Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53518
S. Khanal, K. B. Karki, S. Chhetri
The speedy growth in public investment in various sectors was assumed after decades of conflict and an unstable political situation. With the declaration of the Federal Republic, Nepal is going to embark on accelerated economic growth. This has somewhat caused concerns among policymakers of its implication for economic growth. And the government investment in transportation infrastructure is one of the core strategies, called the ‘infrastructure of infrastructures’. The main aim of this study is, therefore, to explain the relationship between economic growth and public expenditure in the transportation sector in Nepal. Primarily, this study has focused on the distinction of expenditures in the five-year development plans in three systems (Panchayat, Democratic, and Republic). This study used time series data collected between 1975 and 2016. The statistical and econometric tools have been used for the study. The result shows that the trend of government investment on public expenditure has increased in the Republic system. This study reveals that the variables are stationary on the first difference. The obtained regression model is satisfactory by diagnostic tests (errors are normally distributed, no serial correlation and homoscedastic). The data explain the positive and significant influence of Transportation Capital Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product, and, hence, it is contributing to economic growth. Furthermore, the results show short-run unidirectional causation from Transportation Capital Expenditure to Gross Domestic Product.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53500
Mukta Bahadur Nepali
Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman” (1949) presents the working-class masculinity under threat. This paper has sought to argue that the threat is posed not only by the protagonist’s inability to assert his working-class masculine identity due to his (fear of) unemployment, but also by the instrumental use of reason by the employer and hegemonic masculinity. It has tried to unfold this threat in terms of R. Connell’s idea of ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and CALM report on crisis of modern masculinity published in 2014. The assumption is that Miller has depicted this threat by presenting the male protagonist in such an unfavorable situation that it relegates him to the vulnerable position of not being able to assert his masculine identity. It is also assumed that this threat is further validated by the presence of dominant masculinity. This research has sought to dramatize the playwright's consciousness of the masculinities in conflict and its outcome in America. This research is critically significant because reading this drama from the perspective of the crisis of subordinate or working-class masculinity is a far cry.
阿瑟·米勒(Arthur Miller) 1949年的《推销员之死》(Death of a Salesman)表现了工人阶级受到威胁的男子气概。本文试图论证，这种威胁不仅来自于主人公由于(害怕)失业而无法维护自己工人阶级的男性身份，还来自于雇主对理性的工具性运用和霸道的男性气质。它试图通过康奈尔(R. Connell)的“霸权男性气质”概念和2014年发表的关于现代男性气质危机的CALM报告来揭示这种威胁。假设是，米勒通过将男主角置于不利的境地来描绘这种威胁，使他处于无法维护自己男性身份的弱势地位。还有一种假设是，这种威胁会因男性主导地位的存在而进一步得到证实。本研究试图将剧作家对冲突中的男性意识及其在美国的结果戏剧化。这项研究是至关重要的，因为从下级或工人阶级男子气概的危机的角度来阅读这部戏剧是一个遥远的差距。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53498
Kumari Lama
The politics of oil has played a vital role for the massive exploitation of Venezuela’s natural resources such as the petroleum products. When the European colonizers entered into the Latin American countries in the sixteenth century, initially they took hold of the land and the people; later, they pillaged and exploited their natural resources together with the American capitalist cartels. This paper analyzes the petroleum politics that includes the European and American oil cartels that has adversely affected environment in the region. In this paper, I have explored the western capitalists’ petroleum politics in Eduardo Galeano’s book Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. Mainly I have focused on the case of Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo, where a continuous spilling of oil has brought a huge damage to different water species; for instance, fishery is on the verge of collapse and the surrounding is severely affected. The craving of capitalist alliances for the petroleum products has ignored the fact that humans have to pay the cost of environmental destruction as a result of the oil politics. The paper sheds light on the environmental crisis, which is caused by continuous extracting and spilling of oil in Lake Maracaibo. Subsequently, the Venezuelan prosperity has got threatened as it totally relies on the ‘oil culture’. To explore the widespread ecological damage on Lake Maracaibo and its surroundings, I have used the deep ecological concept of Arne Naess, which argues that there is the connectedness and dependency of living and non-living things with each other so that any disturbance can hamper the whole ecosystem. Besides Naess’s ecological concept, I have also drawn ideas from the insights of ecocritics Cheryll Glotfelty and Val Plum wood to support Naess’s ecological concept and to clarify the conceptual framework of this paper.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53520
Yub Narayan Thapa, Tribikram Khadka
Phosphate is primarily used as a builder in detergents, which helps soften hard water, thereby increasing the cleansing power of detergents. Extensive discharge of phosphate from detergents leads to eutrophication of surface water bodies. This work aims to assess the amount of phosphate present in detergent samples available in Tansen, Palpa, and compare its concentration between local and foreign detergents. Phosphate in detergent samples can be determined by the molybdenum blue phosphorus method using a spectrophotometer. The experimental process relies on forming a phosphomolybdate blue complex with ammonium molybdate and the subsequent reduction of the complex by hydrazine hydrate in an aqueous sulphuric acid medium. The system obeys Beer-Lambert’s law at 830 nm in the concentration range of 2-16 ppm. In this study, the phosphate concentration in local detergents (Dhoni, Light, V-Series, Nirma, Upahar, Patanjali, Rin Shakti and Dr Jhatka) varied from 15.54-33.03 ppm, and that of foreign detergents (Wheel, Super Check, Surf Excel, Tide and Ariel) ranged from 23.81- 32.65 ppm. The amount of phosphate was compared between local and foreign detergent samples using the student's t-test, which revealed no significant difference between them. The results obtained from the study disclosed that the detergents under investigation are within the permissible limits of phosphate. However, non- phosphate-based builders can be used to discourage the use of phosphate in detergents.
磷酸盐主要用作洗涤剂中的助洗剂，它有助于软化硬水，从而增加洗涤剂的清洁能力。从洗涤剂中大量排放磷酸盐导致地表水体富营养化。这项工作的目的是评估在坦森，帕尔帕可用的洗涤剂样品中磷酸盐的含量，并比较其浓度在本地和外国洗涤剂之间。用分光光度计钼蓝磷法测定洗涤剂样品中的磷酸盐。实验过程依赖于与钼酸铵形成磷钼酸蓝配合物，随后在硫酸水溶液中用水合肼还原该配合物。该系统在830 nm处，在2-16 ppm的浓度范围内符合Beer-Lambert定律。在本研究中，本地洗涤剂(Dhoni, Light, V-Series, Nirma, Upahar, Patanjali, Rin Shakti和Dr Jhatka)的磷酸盐浓度从15.54-33.03 ppm不等，而国外洗涤剂(Wheel, Super Check, Surf Excel, Tide和Ariel)的磷酸盐浓度从23.81- 32.65 ppm不等。使用学生t检验比较了国产和国外洗涤剂样品的磷酸盐含量，发现两者之间没有显著差异。研究结果表明，所研究的洗涤剂的磷酸盐含量在允许范围内。然而，非磷酸盐基助洗剂可以用来阻止磷酸盐在洗涤剂中的使用。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53588
जीवनाथ Jivanath तिवारी Tiwari
भागीरथी श्रेष्ठद्वारा लिखित विभ्रम कथासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत अर्को क्षितिजको खोज कथा पारिवारिक विषयवस्तुमा केन्द्रित रहेको देखिन्छ । प्रस्तुत कथामा अभिभावक अर्थात् मातृपितृ वर्गको पुरानो पुस्ता र तिनका सन्ततिहरूको नवीन पुस्ता गरी दुईवटा पुस्ता विश्वदृष्टिका केन्द्र बनेका छन् । यस खालका पुराना र नयाँखालका पुस्ताले जीवनजगत्का बारेमा भिन्न भिन्न विश्वदृष्टिको विकास गरेका छन् । सन्ततिहरूलाई अटुट माया गर्ने, उनीहरूको शिक्षादीक्षामा विशेष चासो राख्ने, गरगहना बेचेर दुःख कष्ट सहेर भए पनि आफ्ना सन्ततिहरूको उज्वल भविष्यको लागि सधै चिन्तित रहने पुरानो पुस्तामा विकसित आशावादी विश्वदृष्टि र नवीन पुस्तामा विकसित अभिभावकहरूलाई तिरस्कार अपमान तथा घृणा गर्ने एकल परिवारमा रमाउने चरम पुँजीवादका कारण विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको विमा नवीकरणको विश्वदृष्टि विकसित भएको पाइन्छ । नवीन पुस्तास्वार्थ प्रेरित ढङ्गले अगाडि बढ्दै गएको छ । शिक्षित सहरिया सम्पन्न परिवारमा एकल परिवारको अवधारणा विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको छ । सहरिया सम्पन्नताले मानवता, मानवीय धर्म र कर्तव्य पातलिँदै गएको छ । यसरी विकसित विश्वदृष्टिले संरचनाको समान धर्मितासमेत कायम गरेको छ ।
{"title":"अर्को क्षितिजको खोज कथामा विश्वदृष्टि {A worldview in the story of the discovery of another horizon}","authors":"जीवनाथ Jivanath तिवारी Tiwari","doi":"10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53588","url":null,"abstract":"भागीरथी श्रेष्ठद्वारा लिखित विभ्रम कथासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत अर्को क्षितिजको खोज कथा पारिवारिक विषयवस्तुमा केन्द्रित रहेको देखिन्छ । प्रस्तुत कथामा अभिभावक अर्थात् मातृपितृ वर्गको पुरानो पुस्ता र तिनका सन्ततिहरूको नवीन पुस्ता गरी दुईवटा पुस्ता विश्वदृष्टिका केन्द्र बनेका छन् । यस खालका पुराना र नयाँखालका पुस्ताले जीवनजगत्का बारेमा भिन्न भिन्न विश्वदृष्टिको विकास गरेका छन् । सन्ततिहरूलाई अटुट माया गर्ने, उनीहरूको शिक्षादीक्षामा विशेष चासो राख्ने, गरगहना बेचेर दुःख कष्ट सहेर भए पनि आफ्ना सन्ततिहरूको उज्वल भविष्यको लागि सधै चिन्तित रहने पुरानो पुस्तामा विकसित आशावादी विश्वदृष्टि र नवीन पुस्तामा विकसित अभिभावकहरूलाई तिरस्कार अपमान तथा घृणा गर्ने एकल परिवारमा रमाउने चरम पुँजीवादका कारण विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको विमा नवीकरणको विश्वदृष्टि विकसित भएको पाइन्छ । नवीन पुस्तास्वार्थ प्रेरित ढङ्गले अगाडि बढ्दै गएको छ । शिक्षित सहरिया सम्पन्न परिवारमा एकल परिवारको अवधारणा विकसित हुँदै गइरहेको छ । सहरिया सम्पन्नताले मानवता, मानवीय धर्म र कर्तव्य पातलिँदै गएको छ । यसरी विकसित विश्वदृष्टिले संरचनाको समान धर्मितासमेत कायम गरेको छ ।","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75929848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53517
Ramesh Neupane
Error analysis is an important branch of applied linguistics which deals with errors committed by second or foreign language learners. The present article is about error analysis that aims to investigate the frequency, types and causes of errors committed by basic level students. To accomplish the objectives, the researcher adopted positivist philosophical approach and survey research design. The researcher collected the data from two schools of Palpa and two schools of Rupandehi consisting ten students from each school. Writing composition was the main tool for data collection and the collected data were categorized into different categories such as verb tense, subject verb agreement, inappropriate use of article, wrong use of preposition. The frequency of occurrence of errors and their causes were analyzed. The findings of the study highlight that the most of basic level students commit grammatical errors in sub-verb agreement and they are caused due to intralingual as well as interlingual factors. This study can play a pivotal role for improving writing skills of students.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53582
टंकप्रसाद Tankaprasad पन्थ Pantha
प्रस्तुत लेखमा पाश्चात्य समालोचनाका क्षेत्रमा उत्तरआधुनिक समयमा विकास भएको अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा उपन्यासकार शंकरप्रसाद गैरेको उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्त पाश्चात्य साहित्य चिन्तनमा सशक्त रूपमा देखापरेको उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी चिन्तनको सशक्त अभियान हो । कुनै युद्धजन्य प्रहार अनि मानवीय व्यवहारबाट लाग्ने शारीरिक तथा मानसिकजन्य चोटको कारण र अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्ने काम यस सिद्धान्तले गर्दछ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त अभिघातका सन्दर्भहरूलाई पहिचान गर्नु यस अध्ययनको प्रमुख समस्या हो । अभिघात चेतनाका आधारमा उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुग्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मूल उद्देश्य रहेको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा टेकेर कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको हुनाले यस लेखमा समालोचनाको सैद्धान्तिक विधिलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यास पुण्यप्रसाद प्रसाईँको ‘छापामार’ उपन्यासको पुनर्लेखन हो । यस उपन्यासमा उपस्थित भएका पूर्वपृष्ठभूमिका पात्रहरू नेपालको दसबर्से सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वको प्रहार सहन विवश भएको अवस्थाको वर्णन गरिएको छ । प्रमुख पात्र सत्य अभाव, गरिबी र विभिन्न घातप्रतिघात सहेर अभिघातको सिकार हुन पुगेको कुरालाई निरूपण गरी सशस्त्र सङ्घर्षका साथै नियति निर्दिष्ट घातप्रतिघातका कारण अभिघात अनुकूल बनेर आएको छ । यस क्रममा शोधविधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । अभिघातजन्य परिस्थितिको निर्माण हुनुले अभिघातको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिलाई आधार बनाई आवश्यकताअनुसार प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्रीको सङ्कलन व्याख्यात्मक र वर्णनात्मक ढङ्गले अध्ययन विश्लोण गरी व्यवस्थापन गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासका उपन्यासकारले विविध कारणबाट अभिघातको पीडा भोग्न विवश हुनुका साथै प्रहारबाट मर्माहत बनेका पात्रहरूको अभिघातित अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्नु नै यस लेखको मूलभूत निचोड रहेको छ ।
{"title":"उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासमा अभिघात चेतना {Traumatic Consciousness in the Novel Toward 'the Light'}","authors":"टंकप्रसाद Tankaprasad पन्थ Pantha","doi":"10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53582","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत लेखमा पाश्चात्य समालोचनाका क्षेत्रमा उत्तरआधुनिक समयमा विकास भएको अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा उपन्यासकार शंकरप्रसाद गैरेको उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्त पाश्चात्य साहित्य चिन्तनमा सशक्त रूपमा देखापरेको उत्तरआधुनिकतावादी चिन्तनको सशक्त अभियान हो । कुनै युद्धजन्य प्रहार अनि मानवीय व्यवहारबाट लाग्ने शारीरिक तथा मानसिकजन्य चोटको कारण र अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्ने काम यस सिद्धान्तले गर्दछ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त अभिघातका सन्दर्भहरूलाई पहिचान गर्नु यस अध्ययनको प्रमुख समस्या हो । अभिघात चेतनाका आधारमा उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासलाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुग्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मूल उद्देश्य रहेको छ । अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा टेकेर कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको हुनाले यस लेखमा समालोचनाको सैद्धान्तिक विधिलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यास पुण्यप्रसाद प्रसाईँको ‘छापामार’ उपन्यासको पुनर्लेखन हो । यस उपन्यासमा उपस्थित भएका पूर्वपृष्ठभूमिका पात्रहरू नेपालको दसबर्से सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वको प्रहार सहन विवश भएको अवस्थाको वर्णन गरिएको छ । प्रमुख पात्र सत्य अभाव, गरिबी र विभिन्न घातप्रतिघात सहेर अभिघातको सिकार हुन पुगेको कुरालाई निरूपण गरी सशस्त्र सङ्घर्षका साथै नियति निर्दिष्ट घातप्रतिघातका कारण अभिघात अनुकूल बनेर आएको छ । यस क्रममा शोधविधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । अभिघातजन्य परिस्थितिको निर्माण हुनुले अभिघातको सैद्धान्तिक पृष्ठभूमिलाई आधार बनाई आवश्यकताअनुसार प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्रीको सङ्कलन व्याख्यात्मक र वर्णनात्मक ढङ्गले अध्ययन विश्लोण गरी व्यवस्थापन गरिएको छ । उज्यालोतिर उपन्यासका उपन्यासकारले विविध कारणबाट अभिघातको पीडा भोग्न विवश हुनुका साथै प्रहारबाट मर्माहत बनेका पात्रहरूको अभिघातित अवस्थालाई प्रकाश पार्नु नै यस लेखको मूलभूत निचोड रहेको छ ।","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82782359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53584
शंकरप्रसाद Shankarprasad गैरे Gaire
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख गोविन्दराज भट्टराईको ‘कि त आज घरमा कोही मानिस छैन ?’ कविताको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । यस लेखमा वर्तमान समयमा मान्छे यन्त्रबाट परिचालित हुँदै गएको अवस्थामा गोविन्दराज भट्टराईद्वारा लेखिएको यस कविताले वर्तमान अवस्थामा मान्छे यन्त्र चालित हुँदै गैरहेको अवस्थालाई कसरी प्रस्तुत गरेको छ भन्ने विषयलाई केन्द्रमा राखेर कविताको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पछिल्लो समयलाई उत्तर आधुनिक युग भनिन्छ । विज्ञानको चरम विकासले मान्छेको स्वभाव, संस्कारमै परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ । मान्छे आधा मान्छे र आधा यन्त्र बनेको छ । उसमा मानवीय संवेदना मर्दै गएको छ । अर्कातर्फ यन्त्रनै आधामानव भैदिएको छ । यसले गर्दा मान्छे मान्छेबाट टाढिँदै गएको छ भने यन्त्रसँग आत्मीय बन्दै गैरहेको छ भन्नेभावलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको यस कवितामा साइबर संस्कृति र सभ्यताको नकारात्मक पक्षलाई कसरी उठाइएको छ र साइबरले मान्छेमान्छे बीचको सम्बन्धमा कसरी दुरी सिर्जना गर्दै गएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेर साइबर साहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाका आधारमा यस कविताको विश्लेषण गरी प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा कवितामा प्रयुक्त साइबर संस्कृति र त्यसले सिर्जना गरेको सभ्यतालाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका दृष्टिबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ ।
{"title":"कि त आज घरमा कोही मानिस छैन ? कवितामा साइबर संस्कृति {Or is there no one at home today? in poetry Cyber culture}","authors":"शंकरप्रसाद Shankarprasad गैरे Gaire","doi":"10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53584","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख गोविन्दराज भट्टराईको ‘कि त आज घरमा कोही मानिस छैन ?’ कविताको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । यस लेखमा वर्तमान समयमा मान्छे यन्त्रबाट परिचालित हुँदै गएको अवस्थामा गोविन्दराज भट्टराईद्वारा लेखिएको यस कविताले वर्तमान अवस्थामा मान्छे यन्त्र चालित हुँदै गैरहेको अवस्थालाई कसरी प्रस्तुत गरेको छ भन्ने विषयलाई केन्द्रमा राखेर कविताको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पछिल्लो समयलाई उत्तर आधुनिक युग भनिन्छ । विज्ञानको चरम विकासले मान्छेको स्वभाव, संस्कारमै परिवर्तन ल्याएको छ । मान्छे आधा मान्छे र आधा यन्त्र बनेको छ । उसमा मानवीय संवेदना मर्दै गएको छ । अर्कातर्फ यन्त्रनै आधामानव भैदिएको छ । यसले गर्दा मान्छे मान्छेबाट टाढिँदै गएको छ भने यन्त्रसँग आत्मीय बन्दै गैरहेको छ भन्नेभावलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको यस कवितामा साइबर संस्कृति र सभ्यताको नकारात्मक पक्षलाई कसरी उठाइएको छ र साइबरले मान्छेमान्छे बीचको सम्बन्धमा कसरी दुरी सिर्जना गर्दै गएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेर साइबर साहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाका आधारमा यस कविताको विश्लेषण गरी प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा कवितामा प्रयुक्त साइबर संस्कृति र त्यसले सिर्जना गरेको सभ्यतालाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका दृष्टिबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80667269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53587
कमलादेवी Kamaladevi न्यौपाने Neupane
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा रमेश विकलद्वारा लेखिएको ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई कथ्य विषय बनाएर त्यसमा अन्तर्निहित यथार्थको आलोचनात्मक पक्षलाई आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई विकलको प्रतिनिधि कथा मानिन्छ । यस कथामा विकलले समाजको त्यस्तो यथार्थको प्रस्तुति गरेका छन् जो आलोच्य छ । नेपाली समाजमा सम्पन्न र सामन्तहरूले गरिब, सोझा, निमुखालाई मतिभ्रमित पारी शोषण, दमन गर्ने तथा शोषितहरूले आफूमाथि भएको शोषणको पत्तै नपाउने अवस्थाका साथै शोषकहरूको धूत्र्याईँलाई यिनका कथामा जीवन्त रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको हुन्छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथाले नेपाली समाजको यस्तै समस्याको उठान गरेको छ । रमेश विकललाई प्रगतिवादी कथाकार भनिए पनि उनी आफ्ना कथाहरूमा मूलतः आलोचनात्मक देखिन्छन् । प्रस्तुत विश्लेष्य कथालाई समेत प्रायः समालोचकहरूले प्रगतिवादी कथा माने पनि यसमा प्रगतिवादका अभिलक्षणहरू कमजोर र आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका अभिलक्षणहरू सबल रूपमा देखापरेको तथ्यलाई प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा विश्लेष्य विषय बनाइएको छ । यस शोध्य लेखमा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार प्रस्तुत गरी ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका सापेक्षमा केकस्तो देखिन्छ भन्ने समस्याका केन्द्रीयतामा अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाएर प्रस्तुत कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सवल प्रस्तुति रहेको कथा हो भन्ने पुष्टि गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
{"title":"लाहुरी भैंसी कथामा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवाद {Critical realism in the Lahuri buffalo story}","authors":"कमलादेवी Kamaladevi न्यौपाने Neupane","doi":"10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53587","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा रमेश विकलद्वारा लेखिएको ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई कथ्य विषय बनाएर त्यसमा अन्तर्निहित यथार्थको आलोचनात्मक पक्षलाई आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथालाई विकलको प्रतिनिधि कथा मानिन्छ । यस कथामा विकलले समाजको त्यस्तो यथार्थको प्रस्तुति गरेका छन् जो आलोच्य छ । नेपाली समाजमा सम्पन्न र सामन्तहरूले गरिब, सोझा, निमुखालाई मतिभ्रमित पारी शोषण, दमन गर्ने तथा शोषितहरूले आफूमाथि भएको शोषणको पत्तै नपाउने अवस्थाका साथै शोषकहरूको धूत्र्याईँलाई यिनका कथामा जीवन्त रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको हुन्छ । ‘लाहुरी भैंसी’ कथाले नेपाली समाजको यस्तै समस्याको उठान गरेको छ । रमेश विकललाई प्रगतिवादी कथाकार भनिए पनि उनी आफ्ना कथाहरूमा मूलतः आलोचनात्मक देखिन्छन् । प्रस्तुत विश्लेष्य कथालाई समेत प्रायः समालोचकहरूले प्रगतिवादी कथा माने पनि यसमा प्रगतिवादका अभिलक्षणहरू कमजोर र आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका अभिलक्षणहरू सबल रूपमा देखापरेको तथ्यलाई प्रस्तुत शोध्य लेखमा विश्लेष्य विषय बनाइएको छ । यस शोध्य लेखमा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार प्रस्तुत गरी ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादका सापेक्षमा केकस्तो देखिन्छ भन्ने समस्याका केन्द्रीयतामा अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाएर प्रस्तुत कथा आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादको सवल प्रस्तुति रहेको कथा हो भन्ने पुष्टि गरी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83928268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53499
M. Gautam, Sabina Pantha
Milk is a source of Lactose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, minerals, etc. This work was carried out to estimate and compare the physicochemical parameters of fresh milk and boiled milk of Human (woman), Cow, Buffalo and Goat of Palpa after one month of their pregnancy time in December, 2018and to compare these parameters with their standard values. These were analyzed using standard literature methods. I t has been determined that Fresh Human milk has 8.16 pH, 7.7 % Lactose, 3.30 %, Fat, 85 % Water, and 0.036mg Chloride, Fresh Cow milk has 6.68 pH, 3.7 % Lactose, 3.71 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.035mg Chloride, Fresh Buffalo milk has 6.07 pH, 3.8 % Lactose, 5.84 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.037 mg Chloride and Fresh Goat Milk has 6.81 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 4.93 % Fat, 83.25 % Water, and 0.036 mg Chloride but 7.50 pH, 7.6 % Lactose, 3.11 %Fat, 71 % Water and 0.03249 mg Chloride in Human milk, 6.24 pH, 3.3 % Lactose, 3.21 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.03427 mg Chloride in Cow milk, 5.54 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 5.74 % Fat, 88.5 % Water, and 0.01831 mg Chloride in Buffalo milk and 6.36 pH, 2.9 % Lactose, 4.37 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.04136 mg Chloride in Goat milk after boiling at 50°C respectively. All determined parameters of collected milk samples meet the standard requirements and boiled milk is found to be better than fresh milk.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical Parameterization and Comparison of Some Milks","authors":"M. Gautam, Sabina Pantha","doi":"10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v1i1.53499","url":null,"abstract":"Milk is a source of Lactose, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, minerals, etc. This work was carried out to estimate and compare the physicochemical parameters of fresh milk and boiled milk of Human (woman), Cow, Buffalo and Goat of Palpa after one month of their pregnancy time in December, 2018and to compare these parameters with their standard values. These were analyzed using standard literature methods. I t has been determined that Fresh Human milk has 8.16 pH, 7.7 % Lactose, 3.30 %, Fat, 85 % Water, and 0.036mg Chloride, Fresh Cow milk has 6.68 pH, 3.7 % Lactose, 3.71 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.035mg Chloride, Fresh Buffalo milk has 6.07 pH, 3.8 % Lactose, 5.84 % Fat, 90 % Water, and 0.037 mg Chloride and Fresh Goat Milk has 6.81 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 4.93 % Fat, 83.25 % Water, and 0.036 mg Chloride but 7.50 pH, 7.6 % Lactose, 3.11 %Fat, 71 % Water and 0.03249 mg Chloride in Human milk, 6.24 pH, 3.3 % Lactose, 3.21 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.03427 mg Chloride in Cow milk, 5.54 pH, 3.1 % Lactose, 5.74 % Fat, 88.5 % Water, and 0.01831 mg Chloride in Buffalo milk and 6.36 pH, 2.9 % Lactose, 4.37 % Fat, 79.5 % Water, and 0.04136 mg Chloride in Goat milk after boiling at 50°C respectively. All determined parameters of collected milk samples meet the standard requirements and boiled milk is found to be better than fresh milk.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83748556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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