Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115315
Ke Zhang , Dahao Liu , Jie Wang , Huiquan Liu , Yongchen Song , Yanghui Li , Lanlan Jiang , Peng Wu , Luyuan Gong , Kun Zhang , Zheng Ling
Fly ash poses a significant global challenge in solid waste management due to its massive production. Converting fly ash into high-performance aerogel materials provides an attractive means for its high-value utilization. However, the micron-sized fly ash particles pose significant challenges to achieving a stable aqueous dispersion and constructing a monolithic porous structure. Herein, we present a scalable, chemical-free strategy to directly convert fly ash into monolithic composite aerogels containing up to 75 wt% fly ash, exhibiting high porosity (>90 %), excellent thermal insulation, and superior fire resistance. Stable aqueous dispersions of fly ash were achieved through steric hindrance imparted by low-dimensional nanoclay. Only minimal polymer addition (∼8 wt%) was required to form a robust clay network, effectively preventing pore collapse with increased fly ash content. The resulting fly ash aerogels balance thermal insulation and thermal stability, exhibiting thermal conductivities ranging from 0.0334 to 0.0385 W/(m·K) and a compressive strength of up to 2.7 MPa at 80 % strain, while maintaining structural integrity under extreme temperatures of up to ∼1300 °C. This research significantly broadens the potential applications of fly ash and presents an optimal strategy for its high-value utilization.
{"title":"Direct conversion of fly ash into monolithic composite aerogels with robust heat-insulating and fire-resistant properties","authors":"Ke Zhang , Dahao Liu , Jie Wang , Huiquan Liu , Yongchen Song , Yanghui Li , Lanlan Jiang , Peng Wu , Luyuan Gong , Kun Zhang , Zheng Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fly ash poses a significant global challenge in solid waste management due to its massive production. Converting fly ash into high-performance aerogel materials provides an attractive means for its high-value utilization. However, the micron-sized fly ash particles pose significant challenges to achieving a stable aqueous dispersion and constructing a monolithic porous structure. Herein, we present a scalable, chemical-free strategy to directly convert fly ash into monolithic composite aerogels containing up to 75 wt% fly ash, exhibiting high porosity (>90 %), excellent thermal insulation, and superior fire resistance. Stable aqueous dispersions of fly ash were achieved through steric hindrance imparted by low-dimensional nanoclay. Only minimal polymer addition (∼8 wt%) was required to form a robust clay network, effectively preventing pore collapse with increased fly ash content. The resulting fly ash aerogels balance thermal insulation and thermal stability, exhibiting thermal conductivities ranging from 0.0334 to 0.0385 W/(m·K) and a compressive strength of up to 2.7 MPa at 80 % strain, while maintaining structural integrity under extreme temperatures of up to ∼1300 °C. This research significantly broadens the potential applications of fly ash and presents an optimal strategy for its high-value utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115315"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Home composting is a popular lifestyle for onsite treatment and recycling of food and garden wastes, but potentially spreads antimicrobial resistance to affect human health. Thus, the dynamics of antibiotic resistomes during home composting and their control by mature compost were investigated. Results show that the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) decreased significantly at thermophilic stage and then increased at cooling stage. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) located on chromosomes and mobilizable plasmids reduced at thermophilic stage to restrain horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events and relative abundance of ARG. Nevertheless, HGT events were driven by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) on chromosomes to rebound in relative abundance of ARG at cooling and mature stages. Mature compost could improve the control of antibiotic resistomes by reducing ARG and MGE hosts and blocking their HGT events. Specifically, mature compost significantly accelerated microbial metabolisms and increased composting temperature to sterilize ARG hosts and thus vertical gene transfer events during thermophilic stage. Thus, the rebound in relative abundance of ARG was effectively inhibited to increase their overall removal by 8.3% – 14.9%, particularly for high-risk ones. These results propose a simple but pragmatic strategy to mitigate significant antimicrobial resistance risks from home composting to safeguard environmental and public health.
{"title":"A small technology for big health: Blocking the potential spread of antibiotic resistomes from home composting of food waste by mature compost","authors":"Ruohan Xia, Lanxia Zhang, Guoxue Li, Wenhai Luo, Zhicheng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Home composting is a popular lifestyle for onsite treatment and recycling of food and garden wastes, but potentially spreads antimicrobial resistance to affect human health. Thus, the dynamics of antibiotic resistomes during home composting and their control by mature compost were investigated. Results show that the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) decreased significantly at thermophilic stage and then increased at cooling stage. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) located on chromosomes and mobilizable plasmids reduced at thermophilic stage to restrain horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events and relative abundance of ARG. Nevertheless, HGT events were driven by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) on chromosomes to rebound in relative abundance of ARG at cooling and mature stages. Mature compost could improve the control of antibiotic resistomes by reducing ARG and MGE hosts and blocking their HGT events. Specifically, mature compost significantly accelerated microbial metabolisms and increased composting temperature to sterilize ARG hosts and thus vertical gene transfer events during thermophilic stage. Thus, the rebound in relative abundance of ARG was effectively inhibited to increase their overall removal by 8.3% – 14.9%, particularly for high-risk ones. These results propose a simple but pragmatic strategy to mitigate significant antimicrobial resistance risks from home composting to safeguard environmental and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115312"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115316
William Ramos da Silva , Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento , Felipe José Cury Fracetto , Arthur Prudêncio de Araújo Pereira , Diogo Henrique de Sá Veloso Ximenes , Simone Aparecida da Silva Lins , Cintia Caroline Gouveia da Silva , Giselle Gomes Monteiro Fracetto
The reuse of sewage sludge in agriculture represents a sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility, promote nutrient cycling, and reduce environmental liabilities. This study evaluated the effects of thermally (TS) and chemically stabilized (CS) sewage sludge, applied at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha−1, on the chemical and microbial properties of a soil cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.). A comprehensive set of soil attributes was assessed, including microbial biomass C, N, and P, enzyme activities, and the abundance of structural and functional genes (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, nifH, phoD, amo-AOB). CS application increased total organic carbon and nitrogen contents by up to 60 % and 50 %, respectively, and elevated nitrate and ammonium concentrations to around 300 and 60 mg kg−1. It also stimulated enzymatic activity and microbial nitrogen use efficiency, resulting in a nearly 40 % higher grain yield than TS. Conversely, TS promoted a 117 % rise in fungal abundance and greater microbial biomass C, while exhibiting lower urease and alkaline phosphatase activities. Moreover, CS raised phoD gene abundance by up to 25 % and amo-AOB by 32 % compared with TS, resulting in a more energetically balanced soil system that favored nutrient cycling. Overall, CS strengthened microbial functioning and nutrient utilization, sustaining maize productivity under tropical conditions and highlighting the potential of biosolid recycling to reconcile agricultural intensification with environmental stewardship and circular economy principles.
污水污泥在农业中的再利用是一种可持续的战略，可以提高土壤肥力，促进养分循环，减少环境责任。本研究评估了热稳定污泥（TS）和化学稳定污泥（CS）在0、10、20、30和40 Mg ha - 1浓度下对种植玉米（Zea mays L.）土壤的化学和微生物特性的影响。综合评估了土壤属性，包括微生物生物量C、N和P、酶活性以及结构和功能基因（16S rRNA、18S rRNA、nifH、phoD、amo-AOB）的丰度。施用CS使总有机碳和总氮含量分别提高了60%和50%，硝态氮和铵态氮浓度分别提高到300和60 mg kg - 1左右。处理后的玉米产量比处理前提高了近40%，真菌丰度提高了117%，微生物生物量C增加，但脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性降低。此外，与TS相比，CS使phoD基因丰度提高了25%，amo-AOB基因丰度提高了32%，使土壤系统更加能量平衡，有利于养分循环。总体而言，CS增强了微生物功能和养分利用，维持了热带条件下玉米的生产力，并突出了生物固体循环利用在协调农业集约化与环境管理和循环经济原则方面的潜力。
{"title":"Thermal versus chemical stabilization of sewage sludge: Effects on soil chemical properties, microbial functionality, and maize yield in a tropical soil","authors":"William Ramos da Silva , Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento , Felipe José Cury Fracetto , Arthur Prudêncio de Araújo Pereira , Diogo Henrique de Sá Veloso Ximenes , Simone Aparecida da Silva Lins , Cintia Caroline Gouveia da Silva , Giselle Gomes Monteiro Fracetto","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reuse of sewage sludge in agriculture represents a sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility, promote nutrient cycling, and reduce environmental liabilities. This study evaluated the effects of thermally (TS) and chemically stabilized (CS) sewage sludge, applied at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>, on the chemical and microbial properties of a soil cultivated with maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.). A comprehensive set of soil attributes was assessed, including microbial biomass C, N, and P, enzyme activities, and the abundance of structural and functional genes (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, <em>nif</em>H, <em>pho</em>D, <em>amo</em>-AOB). CS application increased total organic carbon and nitrogen contents by up to 60 % and 50 %, respectively, and elevated nitrate and ammonium concentrations to around 300 and 60 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. It also stimulated enzymatic activity and microbial nitrogen use efficiency, resulting in a nearly 40 % higher grain yield than TS. Conversely, TS promoted a 117 % rise in fungal abundance and greater microbial biomass C, while exhibiting lower urease and alkaline phosphatase activities. Moreover, CS raised <em>pho</em>D gene abundance by up to 25 % and <em>amo</em>-AOB by 32 % compared with TS, resulting in a more energetically balanced soil system that favored nutrient cycling. Overall, CS strengthened microbial functioning and nutrient utilization, sustaining maize productivity under tropical conditions and highlighting the potential of biosolid recycling to reconcile agricultural intensification with environmental stewardship and circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115316"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115311
Murat Yeşilkaya , Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee
Disaster waste management is known as an optimization problem that demands agile, resilient, and sustainable decision-making under rapidly changing and uncertain conditions. In this context, a bilevel optimization model for post-disaster waste management is developed based on the viability approach, explicitly incorporating agility, resilience, and sustainability considerations. In the proposed model, the public authority, acting as the leader, is responsible for the optimal selection of locations and the establishment of Temporary Disaster Waste Management Centers (TDWMCs). Simultaneously, the private sector, as the follower, undertakes waste transportation, separation, recycling, and disposal activities. Establishment costs and carbon emissions are considered at the upper level, while operational costs, recycling revenues, and carbon tax are accounted for at the lower level. The bilevel model is transformed into a single-level formulation using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, and uncertainty in waste generation is addressed through a robust optimization approach. The resulting model is applied to the February 6, 2023, earthquake in Türkiye to demonstrate its practical applicability. The results are analyzed, and sensitivity analyses are conducted with respect to the parameters of the viability approach. The findings indicate that the proposed model realistically captures multi-actor decision-making processes in disaster waste management and provides an effective decision-support tool under diverse policy scenarios.
{"title":"A robust bilevel decision-making model for earthquake disaster waste management","authors":"Murat Yeşilkaya , Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Disaster waste management is known as an optimization problem that demands agile, resilient, and sustainable decision-making under rapidly changing and uncertain conditions. In this context, a bilevel optimization model for post-disaster waste management is developed based on the viability approach, explicitly incorporating agility, resilience, and sustainability considerations. In the proposed model, the public authority, acting as the leader, is responsible for the optimal selection of locations and the establishment of Temporary Disaster Waste Management Centers (TDWMCs). Simultaneously, the private sector, as the follower, undertakes waste transportation, separation, recycling, and disposal activities. Establishment costs and carbon emissions are considered at the upper level, while operational costs, recycling revenues, and carbon tax are accounted for at the lower level. The bilevel model is transformed into a single-level formulation using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, and uncertainty in waste generation is addressed through a robust optimization approach. The resulting model is applied to the February 6, 2023, earthquake in Türkiye to demonstrate its practical applicability. The results are analyzed, and sensitivity analyses are conducted with respect to the parameters of the viability approach. The findings indicate that the proposed model realistically captures multi-actor decision-making processes in disaster waste management and provides an effective decision-support tool under diverse policy scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115311"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115297
Victoria C. Hoffmann, Olya S. Keen
Over the last decade, the presence of microplastics in municipal waste streams has become increasingly recognized as a significant environmental issue. While most studies have focused on liquid waste, specifically wastewater treatment plants, as a primary source of microplastic contamination, emerging research has begun to highlight solid waste systems. This review evaluates forty-six peer-reviewed studies reporting microplastic concentrations in landfill leachate, digestate from anaerobic digesters, composting facilities, and recycling operations. The concentrations of microplastics in these systems remain sparsely explored, and among available studies, methodological inconsistencies limit reproducibility and synthesis. The inconsistencies identified in this review included omitting essential sample processing steps, minimal reporting of detection limits for analytical instruments, and limited documentation of tactics for reducing inevitable laboratory contamination. These gaps highlight the importance of developing standardized methodologies and transparent reporting practices that account for sampling design, analytical sensitivities, and contamination control. This review synthesizes recent methodological trends, identifies key information to report, and proposes foundational elements for a more unified approach to microplastic analysis in solid waste streams.
{"title":"Microplastics in solid waste streams: Research needs and gaps in research methodology","authors":"Victoria C. Hoffmann, Olya S. Keen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last decade, the presence of microplastics in municipal waste streams has become increasingly recognized as a significant environmental issue. While most studies have focused on liquid waste, specifically wastewater treatment plants, as a primary source of microplastic contamination, emerging research has begun to highlight solid waste systems. This review evaluates forty-six peer-reviewed studies reporting microplastic concentrations in landfill leachate, digestate from anaerobic digesters, composting facilities, and recycling operations. The concentrations of microplastics in these systems remain sparsely explored, and among available studies, methodological inconsistencies limit reproducibility and synthesis. The inconsistencies identified in this review included omitting essential sample processing steps, minimal reporting of detection limits for analytical instruments, and limited documentation of tactics for reducing inevitable laboratory contamination. These gaps highlight the importance of developing standardized methodologies and transparent reporting practices that account for sampling design, analytical sensitivities, and contamination control. This review synthesizes recent methodological trends, identifies key information to report, and proposes foundational elements for a more unified approach to microplastic analysis in solid waste streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115297"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115307
Friso G. Versteeg , Ruben J. de Korte , Sphurti P. Kulkarni , Georgios Stefanidis , Kevin M. Van Geem
As the global number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) surges, so does the urgency to address the mounting challenge of sustainable waste management. Plastics, which make up 10–15% of a vehicle’s mass, are at the center of this challenge. Historically, these materials, especially single-polymer components, have been incinerated, landfilled, or indiscriminately shredded into automotive shredder residue (ASR). With increasingly stringent EU regulations and rising public demand for circularity, such environmentally burdensome practices are no longer tenable. This review casts a spotlight on the overlooked potential of ELV plastics, offering a comprehensive analysis of current recycling approaches and emerging innovations. Polymer-specific strategies are explored to transform waste into value, unlocking new circular pathways for both thermoplastics and thermosets. Mechanical recycling, despite limitations from contamination, additive complexity, and polymer degradation, remains the most viable and scalable route for common thermoplastics such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyamide. More complex materials, such as thermoset polyurethanes or epoxy resins, require advanced chemical processes including glycolysis and acidolysis. Innovative methods, such as solvent-based separation and pyrolysis, are gaining traction, offering monomer recovery and material upcycling. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) provide critical insights into the environmental trade-offs between recycling, incineration, and landfill, reinforcing the need for smarter, greener systems. By embracing polymer-specific recycling strategies, and investing in next-generation sorting, closed-loop systems, and supportive policies, the automotive industry can move beyond incremental change. Large-scale, economically feasible ELV plastic recovery is not only possible, it is imperative for a truly circular automotive future.
{"title":"Recycling strategies for plastics in end-of-life vehicles: a complete overview","authors":"Friso G. Versteeg , Ruben J. de Korte , Sphurti P. Kulkarni , Georgios Stefanidis , Kevin M. Van Geem","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the global number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) surges, so does the urgency to address the mounting challenge of sustainable waste management. Plastics, which make up 10–15% of a vehicle’s mass, are at the center of this challenge. Historically, these materials, especially single-polymer components, have been incinerated, landfilled, or indiscriminately shredded into automotive shredder residue (ASR). With increasingly stringent EU regulations and rising public demand for circularity, such environmentally burdensome practices are no longer tenable. This review casts a spotlight on the overlooked potential of ELV plastics, offering a comprehensive analysis of current recycling approaches and emerging innovations. Polymer-specific strategies are explored to transform waste into value, unlocking new circular pathways for both thermoplastics and thermosets. Mechanical recycling, despite limitations from contamination, additive complexity, and polymer degradation, remains the most viable and scalable route for common thermoplastics such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyamide. More complex materials, such as thermoset polyurethanes or epoxy resins, require advanced chemical processes including glycolysis and acidolysis. Innovative methods, such as solvent-based separation and pyrolysis, are gaining traction, offering monomer recovery and material upcycling. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) provide critical insights into the environmental trade-offs between recycling, incineration, and landfill, reinforcing the need for smarter, greener systems. By embracing polymer-specific recycling strategies, and investing in next-generation sorting, closed-loop systems, and supportive policies, the automotive industry can move beyond incremental change. Large-scale, economically feasible ELV plastic recovery is not only possible, it is imperative for a truly circular automotive future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115307"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115299
Altyn Taisheva , Petr Doležal , Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo , Václav Tejnecký , Jiřina Száková , Pavel Tlustoš , Filip Mercl
The poultry industry generates significant amounts of chicken meat-bone waste (MBW). This study analysed the MBW pyrolysis products and evaluated the effects of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Both untreated and KOH-impregnated MBW were pyrolysed at 400–800 °C. KOH addition increased biochar and gas yields but reduced bio-oil yield, and significantly improved bio-oil quality by reducing the yield of oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds. At 500 °C, KOH addition reduced the production of oxygenated compounds, mostly acids, in bio-oil by 85 % compared to non-catalysed pyrolysis. It also enhanced diesel-range hydrocarbons (C10-C19) production by 40 % and decreased production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons of the gasoline-range (C5 – C12). Bone chars were alkaline and rich in phosphorus (8–14 wt%), potassium (1–13 wt%), and calcium (15–19 wt%), with phosphorus contents comparable to or exceeding rock phosphate and single superphosphate fertilisers. KOH catalyst further enhanced water-soluble contents of P (15-fold) and K (20-fold). These findings highlight the potential of KOH-impregnated MBW pyrolysis for sustainable waste management and high-value biochar and bio-oil production.
{"title":"In-situ potassium hydroxide catalysis improves bio-oil composition and bone-char quality during pyrolysis of chicken meat-bone waste","authors":"Altyn Taisheva , Petr Doležal , Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo , Václav Tejnecký , Jiřina Száková , Pavel Tlustoš , Filip Mercl","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The poultry industry generates significant amounts of chicken meat-bone waste (MBW). This study analysed the MBW pyrolysis products and evaluated the effects of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Both untreated and KOH-impregnated MBW were pyrolysed at 400–800 °C. KOH addition increased biochar and gas yields but reduced bio-oil yield, and significantly improved bio-oil quality by reducing the yield of oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds. At 500 °C, KOH addition reduced the production of oxygenated compounds, mostly acids, in bio-oil by 85 % compared to non-catalysed pyrolysis. It also enhanced diesel-range hydrocarbons (C<sub>10</sub>-C<sub>19</sub>) production by 40 % and decreased production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons of the gasoline-range (C<sub>5</sub> – C<sub>12</sub>). Bone chars were alkaline and rich in phosphorus (8–14 wt%), potassium (1–13 wt%), and calcium (15–19 wt%), with phosphorus contents comparable to or exceeding rock phosphate and single superphosphate fertilisers. KOH catalyst further enhanced water-soluble contents of P (15-fold) and K (20-fold). These findings highlight the potential of KOH-impregnated MBW pyrolysis for sustainable waste management and high-value biochar and bio-oil production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115299"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The accurate estimation of municipal solid waste composition is crucial for effective waste management and resource recovery. Conventional approaches rely on direct sampling, which is both time-consuming and costly. This study presents an accurate and stable Genetic algorithm-based inverse method for estimating municipal solid waste composition without sampling. The method estimates municipal solid waste composition from measurable parameters, including flue gas, working fluid, ash, and leachate, using a genetic algorithm for accurate and stable estimation without physical sampling. The method’s accuracy and stability are validated through numerical simulation experiments involving five distinct municipal solid waste compositions. Data from direct problem simulations, perturbed by random errors, serve as inputs for the genetic algorithm-based inverse solution. Results indicate that the inverse solution is stable. Results indicate that the inverse solution is stable and accurately reproduces the average composition of the five municipal solid waste samples used in the direct method. The results reveal that the estimated composition of municipal solid waste closely matches actual values, demonstrating the feasibility of this genetic algorithm-based approach. The modified methodology is employed at the Aradkooh waste-to-energy power plant in Tehran, Iran. The findings from the Aradkooh power station indicate that the carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, moisture, and ash content of municipal solid waste are 27.14, 33.29, 3.16, 0.3, 15.41, and 20.21 percent, respectively. The novelty of this study lies in stabilizing the inverse problem by increasing the number of equations. As a result, the solution achieves higher accuracy and lower estimation errors compared to previous studies.
{"title":"Development of an optimization genetic algorithm method for estimating municipal solid waste composition","authors":"Mohsen Banifateme , Peyman Zaroorian , Ali Behbahaninia , Gloria Pignatta","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate estimation of municipal solid waste composition is crucial for effective waste management and resource recovery. Conventional approaches rely on direct sampling, which is both time-consuming and costly. This study presents an accurate and stable Genetic algorithm-based inverse method for estimating municipal solid waste composition without sampling. The method estimates municipal solid waste composition from measurable parameters, including flue gas, working fluid, ash, and leachate, using a genetic algorithm for accurate and stable estimation without physical sampling. The method’s accuracy and stability are validated through numerical simulation experiments involving five distinct municipal solid waste compositions. Data from direct problem simulations, perturbed by random errors, serve as inputs for the genetic algorithm-based inverse solution. Results indicate that the inverse solution is stable. Results indicate that the inverse solution is stable and accurately reproduces the average composition of the five municipal solid waste samples used in the direct method. The results reveal that the estimated composition of municipal solid waste closely matches actual values, demonstrating the feasibility of this genetic algorithm-based approach. The modified methodology is employed at the Aradkooh waste-to-energy power plant in Tehran, Iran. The findings from the Aradkooh power station indicate that the carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, moisture, and ash content of municipal solid waste are 27.14, 33.29, 3.16, 0.3, 15.41, and 20.21 percent, respectively. The novelty of this study lies in stabilizing the inverse problem by increasing the number of equations. As a result, the solution achieves higher accuracy and lower estimation errors compared to previous studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115310"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115308
Lukasz Niedzwiecki , Luca Fambri , Filippo Marchelli , Anna Pajdak , Marco Calvi , Luca Fiori
Carbon black is a product with multiple applications, including use as an additive for tyres or plastics, as well as ink or toner. Current methods of carbon black production are based on incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, followed by quenching, resulting in a high carbon footprint and related emissions. Even though unintended, biodegradable bioplastics at the end of life still pose problems to waste management plants. Most notably, the time required for bioplastics to biodegrade is longer than the typical residence time in state-of-the-art processes, such as anaerobic digestion and composting. This causes incomplete degradation and reduces the efficiency of waste treatment facilities. This work provides an experimental evaluation of a novel method of production of carbon black, using bioplastic waste (namely, cellulose acetate) as a feedstock. The proposed system consists of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and subsequent pyrolysis of separated solid products. The novel product exhibits morphology and structure similar to commercial carbon black and high thermal stability. BET surface area as high as 175 m2/g can be achieved by combining hydrothermal carbonisation performed at 250 °C followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C. Further increase in pyrolysis temperature provided no additional benefits and resulted in collapse of the pores within the mesoporous range, with detrimental influence on BET surface and pore volume.
{"title":"Assessing upcycling of waste bioplastics for production of sustainable carbon black substitute","authors":"Lukasz Niedzwiecki , Luca Fambri , Filippo Marchelli , Anna Pajdak , Marco Calvi , Luca Fiori","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon black is a product with multiple applications, including use as an additive for tyres or plastics, as well as ink or toner. Current methods of carbon black production are based on incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, followed by quenching, resulting in a high carbon footprint and related emissions. Even though unintended, biodegradable bioplastics at the end of life still pose problems to waste management plants. Most notably, the time required for bioplastics to biodegrade is longer than the typical residence time in state-of-the-art processes, such as anaerobic digestion and composting. This causes incomplete degradation and reduces the efficiency of waste treatment facilities. This work provides an experimental evaluation of a novel method of production of carbon black, using bioplastic waste (namely, cellulose acetate) as a feedstock. The proposed system consists of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and subsequent pyrolysis of separated solid products. The novel product exhibits morphology and structure similar to commercial carbon black and high thermal stability. BET surface area as high as 175 m<sup>2</sup>/g can be achieved by combining hydrothermal carbonisation performed at 250 °C followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C. Further increase in pyrolysis temperature provided no additional benefits and resulted in collapse of the pores within the mesoporous range, with detrimental influence on BET surface and pore volume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115308"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115309
Min Shang , Yi Liu , Haisha Liu , Zhijuan Yang , Jingying Liu , Jing Chen , Jingjing Zhang , Hongji Luo , Yuan Cai , Yu Cai , Ying Chen , Min Liu
Resource recycling effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions from raw material extraction, thereby playing a crucial role in carbon emission reduction. This study adopted carbon footprint evaluation and emission factor methods to establish an approach and accounting model for carbon emission reduction from e-waste. The carbon emission reduction potential and characteristics of e-waste in China over the past decade were explored. The results indicated that from 2013 to 2022, the carbon emissions from e-waste recycling amounted to 1.459 × 104 kiloton (Kt), the baseline emissions and avoided carbon emissions reached 6.932 × 104 Kt, and the carbon emission reductions were 5.473 × 104 Kt. In 2022, the average carbon emission reduction factor for standardized e-waste recycling was 2.865 tCO2eq/t. The recycling of refrigerants, circuit boards, and metals was the main source of carbon emission reduction, contributing 40.7 %, 33.0 %, and 18.3 % of the total, respectively. Therefore, developing e-waste carbon emission reduction projects, and improving standardized e-waste recycling and disposal systems can effectively promote resource recycling and green development.
{"title":"Carbon emission reduction through major e-waste recycling in China: Comprehensive assessment and trend analysis","authors":"Min Shang , Yi Liu , Haisha Liu , Zhijuan Yang , Jingying Liu , Jing Chen , Jingjing Zhang , Hongji Luo , Yuan Cai , Yu Cai , Ying Chen , Min Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resource recycling effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions from raw material extraction, thereby playing a crucial role in carbon emission reduction. This study adopted carbon footprint evaluation and emission factor methods to establish an approach and accounting model for carbon emission reduction from e-waste. The carbon emission reduction potential and characteristics of e-waste in China over the past decade were explored. The results indicated that from 2013 to 2022, the carbon emissions from e-waste recycling amounted to 1.459 × 10<sup>4</sup> kiloton (Kt), the baseline emissions and avoided carbon emissions reached 6.932 × 10<sup>4</sup> Kt, and the carbon emission reductions were 5.473 × 10<sup>4</sup> Kt. In 2022, the average carbon emission reduction factor for standardized e-waste recycling was 2.865 tCO<sub>2</sub>eq/t. The recycling of refrigerants, circuit boards, and metals was the main source of carbon emission reduction, contributing 40.7 %, 33.0 %, and 18.3 % of the total, respectively. Therefore, developing e-waste carbon emission reduction projects, and improving standardized e-waste recycling and disposal systems can effectively promote resource recycling and green development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 115309"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145834893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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