposited Cu particles. Potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that Ni-0.1Cu-P specimen exhibits lowest corrosion current density (icorr ∼0.53 μA cm−2), and the highest charge-transfer resistance (Rct ∼5.64 × 104 Ω.cm2), among entire specimens owing to the formation of dense, granular structure with high P (∼12.34 wt%) and low Cu (∼1.5 wt%) content. The Mott-Schottky analysis of Ni-0.1Cu-P specimen confirms the formation of p-n type bipolar semiconductor passive films blocking the movement of anions with lower donor carrier density (Nd ∼1.46 × 1019) preventing the passive films breakdown and providing better corrosion resistance.
{"title":"Influence of Cu addition on the microstructure, and corrosion behavior of electroless Ni-Cu-P coating on squeeze-cast Al-Cu-Mg alloy","authors":"Yogendra Mahton , Meeta Ashok Kamde , Partha Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroless nickel‑phosphorus based (ENP) coating on Al alloys offers superior mechanical, and tribological properties conferring resistance against corrosion. Further, the inclusion of copper in the ENP coating can improve the thermal stability and surface passivation. The present work explores the effect of a gradual increase in cupric sulfate (0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g L<sup>−1</sup>) concentration on the microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Al-Cu-Mg alloy in NaCl solution while maintaining the nickel-phosphorous bath parameters viz., pH, temperature, and deposition time unchanged. The phase, microstructure, and tribological analysis show that 0.1 gL<sup>−1</sup> CuSO<sub>4</sub> addition is optimal, providing a few microns thick, smooth, and compact coating of nodular particulates demonstrating the highest microhardness (∼314 ± 7 HV<sub>0.05</sub>) and scratch resistance (<em>H</em><sub><em>s</em></sub> ∼930 MPa). However, further increasing the Cu<sup>2+</sup>-ions concentration beyond 0.1 g L<sup>−1</sup> changes the morphology to a cauliflower-like nodular structure consisting of surface heterogeneities with low microhardness and high surface roughness owing to the softening of deposited Cu particles. Potentiodynamic measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that Ni-0.1Cu-P specimen exhibits lowest corrosion current density (<em>i</em><sub>corr</sub> ∼0.53 μA cm<sup>−2</sup>), and the highest charge-transfer resistance (R<sub>ct</sub> ∼5.64 × 10<sup>4</sup> Ω.cm<sup>2</sup>), among entire specimens owing to the formation of dense, granular structure with high P (∼12.34 wt%) and low Cu (∼1.5 wt%) content. The Mott-Schottky analysis of Ni-0.1Cu-P specimen confirms the formation of p-n type bipolar semiconductor passive films blocking the movement of anions with lower donor carrier density (N<sub>d</sub> ∼1.46 × 10<sup>19</sup>) preventing the passive films breakdown and providing better corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131552
Li-na Zhu , Guo-zheng Ma , Qiang Da , Kai-di Liu , Yong-kuan Zhou , Jia-jie Kang , Zhi-qiang Fu , Ding-shun She , Hai-dou Wang
In this study, the AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings are firstly prepared on the surface of the substrate by cold spraying technology, followed by nitriding treatment. This study investigates the effects of nitriding on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear mechanisms of AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings at different temperatures. The results reveal that increasing Al content causes the phase structure transition from FCC phase to BCC phase, correlating with enhanced mechanical properties and tribological performances. Nitriding further promotes these properties by introducing FCC phases and various nitrides. Among the tests, the Al0.7CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coating exhibits the highest microhardness and best wear resistance after nitriding. The wear mechanisms of AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings vary with different temperatures, the detail as follows: at 25 °C and 100 °C, the coatings mainly experience fatigue, spalling, and oxidation wear. As the temperature increases to 300 °C the wear mechanisms transition to abrasive wear and adhesive wear, and at 500 °C, it mainly the plastic deformation. In contrast, the nitriding AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings exhibit abrasive wear at 25 °C, which shifts to fatigue and oxidation wear as the temperature increases.
{"title":"Effect of nitriding treatment on microstructure, mechanical property and wear mechanisms of AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings prepared by cold spraying","authors":"Li-na Zhu , Guo-zheng Ma , Qiang Da , Kai-di Liu , Yong-kuan Zhou , Jia-jie Kang , Zhi-qiang Fu , Ding-shun She , Hai-dou Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the Al<sub><em>x</em></sub>CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings are firstly prepared on the surface of the substrate by cold spraying technology, followed by nitriding treatment. This study investigates the effects of nitriding on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear mechanisms of Al<sub><em>x</em></sub>CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings at different temperatures. The results reveal that increasing Al content causes the phase structure transition from FCC phase to BCC phase, correlating with enhanced mechanical properties and tribological performances. Nitriding further promotes these properties by introducing FCC phases and various nitrides. Among the tests, the Al<sub>0.7</sub>CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coating exhibits the highest microhardness and best wear resistance after nitriding. The wear mechanisms of Al<sub><em>x</em></sub>CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings vary with different temperatures, the detail as follows: at 25 °C and 100 °C, the coatings mainly experience fatigue, spalling, and oxidation wear. As the temperature increases to 300 °C the wear mechanisms transition to abrasive wear and adhesive wear, and at 500 °C, it mainly the plastic deformation. In contrast, the nitriding Al<sub><em>x</em></sub>CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings exhibit abrasive wear at 25 °C, which shifts to fatigue and oxidation wear as the temperature increases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131552"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131485
Ching-Fang Hsu , Chun-Yu Ho , Yu-Lin Kuo , Ying-Sui Sun , Yan-Qiao Zhao , Wen-Chien Chen , Hao-Chun Chiu
The aesthetic appeal of titanium dental implants is compromised by unattractive coloration, and extended exposure to bodily fluids can result in the release of ions, potentially causing infection or inflammation. This study introduces a direct method for oxidizing titanium through plasma coloring to enhance biocompatibility. Utilizing a tornado-type atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with compressed dry air as the working gas, sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide was produced on sample surfaces. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in air plasma via optical emission spectroscopy offers valuable insights into the interaction between plasma and the surface during the oxidation process. Quantification of surface coloration in titanium samples before and after treatment with air-APPJ was conducted using CIE chromaticity diagrams and color temperature analysis. This analytical approach enabled the assessment of thermal and plasma-chemical impacts of plasma coloring on the development of the sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide layer. The resulting oxide layers from the APPJ process exhibited a vibrant golden shade, along with enhanced surface hydrophilicity, improved anticorrosion properties, and enhanced cellular responses.
{"title":"Plasma coloring of Ti via air atmospheric pressure plasma jet for dentistry","authors":"Ching-Fang Hsu , Chun-Yu Ho , Yu-Lin Kuo , Ying-Sui Sun , Yan-Qiao Zhao , Wen-Chien Chen , Hao-Chun Chiu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aesthetic appeal of titanium dental implants is compromised by unattractive coloration, and extended exposure to bodily fluids can result in the release of ions, potentially causing infection or inflammation. This study introduces a direct method for oxidizing titanium through plasma coloring to enhance biocompatibility. Utilizing a tornado-type atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with compressed dry air as the working gas, sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide was produced on sample surfaces. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in air plasma via optical emission spectroscopy offers valuable insights into the interaction between plasma and the surface during the oxidation process. Quantification of surface coloration in titanium samples before and after treatment with air-APPJ was conducted using CIE chromaticity diagrams and color temperature analysis. This analytical approach enabled the assessment of thermal and plasma-chemical impacts of plasma coloring on the development of the sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide layer. The resulting oxide layers from the APPJ process exhibited a vibrant golden shade, along with enhanced surface hydrophilicity, improved anticorrosion properties, and enhanced cellular responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131521
Manman Zhang , Lian Zhai , Yue Xue , Yujie Xu , Weijie Wu , Yong Jiang , Jianming Gong
This study focuses on investigating the precipitation behavior of the expanded austenite during low-temperature salt bath nitrocarburizing by adjusting the treatment temperature and time. The results indicate that the nitrocarburizing layer consists of a N-rich expanded austenite layer near the surface, and a C-rich expanded austenite layer closer to the substrate. Notably, all precipitates occur within the N-rich expanded austenite. When the temperature exceeds 430 °C, Cr3C2 and M2-3N emerge in the near-surface region. Furthermore, at 470 °C, with the prolongation of time, the M2-3N near the surface gradually decreases and even disappears, as the increase in carbon content within the N-rich expanded austenite enhances its stability. Specifically, at 430 °C, due to the high chemical potential of carbon and the nitrogen-induced lattice expansion, M5C2 forms near the interface between the N-rich layer and the C-rich layer. However, when the temperature rises to 470 °C, a significant amount of thermodynamically more stable M7C3 and M23C6 precipitates with the assistance of chromium diffusion. These findings may provide new insights for the process design and performance optimization of nitrocarburizing.
本研究的重点是通过调整处理温度和时间，研究低温盐浴软氮化过程中膨胀奥氏体的析出行为。结果表明，软氮化层由靠近表面的富含 N 的膨胀奥氏体层和靠近基体的富含 C 的膨胀奥氏体层组成。值得注意的是，所有析出物均出现在富含 N 的膨胀奥氏体中。当温度超过 430 ℃ 时，Cr3C2 和 M2-3N 出现在近表面区域。此外，在 470 ℃ 时，随着时间的延长，表面附近的 M2-3N 逐渐减少甚至消失，这是因为富含 N 的膨胀奥氏体中碳含量的增加增强了其稳定性。具体来说，在 430 °C时，由于碳的化学势较高以及氮引起的晶格膨胀，在富N层和富C层的界面附近形成了M5C2。然而，当温度升至 470 ℃ 时，大量热力学上更稳定的 M7C3 和 M23C6 在铬扩散的帮助下析出。这些发现可为软氮化渗碳的工艺设计和性能优化提供新的启示。
{"title":"Unusual intermediate layer precipitation in low-temperature salt bath nitrocarburized 316L austenitic stainless steel","authors":"Manman Zhang , Lian Zhai , Yue Xue , Yujie Xu , Weijie Wu , Yong Jiang , Jianming Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on investigating the precipitation behavior of the expanded austenite during low-temperature salt bath nitrocarburizing by adjusting the treatment temperature and time. The results indicate that the nitrocarburizing layer consists of a N-rich expanded austenite layer near the surface, and a C-rich expanded austenite layer closer to the substrate. Notably, all precipitates occur within the N-rich expanded austenite. When the temperature exceeds 430 °C, Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and M<sub>2-3</sub>N emerge in the near-surface region. Furthermore, at 470 °C, with the prolongation of time, the M<sub>2-3</sub>N near the surface gradually decreases and even disappears, as the increase in carbon content within the N-rich expanded austenite enhances its stability. Specifically, at 430 °C, due to the high chemical potential of carbon and the nitrogen-induced lattice expansion, M<sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub> forms near the interface between the N-rich layer and the C-rich layer. However, when the temperature rises to 470 °C, a significant amount of thermodynamically more stable M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> and M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> precipitates with the assistance of chromium diffusion. These findings may provide new insights for the process design and performance optimization of nitrocarburizing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131521"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131539
Pei-Shan Wu , Hsin Chao , Shih-Jie Lin , Yung-Chin Yang , Chun-Wei Hou , Jyh-Wei Lee , Bih-Show Lou
Given the well-documented low biocompatibility issues associated with conventional metallic biomaterials, there is an urgent need to develop new biomaterials. Biological high entropy alloys (HEAs), designed with non-toxic elements for biomedical applications, represent a significant advancement in metal biomedical materials due to their tunable mechanical properties and excellent biological safety. This study employed a hybrid system that combined a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) power with a radio frequency (RF) power to synthesize a series of amorphous TiZrNbTaFe HEA coatings, in which the Ti content was varied by changing the RF power applied to the Ti target. One exemplary TiZrNbTaFe film, deposited with a Ti target RF power of 75 W, was thoroughly examined. This film demonstrated several highly promising attributes as a novel metallic biomaterial, including a dense and fine microstructure, good adhesion quality, superior corrosion resistance, and exceptional biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. These findings could provide new insights for innovative biomaterials development and help address long-term implantation and implant failure issues.
传统金属生物材料的生物相容性较低，这一点已得到充分证实，因此迫切需要开发新型生物材料。生物高熵合金（HEAs）采用无毒元素设计，适用于生物医学应用，由于其可调整的机械性能和出色的生物安全性，代表了金属生物医学材料的重大进步。本研究采用了一种混合系统，将高功率脉冲磁控溅射（HiPIMS）功率与射频（RF）功率相结合，合成了一系列非晶态 TiZrNbTaFe HEA 涂层，其中 Ti 的含量可通过改变施加到 Ti 靶材上的射频功率而改变。我们对钛靶射频功率为 75 W 时沉积的一种示范性 TiZrNbTaFe 薄膜进行了深入研究。作为一种新型金属生物材料，该薄膜表现出多种极具潜力的特性，包括致密精细的微观结构、良好的粘附性、卓越的耐腐蚀性以及在体内外均具有优异的生物相容性。这些发现可为创新生物材料的开发提供新的见解，并有助于解决长期植入和植入失败的问题。
{"title":"Mechanical properties and biocompatibility evaluation of TiZrNbTaFe high entropy alloy films deposited using a hybrid HiPIMS and RF sputtering system","authors":"Pei-Shan Wu , Hsin Chao , Shih-Jie Lin , Yung-Chin Yang , Chun-Wei Hou , Jyh-Wei Lee , Bih-Show Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the well-documented low biocompatibility issues associated with conventional metallic biomaterials, there is an urgent need to develop new biomaterials. Biological high entropy alloys (HEAs), designed with non-toxic elements for biomedical applications, represent a significant advancement in metal biomedical materials due to their tunable mechanical properties and excellent biological safety. This study employed a hybrid system that combined a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) power with a radio frequency (RF) power to synthesize a series of amorphous TiZrNbTaFe HEA coatings, in which the Ti content was varied by changing the RF power applied to the Ti target. One exemplary TiZrNbTaFe film, deposited with a Ti target RF power of 75 W, was thoroughly examined. This film demonstrated several highly promising attributes as a novel metallic biomaterial, including a dense and fine microstructure, good adhesion quality, superior corrosion resistance, and exceptional biocompatibility both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. These findings could provide new insights for innovative biomaterials development and help address long-term implantation and implant failure issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131539"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131493
A. Kulig , C. Oskay , L. Mengis , B. Nowak , M.C. Galetz , U. Glatzel , H. Daoud
Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is used in various industries to manufacture complex parts with high precision. High surface roughness and porosity have a negative impact on fatigue resistance. This work presents aluminum pack cementation as a method to reduce surface roughness and improve fatigue resistance of AM parts. An Fe-base alloy (Alloy 800H) and a Ni-base alloy (Alloy 699XA) are selected. Some of the specimens made from PBF-LB/M were treated by pack cementation with aluminum, while others were subjected to the vibratory finishing process. The surface roughness, microhardness distribution and the microstructure of the interface zone were measured and analyzed for the as-built, vibratory finished and aluminized specimens. Rotating bending fatigue test was performed at room temperature. Conventionally fabricated specimens of both investigated alloys were tested under the same conditions to evaluate the effects of pack cementation. The aluminized samples (PBF-LB/M) show a significant reduction in surface roughness with a decrease of 45 % for Alloy 800H and 65 % for Alloy 699XA. This leads to an improvement in fatigue life for both Alloy 800H and Alloy 699XA. In contrast, the conventionally fabricated specimens exhibited increased surface roughness after pack cementation compared to their initial condition and showed a significant reduction in fatigue resistance.
{"title":"Improvement of fatigue life by aluminizing of additive manufactured Fe- and Ni-base alloy","authors":"A. Kulig , C. Oskay , L. Mengis , B. Nowak , M.C. Galetz , U. Glatzel , H. Daoud","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) is used in various industries to manufacture complex parts with high precision. High surface roughness and porosity have a negative impact on fatigue resistance. This work presents aluminum pack cementation as a method to reduce surface roughness and improve fatigue resistance of AM parts. An Fe-base alloy (Alloy 800H) and a Ni-base alloy (Alloy 699XA) are selected. Some of the specimens made from PBF-LB/M were treated by pack cementation with aluminum, while others were subjected to the vibratory finishing process. The surface roughness, microhardness distribution and the microstructure of the interface zone were measured and analyzed for the as-built, vibratory finished and aluminized specimens. Rotating bending fatigue test was performed at room temperature. Conventionally fabricated specimens of both investigated alloys were tested under the same conditions to evaluate the effects of pack cementation. The aluminized samples (PBF-LB/M) show a significant reduction in surface roughness with a decrease of 45 % for Alloy 800H and 65 % for Alloy 699XA. This leads to an improvement in fatigue life for both Alloy 800H and Alloy 699XA. In contrast, the conventionally fabricated specimens exhibited increased surface roughness after pack cementation compared to their initial condition and showed a significant reduction in fatigue resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131493"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131504
Hao-Nan Xuan , Nan Li , Ze-Xin Wang , Dobuvyy Oleksandr , Sheng Lu , Liang-Yu Chen
An 800 μm thick NiCrBSi coating was applied to the surface of a cylindrical substrate using plasma spraying and subsequently remelted via plasma arc and induction heating processes. This work investigated the temperature variations and the influence of the skin effect during the induction remelting process. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the microstructure and interface bonding of the coating upon two-step remelting. Results demonstrate that during induction remelting, the temperature curve tends to stabilize when the coating temperature exceeds 900 °C and reaches its peak value. The effective depth of induction heating is approximately 250 μm. The bonding between the coating and the substrate transitions from mechanical to metallurgical bonding, forming a distinct diffusion layer comprising nickel and iron at the interface. The remelting effect is affected by the thickness of the coating. Furthermore, reducing pores at the coating interface through two-step remelting enhances the bonding strength. Consequently, two-step remelting is an effective method for improving the microstructure and interface bonding of coatings.
{"title":"Temperature curve, microstructure evolution, and interface bonding of plasma sprayed nickel-based coating under plasma arc/high-frequency induction remelting","authors":"Hao-Nan Xuan , Nan Li , Ze-Xin Wang , Dobuvyy Oleksandr , Sheng Lu , Liang-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An 800 μm thick NiCrBSi coating was applied to the surface of a cylindrical substrate using plasma spraying and subsequently remelted via plasma arc and induction heating processes. This work investigated the temperature variations and the influence of the skin effect during the induction remelting process. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the microstructure and interface bonding of the coating upon two-step remelting. Results demonstrate that during induction remelting, the temperature curve tends to stabilize when the coating temperature exceeds 900 °C and reaches its peak value. The effective depth of induction heating is approximately 250 μm. The bonding between the coating and the substrate transitions from mechanical to metallurgical bonding, forming a distinct diffusion layer comprising nickel and iron at the interface. The remelting effect is affected by the thickness of the coating. Furthermore, reducing pores at the coating interface through two-step remelting enhances the bonding strength. Consequently, two-step remelting is an effective method for improving the microstructure and interface bonding of coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131490
Jijin Wu , Fenfen Han , Sumeng Jiang , Wei Li , Weichi Ji , Hefei Huang
The effects of thermal exposure on tellurium (Te) diffusion behavior in MCrAlY coatings were investigated at 800 °C in Te vapor. The results showed that the diffusion depth of Te in MCrAlY coatings gradually increased with the exposure time, and the dense Cr3Te4 layer formed on the coating surface in the initial stage was no longer continuous, especially under aging conditions with higher Te concentration. The high Cr content of the coating promoted the solid phase transition of the surface reaction product from Cr3Te4 to Cr7Te8, and resulting in the formation of large α-Cr phase either within or beneath the reaction layer during long aging processes. As a result of this phase transition, excess Te atoms were released from Cr3Te4 and continued to diffuse into the coating. Te did not exhibit obvious intergranular diffusion characteristics within the coating. When it encountered Y, it was captured by Y and formed a YTe phase. After aging for 3000 h, Te was distributed throughout the coating, and numerous voids were formed at the interface between the coating and the substrate. These two factors deteriorated the plasticity and adhesion of the coating. Results from molten salt corrosion tests indicated that the high content of Cr and Al in the coating, as well as high densities of grain boundaries providing diffusion pathways, reduced the corrosion resistance of the coating to molten salt.
在 800 °C 的 Te 蒸汽中，研究了热暴露对 MCrAlY 涂层中碲 (Te) 扩散行为的影响。结果表明，Te 在 MCrAlY 涂层中的扩散深度随暴露时间的延长而逐渐增加，涂层表面初期形成的致密 Cr3Te4 层不再连续，尤其是在较高 Te 浓度的老化条件下。涂层中的高铬含量促进了表面反应产物从 Cr3Te4 向 Cr7Te8 的固相转变，并导致在长时间的老化过程中，反应层内部或下方形成大量的 α-Cr 相。由于这种相变，多余的 Te 原子从 Cr3Te4 中释放出来，并继续扩散到涂层中。Te 在涂层内没有表现出明显的晶间扩散特征。当它遇到 Y 时，会被 Y 捕获并形成 YTe 相。老化 3000 小时后，Te 分布在整个涂层中，并在涂层和基体之间的界面上形成了许多空隙。这两个因素降低了涂层的塑性和附着力。熔盐腐蚀试验的结果表明，涂层中的高铬和高铝含量以及提供扩散通道的高密度晶界降低了涂层对熔盐的耐腐蚀性。
{"title":"A study on microstructure evolution of MCrAlY coatings after thermal aging in Te environment","authors":"Jijin Wu , Fenfen Han , Sumeng Jiang , Wei Li , Weichi Ji , Hefei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.131490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of thermal exposure on tellurium (Te) diffusion behavior in MCrAlY coatings were investigated at 800 °C in Te vapor. The results showed that the diffusion depth of Te in MCrAlY coatings gradually increased with the exposure time, and the dense Cr<sub>3</sub>Te<sub>4</sub> layer formed on the coating surface in the initial stage was no longer continuous, especially under aging conditions with higher Te concentration. The high Cr content of the coating promoted the solid phase transition of the surface reaction product from Cr<sub>3</sub>Te<sub>4</sub> to Cr<sub>7</sub>Te<sub>8</sub>, and resulting in the formation of large α-Cr phase either within or beneath the reaction layer during long aging processes. As a result of this phase transition, excess Te atoms were released from Cr<sub>3</sub>Te<sub>4</sub> and continued to diffuse into the coating. Te did not exhibit obvious intergranular diffusion characteristics within the coating. When it encountered Y, it was captured by Y and formed a YTe phase. After aging for 3000 h, Te was distributed throughout the coating, and numerous voids were formed at the interface between the coating and the substrate. These two factors deteriorated the plasticity and adhesion of the coating. Results from molten salt corrosion tests indicated that the high content of Cr and Al in the coating, as well as high densities of grain boundaries providing diffusion pathways, reduced the corrosion resistance of the coating to molten salt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22009,"journal":{"name":"Surface & Coatings Technology","volume":"494 ","pages":"Article 131490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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