Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccine policy: a response and way forward","authors":"Gregory A. Poland , Tamar Ratishvili , Peter J. Pitts","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and lot consistency of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Chinese children aged 2–5 years: A phase III study","authors":"Liwei Shi ,&nbsp;Jingjing Chen ,&nbsp;Hong Li ,&nbsp;Xuemei Yan ,&nbsp;Fang Shen ,&nbsp;Xin Lai ,&nbsp;Lin Yuan ,&nbsp;Yi Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the global morbidity and mortality burdens of pneumococcal disease in children under five years of age, but supply constraints remain. We evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and lot-to-lot consistency of a tetanus toxoid–conjugated 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in Chinese children aged 2–5 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this randomized, Phase III study, 1800 healthy children aged 2–5 years were enrolled and randomized (1:1:1) to receive a single dose of one of three consecutive manufacturing lots of PCV13. Safety and reactogenicity were assessed up to 30 days post-vaccination, and serious adverse events (SAEs) up to 180 days. Immunogenicity was evaluated 30 days post-vaccination by measuring serotype-specific IgG concentrations using ELISA. The primary objective was to demonstrate lot-to-lot consistency based on predefined equivalence criteria for geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios; seropositivity and safety outcomes were secondary endpoints.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prespecified primary objective was met: for all 13 vaccine serotypes, pairwise serotype-specific IgG geometric mean ratios (GMRs) between the three manufacturing lots fell within the predefined equivalence margins (0.5–2.0). By Day 30, seropositivity rates (IgG ≥0.35 μg/mL) were ≥ 99% for 12 serotypes and 85.6–88.3% for serotype 3. Solicited local and systemic reactions were predominantly mild or moderate in severity and occurred at similar frequencies across groups; rates of SAEs and unsolicited adverse events considered related to vaccination were low.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This tetanus toxoid–conjugated PCV13 met prespecified criteria for lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency and showed favorable immunogenicity and safety profiles in children aged 2–5 years, supporting its licensed use in this age group. The vaccine may help strengthen the global supply of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, particularly in regions with unmet pediatric vaccination needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146004802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the delivery costs and operational context of a single-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine regimen administered to a multi-age cohort of adolescent girls in Ethiopia","authors":"Mercy Mvundura ,&nbsp;Rose Slavkovsky ,&nbsp;Belayneh Dagnew ,&nbsp;Alemayehu Hunduma ,&nbsp;Melkamu Ayalew ,&nbsp;Diriba Bedada","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The World Health Organization recently endorsed an alternative single-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination regimen based on high-quality evidence of its comparable efficacy and duration of protection as multiple doses. Real-world evidence is lacking on the program cost implications and operational context associated with the new regimen. Our study aimed to evaluate the delivery costs and describe the program context of delivering a single-dose HPV vaccine regimen to a multi-age cohort (MAC) of 9–14 year-old girls, using data from Ethiopia's vaccination campaign conducted in late 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a cross-sectional retrospective study combining operations research and micro-costing methods. We collected primary data on program activities at 82 health facilities in four selected regions and at the associated subnational and national administrative levels. Operations data were tabulated as counts and frequencies to characterize the program context. Delivery costs including financial costs (monetary outlays) and economic costs (financial plus opportunity costs) were estimated. Costing was done from the health system perspective and reported in 2024 United States dollars (US$).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Staff from 90% of health facilities in our sample conducted HPV vaccination sessions at schools and 73% conducted outreach, with an average of 910 HPV vaccine doses delivered per facility. While most health facilities and administrative offices conducted additional program activities, their intensity differed by level of the health system. On average, opportunity costs were the larger share of delivery costs (79%) at health facilities, while at administrative levels it was financial costs (at least 52%). Delivery costs aggregated across all levels of the health system were $0.66 for financial costs and $1.67 for economic costs per dose or per adolescent girl receiving the single-dose regimen.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A single-dose HPV vaccination regimen administered to a MAC resulted in low delivery costs and may be a way for HPV vaccination programs to reduce costs and enhance sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and economic benefits of bivalent respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F (RSVpreF) maternal vaccine for prevention of RSV illness in infants: A cost-effectiveness analysis for Singapore","authors":"Karan Thakkar ,&nbsp;Rengina Kefalogianni ,&nbsp;Jessie Zhang ,&nbsp;Chee Fu Yung ,&nbsp;Shephali Tagore ,&nbsp;Pradip Dashraath ,&nbsp;Amy W. Law ,&nbsp;Diana Mendes","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in children. A novel bivalent RSV prefusion F protein subunit (RSVpreF) vaccine has recently been approved by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) in Singapore. This study estimated the clinical and economic impact of a year-round RSVpreF maternal vaccination program on the prevention of RSV among infants in Singapore.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A Markov cohort model was used to project clinical and economic outcomes of RSV from birth to one year of age for RSVpreF vaccine compared to no intervention. Analyses were conducted from the healthcare system perspective, with direct costs (2025 Singapore dollars [S$]) and outcomes discounted at 3% annually; scenario and sensitivity analyses tested the robustness of the model. Findings: Compared to no intervention, a year-round RSVpreF program with 80% coverage would prevent 308 hospitalizations and 1995 outpatient visits annually, averting S$2.15 million in direct medical costs and saving 29 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The RSVpreF vaccine would be cost-effective up to S$237.68/dose under a cost-effectiveness threshold of 1 x gross domestic product per capita (S$121,378) per QALY gained.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Year-round RSVpreF maternal vaccination would help reduce pressures on the healthcare system as well as reduce RSV's clinical and economic burden among infants in Singapore, and likely be a cost-effective program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and efficacy test of a live, attenuated Mycoplasma hyorhinis vaccine candidate strain","authors":"Eszter Zsófia Nagy ,&nbsp;Levente Szeredi ,&nbsp;Dorottya Földi ,&nbsp;Nikolett Belecz ,&nbsp;Áron Botond Kovács ,&nbsp;Kinga Mária Sulyok ,&nbsp;Dénes Grózner ,&nbsp;Enikő Wehmann ,&nbsp;Krisztián Bányai ,&nbsp;Szilvia Marton ,&nbsp;Miklós Tenk ,&nbsp;Zsuzsa Kreizinger ,&nbsp;Miklós Gyuranecz","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Mycoplasma</em> (<em>M</em>.) <em>hyorhinis</em> causes substantial economic losses in swine. Currently, prevention and treatment rely on minimizing risk factors and administering antibiotics, as no vaccines are commercially available in Europe. However, antibiotics often cannot fully eliminate the bacteria. The development of an effective vaccine could lead to a potentially long-term control method.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A temperature-sensitive <em>M. hyorhinis</em> strain was developed using 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis. The immunogenicity and efficacy of this vaccine candidate clone were evaluated in combination with an adjuvant. Three-week-old piglets were immunized with the candidate vaccine strain, and the vaccination site was monitored daily. At six weeks of age, the pigs were challenged intravenously on two subsequent days. Daily clinical examinations were conducted, with blood and nasal swabs collected weekly throughout the study for <em>M. hyorhinis</em> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time PCR analysis, and isolation. Three weeks post-challenge, the animals were euthanized for gross and histopathological examinations. Body temperature was recorded daily, and body weight was measured upon arrival, and then at six and nine weeks of age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Vaccination significantly reduced clinical signs (<em>p</em> = 0.03), as well as gross pathological (<em>p</em> = 0.01) and histopathological (<em>p</em> = 0.005) lesions compared with the positive control group. The vaccinated group exhibited an earlier and higher increase in <em>M. hyorhinis</em>-specific IgG antibody levels post-challenge than the positive control group. However, the vaccine candidate did not mitigate the impact of <em>M. hyorhinis</em> infection on the weight gain. After the challenge (days 21–42), both the vaccinated (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and the positive control (<em>p</em> = 0.003) groups exhibited reduced weight gain compared with the negative control group.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Overall, the attenuated <em>M. hyorhinis</em> strain, combined with the adjuvant, provided protection against <em>M. hyorhinis</em> infection. These results form a basis for the development of a novel vaccine candidate that offers effective prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of ICD and SNOMED search strategies for adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: Analysis of hospital administrative data","authors":"Timothy Kenealy ,&nbsp;Nelson Aguirre-Duarte ,&nbsp;Richard H. Roxburgh ,&nbsp;Gordon Royle ,&nbsp;Bryan Mitchelson ,&nbsp;Joan Ingram ,&nbsp;Nicky Williams ,&nbsp;Helen Petousis-Harris","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hospital discharge codes can be used to identify possible Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESI) following COVID-19 vaccinations.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>We sought to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) and level of certainty of ICD-10-AM and SNOMED coding for meeting Brighton Collaboration case definitions of AESIs in Aotearoa, New Zealand.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Our expert panel identified 24 ICD-10-AM codes and 2 SNOMED codes expected to identify 9 AESIs. We sought codes likely to be specific rather than sensitive. Medical record reviews were conducted by an experienced coder, adjudicated by medical specialists, for the level of certainty that each case met the target case definition. Admissions coded to an explicit alternative diagnosis were classified as Not a Case.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our data covered over 3 million people. Reviews were conducted on 761 medical records, randomly selected from admissions principally in calendar years 2016 to 2019. We report the PPV of each code with respect to its level of certainty of meeting the case definition. Only Guillain-Barré had a single code specific to a single AESI. Several neurological conditions had overlapping codes, conditions and case definitions. PPVs for individual codes to meet case definitions ranged from 11% to 100%. Level of certainty of each code and PPV are specified.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PPVs of codes for each AESI need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Many codes are arguably insufficiently ‘accurate’ to identify a target AESI. We did not assess PPVs for combinations of codes. Our method did not allow us to estimate the number of cases missed by the coding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccination choices and development of a toolkit and training for Botswana, 2022–2023","authors":"Megan E. Mansfield ,&nbsp;Lillian Okui ,&nbsp;Selebaleng Simon ,&nbsp;Divya Hosangadi ,&nbsp;Milton Montebatsi ,&nbsp;Kaizer Ikgopoleng ,&nbsp;Lesego Kuate ,&nbsp;Basego Mothowaeng ,&nbsp;Nessa Ryan ,&nbsp;Daiva Yee ,&nbsp;Melissa Dahlke ,&nbsp;Kristen A. Stafford ,&nbsp;Ndwapi Ndwapi ,&nbsp;Abia Sebaka ,&nbsp;Stacie M. Greby","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In 2022, despite initial coverage data indicating good acceptance of the vaccine by eligible groups, COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Botswana was below the Ministry of Health's goal of 80%, with underlying reasons unclear. Therefore, we conducted a study to identify facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination to inform the design and implementation of a toolkit to improve COVID-19 vaccination rates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a sequential two-phased exploratory mixed methods study: Phase 1 (toolkit development and refinement) followed by Phase 2 (toolkit implementation and evaluation). Phase 1 involved two rounds of focus group discussions (FGDs) with general population and health care providers from various regions, followed by thematic analysis. Round 1 (32 FGDs, <em>n</em> = 298) aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to vaccination, while Round 2 (10 FGDs, <em>n</em> = 86) provided feedback to refine the toolkit. Phase 2 included training across 14 districts and evaluated knowledge and competence of vaccine providers (<em>n</em> = 92) through electronic pre-post questionnaires and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests to assess differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Facilitators of vaccination included access to accurate and trusted information as well as realistic expectations about vaccine benefits and side effects. Barriers included misinformation, lack of access to trusted information, difficulty accessing vaccines, and concerns about side effects. The toolkit content was tailored to the local context for providers and the public. Feedback indicated the toolkit was informative and helpful, with recommendations to add information on booster doses, vaccinating adolescents, and additional visuals, while limiting referrals to external information sources. Post-training assessments showed improvements in vaccine-related knowledge (Z = 221, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and competence in vaccine care and counseling (Z = 22, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Participants showed increased knowledge (Z = 292, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) and competence (Z = 77, p &lt; 0.001) in motivational interviewing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Engagement with general public and providers in Botswana informed the design of an evidence-based, culturally appropriate toolkit and training that effectively improved vaccine knowledge and provider competence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fathers' reports of within-household vaccine decision making and young children's COVID-19 vaccination status","authors":"In Young Park ,&nbsp;Alejandra Cantu-Aldana ,&nbsp;Natalie Grafft ,&nbsp;Brian K. Lo ,&nbsp;Katherine W. Bauer ,&nbsp;Brent A. McBride ,&nbsp;Sebastien J. Haneuse ,&nbsp;Jess Haines ,&nbsp;Kirsten K. Davison","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how parents make decisions about child vaccination is important to guide interventions to increase child vaccination rates. However, few studies have examined parent vaccine decision making within households and no studies have examined this question from the perspective of fathers. In a sample of 943 fathers, from the <em>Fathers &amp; Families</em> cohort and living in two-parent (father-mother) households, this study examines parents' decision making and agreement about their child receiving, or not receiving, the COVID-19 vaccine, and links with children's vaccination status. The association between fathers' and mothers' agreement about whether or not to vaccinate child against COVID-19 and child COVID-19 vaccination status was examined using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for parent characteristics. The vast majority of fathers (89.0%) reported that they and their child's mother jointly decided on vaccinating their child and typically agreed on whether or not to vaccinate their child against COVID-19. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that children whose parents agreed on whether or not to vaccinate them were 14.8 times (B = 2.70, 95% CI: 7.1–31.2) more likely to have received the COVID-19 vaccine than those whose parents disagreed or had not discussed vaccination. The findings highlight a new avenue for outreach efforts aimed at promoting child vaccination rates through understanding fathers' specific concerns about child vaccines and communication with fathers and mothers about child vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146101247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 T-cell vaccine VB10.2210 induces broad T-cell responses in a phase 1/2 open-label clinical trial","authors":"Camilla Tøndel ,&nbsp;Synne Jenum ,&nbsp;Kristian Tonby ,&nbsp;Erik Egeland Christensen ,&nbsp;Rebecca Jane Cox ,&nbsp;Therese Bredholt Onyango ,&nbsp;Linda Gail Skeie ,&nbsp;Harlan Robins ,&nbsp;Mark Klinger ,&nbsp;Barb Banbury ,&nbsp;Thomas Bello ,&nbsp;Edward J. Osborne ,&nbsp;Marthe Jøntvedt Jørgensen ,&nbsp;Stephane Pourpe ,&nbsp;Ingvild Sørum Leikfoss ,&nbsp;Thomas Jürgens ,&nbsp;Hedda Wold ,&nbsp;Siri Torhaug ,&nbsp;Shokouh Makvandi-Nejad ,&nbsp;Diana Edo-Matas ,&nbsp;Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The repeated emergence of highly transmissive SARS-CoV-2 variants requires a broadly protective vaccine. We developed a T-cell vaccine VB10.2210 that targets SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens to antigen presenting cells comprising 96 validated immunogenic T-cell epitopes covering a global HLA diversity. We report results from a first in human open-label dose-escalation phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of VB10.2210. The study investigated three dose levels (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg), delivered intramuscularly as DNA plasmid by jet injection (<span><span>NCT05069623</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>), in 34 healthy adults previously vaccinated with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The safety profile was favorable with no observed dose-limiting toxicity. The 3 mg dose elicited the most potent immune response with enhanced breadth and a CD8+ dominated T cell response. T cell responses towards spike protein and de novo responses to non-spike antigens were confirmed by ELISpot. Expansion of VB10.2210 specific T-cell clones was confirmed by TCR sequencing. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical benefit of DNA vaccines inducing broad virus specific T-cell immunity in preventing severe COVID-19 or as treatment of patients with persistent infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146109565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological response of using emulsifying elongation factor 1 alpha of Plasmodium falciparum-based vaccines in complete Freund's adjuvant","authors":"Hyelee Hong ,&nbsp;Tae-Hui Eom ,&nbsp;Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Eunho Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun-Young Lee ,&nbsp;Solchan Won ,&nbsp;Dong-Sup Lee ,&nbsp;Mi-il Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun Park ,&nbsp;Seon-Ju Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most studies of malarial vaccines focused on increasing immunity against target molecules on the surface of <em>Plasmodium</em> spp. parasites. While the surface antigens are variable among all <em>Plasmodium</em> spp., intracellular antigens are highly conserved, and thus, intracellular targets must be studied as vaccine candidates. However, there is a scarcity of intracellular vaccine candidates in <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites. In this study, immune responses induced by complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsified with an elongation factor-1 alpha of <em>P. falciparum</em> (<em>Pf</em>EF-1α) was analyzed as a <em>Plasmodium</em> spp. conserved vaccine candidate. In vivo vaccine efficacy, antibody production, and <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell cytokine assays were analyzed to validate the potential of <em>Pf</em>EF-1α at CFA-based formulation in a rodent model. Immunoinformatics was employed to predict potential vaccine epitope candidates, and a novel peptide candidate was validated by <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell study. The survival rate of the r<em>Pf</em>EF-1α plus CFA-immunized group was increased by 50% and among the survived mice, half proportion of mice was not patent at all while all BSA plus CFA showed the patency. Upon co-culturing of T cells with dendritic cells, <em>Pf</em>EF-1α-specific <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell assay revealed CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ secretion as the dominant immune response, followed by CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺ and CD4⁺IL-4⁺ subsets. Immunization with r<em>Pf</em>EF-1-α plus CFA elicited robust humoral immunity, demonstrating a 16-fold higher antigen-specific IgG endpoint titer compared to the BSA plus CFA-immunized group. IgG1 and IgG2c titers in r<em>Pf</em>EF-1α plus CFA-immunized mice were highly elevated over BSA plus CFA-immunized group. Furthermore, the <em>Pf</em>EF-1α epitope (410-FAIRDMRQTI-419), identified through in silico prediction and validated, induced IFN-γ secretion in <em>ex vivo</em> C57BL/6 T-cell study. These results demonstrate <em>Pf</em>EF-1α's capacity to drive protective T-cell responses and antibody production with CFA adjuvant. Our findings suggest the use of intracellular antigen for development of malaria vaccine targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}