Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf058
Alberts Auzins, I. Leimane, A. Krievina
Pig production in Latvia is almost exclusively based on conventional farming that has been rather stagnant over the past years. Organic pork production offers the possibility to utilize the growing organic food consumption trend and align with the sustainable food principles and environmentally friendly farming initiatives accelerated by the Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Green Deal and the EU Taxonomy. Organic farming is classified as an activity meeting the CAP objective towards climate change mitigation and adaption, as well as under normal circumstances is qualified as environmentally sustainable (Taxonomy-aligned). There is a lack of systematic knowledge regarding organic pig market and production in Latvia, therefore the study attempts to fill the gap by examining the market potential of Latvian organic pork, as well as modelling the performance of organic pig production in Latvia. The modelling is carried out by developing and analysing two comparable models of pig production – conventional and organic (1 000 sows, full production cycle). Model inputs also include market analysis, organic pig feeding trials, expert interviews, and consumer survey. Results of the study reveal that the market value of organic food has more than doubled in the EU over the last decade. Experience from Denmark and Germany shows that producer prices of organic pork tend to be more stable than conventional pork prices and on average 2.4 times conventional price level. Demand for organic pork exists in Latvia and can be further increased by improving the availability of organic pork at convenient locations, highlighting its local origin, and raising awareness of its benefits. Demand for organic pork in Latvia is largely influenced by the price. In the medium term, the potential market for organic pork in Latvia has been assessed at 0.67 thousand tonnes annually. Similarly to conventional farming, economic viability of organic pig production depends on the revenue and feed costs ratio.
{"title":"Modelling of organic pig production economic viability in Latvia","authors":"Alberts Auzins, I. Leimane, A. Krievina","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf058","url":null,"abstract":"Pig production in Latvia is almost exclusively based on conventional farming that has been rather stagnant over the past years. Organic pork production offers the possibility to utilize the growing organic food consumption trend and align with the sustainable food principles and environmentally friendly farming initiatives accelerated by the Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Green Deal and the EU Taxonomy. Organic farming is classified as an activity meeting the CAP objective towards climate change mitigation and adaption, as well as under normal circumstances is qualified as environmentally sustainable (Taxonomy-aligned). There is a lack of systematic knowledge regarding organic pig market and production in Latvia, therefore the study attempts to fill the gap by examining the market potential of Latvian organic pork, as well as modelling the performance of organic pig production in Latvia. The modelling is carried out by developing and analysing two comparable models of pig production – conventional and organic (1 000 sows, full production cycle). Model inputs also include market analysis, organic pig feeding trials, expert interviews, and consumer survey. Results of the study reveal that the market value of organic food has more than doubled in the EU over the last decade. Experience from Denmark and Germany shows that producer prices of organic pork tend to be more stable than conventional pork prices and on average 2.4 times conventional price level. Demand for organic pork exists in Latvia and can be further increased by improving the availability of organic pork at convenient locations, highlighting its local origin, and raising awareness of its benefits. Demand for organic pork in Latvia is largely influenced by the price. In the medium term, the potential market for organic pork in Latvia has been assessed at 0.67 thousand tonnes annually. Similarly to conventional farming, economic viability of organic pig production depends on the revenue and feed costs ratio.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126236608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf019
V. Dubrovskis, I. Plume, D. Dubrovskis
In Latvia, edible mushrooms are widely used as a means of nutrition. For this purpose, both picked in the forests and specially grown are used. Several countries have special mushroom farms, where they are grown on a large scale. Researchers in several countries have found that a mixture of mushroom residues, straw and manure used for mushroom production can be used well for biogas production. Digestate from biogas plants can also be used as a substrate for a new mushroom crop. The aim of this study was to find out whether and how much methane can be obtained from several mushrooms commonly found in Latvian forests. Lactarias rufus, Lactarias forminosus, Amanita mappa, Amanita muscaria, Boletus elegans, Russula paludosa, Russula foetens and Russula xerampelina were fermented in the laboratory bioreactors under anaerobic conditions. The mushrooms were crushed and stuffed in fourteen bioreactors. Anaerobic fermentation took place at 38 C. In order to find out how much gas could still be obtained from the inoculum, it was fermented in two bioreactors. After 21 days of fermentation, the highest methane yield of 0.433 L·gDOM was obtained from russula paludosa. The study shows that mushrooms are a good raw material for biogas production and there is no need to fear that if they end up in household waste used for biogas production, even Amanita mappa, yield could not be reduced. Latvian mushroom growers can also safely add their mushroom residues to other raw materials and use them in biogas plants.
{"title":"Biogas production from Latvian forest mushrooms","authors":"V. Dubrovskis, I. Plume, D. Dubrovskis","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf019","url":null,"abstract":"In Latvia, edible mushrooms are widely used as a means of nutrition. For this purpose, both picked in the forests and specially grown are used. Several countries have special mushroom farms, where they are grown on a large scale. Researchers in several countries have found that a mixture of mushroom residues, straw and manure used for mushroom production can be used well for biogas production. Digestate from biogas plants can also be used as a substrate for a new mushroom crop. The aim of this study was to find out whether and how much methane can be obtained from several mushrooms commonly found in Latvian forests. Lactarias rufus, Lactarias forminosus, Amanita mappa, Amanita muscaria, Boletus elegans, Russula paludosa, Russula foetens and Russula xerampelina were fermented in the laboratory bioreactors under anaerobic conditions. The mushrooms were crushed and stuffed in fourteen bioreactors. Anaerobic fermentation took place at 38 C. In order to find out how much gas could still be obtained from the inoculum, it was fermented in two bioreactors. After 21 days of fermentation, the highest methane yield of 0.433 L·gDOM was obtained from russula paludosa. The study shows that mushrooms are a good raw material for biogas production and there is no need to fear that if they end up in household waste used for biogas production, even Amanita mappa, yield could not be reduced. Latvian mushroom growers can also safely add their mushroom residues to other raw materials and use them in biogas plants.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126626247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf282
Carmen Bălțatu, A. Păun, S. Biriș, Dragoş Anghelache, M. Mateescu
The current trend is to maximize the potential of limited resources and find alternative materials to integrate into circulating economy. The wine industry remains one of the most important industries in the agricultural and food sector. Therefore, much research has focused on the reuse of marc and the extraction of beneficial elements and their reuse in new products. Once this purpose is created, the problem is to use a method and technology to separate grape seeds from most impurities. Given the above premise, in this paper, we have identified the problems that have arisen in the process of separating grape seeds from pomace and we have proposed a methodology for conditioning them. Going through the proposed methodology, the degree of cleaning of the seeds is improved by aprox. 10%, which leads to a superior quality of the oil from the seed oil and an improvement in the amount of oil extracted. In the first stage of the paper, we established the methodology for conditioning the grape seeds based on an analysis of the initial sample of the white Sauvignon marc and the red Fetească neagră variety. The main problems that prevent the separation of the seeds as easily as possible appear as a result of the grape squeezing process, because first of all the lumps of the marc are formed, and secondly a significant part of the seeds is stuck in the grape skin. We collected an initial sample of the marc and then we classified and weighed the impurities and determined the amount of grape seeds in the sample. After the completion of the seed conditioning stages, we analysed the amount of residue collected from each stage and we finally obtained a separation yield of 13% for Sauvignon pomace and 19% for Fetească Neagră.
{"title":"Methodology for conditioning grape seeds to obtain oil","authors":"Carmen Bălțatu, A. Păun, S. Biriș, Dragoş Anghelache, M. Mateescu","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf282","url":null,"abstract":"The current trend is to maximize the potential of limited resources and find alternative materials to integrate into circulating economy. The wine industry remains one of the most important industries in the agricultural and food sector. Therefore, much research has focused on the reuse of marc and the extraction of beneficial elements and their reuse in new products. Once this purpose is created, the problem is to use a method and technology to separate grape seeds from most impurities. Given the above premise, in this paper, we have identified the problems that have arisen in the process of separating grape seeds from pomace and we have proposed a methodology for conditioning them. Going through the proposed methodology, the degree of cleaning of the seeds is improved by aprox. 10%, which leads to a superior quality of the oil from the seed oil and an improvement in the amount of oil extracted. In the first stage of the paper, we established the methodology for conditioning the grape seeds based on an analysis of the initial sample of the white Sauvignon marc and the red Fetească neagră variety. The main problems that prevent the separation of the seeds as easily as possible appear as a result of the grape squeezing process, because first of all the lumps of the marc are formed, and secondly a significant part of the seeds is stuck in the grape skin. We collected an initial sample of the marc and then we classified and weighed the impurities and determined the amount of grape seeds in the sample. After the completion of the seed conditioning stages, we analysed the amount of residue collected from each stage and we finally obtained a separation yield of 13% for Sauvignon pomace and 19% for Fetească Neagră.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114925246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf239
Viktor Tesliuk, V. Pankiv, Vasyl Lukach, Mykola Ikalchyk, A. Kushnirenko, V. Kulyk
Improving the efficiency of sugar beet production is possible by developing alternative technologies for growing root crops and substantiation of rational parameters of advanced technological processes and tools for pre-sowing tillage. In particular, these areas of research are relevant and have scientific priority in sowing of sugar beet seeds and their cultivation on heavy soils. Based on the analysis of known technologies, a ridge method of sowing sugar beet seeds and a technical device (cultivator-comb-former) for the formation of pre-sowing ridges on heavy soils are proposed. The technological process of field surface profiling in autumn is considered, the analytical analysis of the geometric model of ridge formation by cultivator-comb-former is developed and given. The constructive-technological scheme of the cultivator, its comb sections is substantiated. At the analytical level, the design parameters of the working body for the formation of the profile of pre-sowing ridges from the condition of stabilizing the movement of the working body of the comb sections of the cultivator at a given depth are analysed. Experimental studies of the process of forming the profile of the ridge of the proposed cultivator are conducted in the soil channel modeling the soil environment in the form of heavy soils. The regression equation of the dependence of the change in the depth of the working body of the cultivator and the height of the formed ridges on the length of the leash and the stiffness of the spring of the parallelogram mechanism of the comb sections developed. It is established that the rational geometric parameters of the ridge surface when sowing sugar beet seeds on heavy soils with row spacing 0.45 m will be: substantiated: the length of the leash of the parallelogram suspension is 0.27 + 0.01 m; the height of the crest 0.12 ± 0.01 m; the depth of the ridge gap relative to the ridge depression 0.08 ± 0.01 m.
{"title":"Analysis of comb formation process for sowing sugar beets on heavy soils","authors":"Viktor Tesliuk, V. Pankiv, Vasyl Lukach, Mykola Ikalchyk, A. Kushnirenko, V. Kulyk","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf239","url":null,"abstract":"Improving the efficiency of sugar beet production is possible by developing alternative technologies for growing root crops and substantiation of rational parameters of advanced technological processes and tools for pre-sowing tillage. In particular, these areas of research are relevant and have scientific priority in sowing of sugar beet seeds and their cultivation on heavy soils. Based on the analysis of known technologies, a ridge method of sowing sugar beet seeds and a technical device (cultivator-comb-former) for the formation of pre-sowing ridges on heavy soils are proposed. The technological process of field surface profiling in autumn is considered, the analytical analysis of the geometric model of ridge formation by cultivator-comb-former is developed and given. The constructive-technological scheme of the cultivator, its comb sections is substantiated. At the analytical level, the design parameters of the working body for the formation of the profile of pre-sowing ridges from the condition of stabilizing the movement of the working body of the comb sections of the cultivator at a given depth are analysed. Experimental studies of the process of forming the profile of the ridge of the proposed cultivator are conducted in the soil channel modeling the soil environment in the form of heavy soils. The regression equation of the dependence of the change in the depth of the working body of the cultivator and the height of the formed ridges on the length of the leash and the stiffness of the spring of the parallelogram mechanism of the comb sections developed. It is established that the rational geometric parameters of the ridge surface when sowing sugar beet seeds on heavy soils with row spacing 0.45 m will be: substantiated: the length of the leash of the parallelogram suspension is 0.27 + 0.01 m; the height of the crest 0.12 ± 0.01 m; the depth of the ridge gap relative to the ridge depression 0.08 ± 0.01 m.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"394 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115222438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf177
N. K. Sharma, S. Mishra, A. Pandey, R. K. Verma, S. Verma
. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) methodology is the most globally recognized and practiced empirical model for estimation of direct surface runoff from rainfall events, largely due to its simplicity, ease of use, and accounting major runoff producing watershed characteristics. This method (designated as M1) and its explicit form (designated as M2) was originally developed for runoff estimation in small agriculture watersheds of US, now it is also applicable for other land uses. Like other hydrological or hydro-climatic methods, it also has some limitations. Therefore, this paper aims to account for one of the critical limitations, viz., storm duration/intensity and develop an improved SCS-CN model (designated as M3 for general form and M4 for a specific form) for more accurate runoff estimation. The Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) non-linear method is also used in this study to optimize the SCS-CN-improved model’s parameters. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is also carried out of the M3 model both analytically and numerically. Sensitivity results show that P is the most sensitive variable, whereas r is the least sensitive. Finally, all models (M1 through M4) are applied to the rainfall-runoff dataset derived from 45 watersheds of the USDA-ARS. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of all models based on Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE ), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency ( NSE ) (%), Mean absolute error ( MAE ), and RMSE -observations standard deviation ratio ( RSR ) revealed the M3 to have performed quite better than all other models in almost all 45 studied watersheds. Overall, based on performance measures, the models’ performance from best to worst can be ranked as M3 > M1 > M4 > M2.
{"title":"Improved SCS-CN model incorporating storm intensity for runoff estimation","authors":"N. K. Sharma, S. Mishra, A. Pandey, R. K. Verma, S. Verma","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf177","url":null,"abstract":". The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) methodology is the most globally recognized and practiced empirical model for estimation of direct surface runoff from rainfall events, largely due to its simplicity, ease of use, and accounting major runoff producing watershed characteristics. This method (designated as M1) and its explicit form (designated as M2) was originally developed for runoff estimation in small agriculture watersheds of US, now it is also applicable for other land uses. Like other hydrological or hydro-climatic methods, it also has some limitations. Therefore, this paper aims to account for one of the critical limitations, viz., storm duration/intensity and develop an improved SCS-CN model (designated as M3 for general form and M4 for a specific form) for more accurate runoff estimation. The Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) non-linear method is also used in this study to optimize the SCS-CN-improved model’s parameters. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is also carried out of the M3 model both analytically and numerically. Sensitivity results show that P is the most sensitive variable, whereas r is the least sensitive. Finally, all models (M1 through M4) are applied to the rainfall-runoff dataset derived from 45 watersheds of the USDA-ARS. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of all models based on Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE ), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency ( NSE ) (%), Mean absolute error ( MAE ), and RMSE -observations standard deviation ratio ( RSR ) revealed the M3 to have performed quite better than all other models in almost all 45 studied watersheds. Overall, based on performance measures, the models’ performance from best to worst can be ranked as M3 > M1 > M4 > M2.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123193466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf122
V. Damanauskas, A. Janulevičius
The rigorous implementation of the European Green Deal, which calls for suitable fertilizer usage, requires attention to technical solutions and accordance. This study was aimed to improve the efficient usage of fertilizers depending on machinery adjustment using the front ballast with a possibility to change its forward distance. The mass of the suspended spreader varies from maximum when it is full of fertilizers to a minimum when it is empty. Variable spreader load unavoidably changes deformations of front and rear tires, which affects the front and rear axis height and tilt angle, and brings trouble, especially during crop fertilizing. Such repetitive uneven crop fertilization arises influence on the crop vegetation and yield. The results of two-year research showed how much winter wheat responds to the unevenly position of the tractor and suspended spreader. The data of biomass and grain yield were collected from 27 variants: when the spreader was full, half full and empty; when the front ballast of the tractor was maximal, middle, and minimal. The biomass of winter wheat was measured three times during vegetation, and cereal fields were harvested on 8 August 2020, and 26 July 2021. Results reveal that the average aboveground biomass of the winter wheat per square meter was lower in the edge plots. The inner and middle plots had 3.8 and 9.1% higher biomass than at edges, at full spreader and lowest ballast. The average underground mass of the winter wheat at the inner and middle plots was 2.5 and 4.2% higher than in the edge plots, where was the greatest fertility inequality. Grain yield was greater in plots where more fertilizer fell, at the inner and middle plots the yield higher by 3.2 and 7.5%, respectively, compared with the edge plots when the spreader was full, and the ballast was lowest. But there were no significant differences between the yield options, when the spreader was half empty and empty at maximal ballast mass.
严格执行《欧洲绿色协议》(European Green Deal)要求适当使用化肥，需要关注技术解决方案和一致性。本研究的目的是提高肥料的有效利用，依靠机械调节使用前镇流器，并有可能改变其前进距离。悬挂式播种机的质量从装满肥料时的最大值到空着肥料时的最小值不等。吊具负荷的变化不可避免地改变了前后轮胎的变形，影响了前后轴的高度和倾斜角，给作物施肥带来了麻烦。这种重复不均匀施肥对作物植被和产量产生影响。两年的研究结果表明，冬小麦对拖拉机和悬挂式播种机的不均匀位置有很大的反应。生物量和籽粒产量数据采集27个变量:铺布满、半满和空;当拖拉机的前压舱为最大、中间和最小时。在植被期间测量了三次冬小麦生物量，并于2020年8月8日和2021年7月26日收获了谷物田。结果表明，边缘样地冬小麦地上部平均生物量较低;内、中部样地的生物量分别比边缘样地、充分铺布样地和最低压载样地高3.8%和9.1%。在肥力不平等最严重的边缘区，内、中部区冬小麦平均地下质量分别比边缘区高2.5%和4.2%。施肥量多的地块产量较高，其中，撒布机满时，内田和中间田的产量分别比边缘田高3.2%和7.5%，压载物最少;但当吊具半空和最大压舱质量空时，产量选项之间没有显著差异。
{"title":"Influence of tractor balance at fertilizer spreading on winter wheat yield","authors":"V. Damanauskas, A. Janulevičius","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf122","url":null,"abstract":"The rigorous implementation of the European Green Deal, which calls for suitable fertilizer usage, requires attention to technical solutions and accordance. This study was aimed to improve the efficient usage of fertilizers depending on machinery adjustment using the front ballast with a possibility to change its forward distance. The mass of the suspended spreader varies from maximum when it is full of fertilizers to a minimum when it is empty. Variable spreader load unavoidably changes deformations of front and rear tires, which affects the front and rear axis height and tilt angle, and brings trouble, especially during crop fertilizing. Such repetitive uneven crop fertilization arises influence on the crop vegetation and yield. The results of two-year research showed how much winter wheat responds to the unevenly position of the tractor and suspended spreader. The data of biomass and grain yield were collected from 27 variants: when the spreader was full, half full and empty; when the front ballast of the tractor was maximal, middle, and minimal. The biomass of winter wheat was measured three times during vegetation, and cereal fields were harvested on 8 August 2020, and 26 July 2021. Results reveal that the average aboveground biomass of the winter wheat per square meter was lower in the edge plots. The inner and middle plots had 3.8 and 9.1% higher biomass than at edges, at full spreader and lowest ballast. The average underground mass of the winter wheat at the inner and middle plots was 2.5 and 4.2% higher than in the edge plots, where was the greatest fertility inequality. Grain yield was greater in plots where more fertilizer fell, at the inner and middle plots the yield higher by 3.2 and 7.5%, respectively, compared with the edge plots when the spreader was full, and the ballast was lowest. But there were no significant differences between the yield options, when the spreader was half empty and empty at maximal ballast mass.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"317 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123215933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf115
T. Lipiński, J. Pietraszek
Steels are the basic construction materials used in machine building, construction and in the construction industry. These materials often work in contact with aggressive factors. When subjected to corrosion, they go to their natural oxidation state. Mainly carbon steel C35 is intended for quenching and tempering. The steel is most often used for the production of tools and machine elements that are subject to medium loads and at the same time are very resistant to abrasion. Different heat treatment conditions result in different microstructural structure of C35 steel, and therefore also its different properties, including corrosive ones. The corrosion of these steels is easy to control. It is usually superficial. One of the more complex corrosive environments is animal slurry. As a result, the corrosive effects of animal slurry are complex and time-varying. Slurry is a mixture of dung and urine. The aggressive corrosive constituents in slurry are urea, uric acid, naturally excreted chloride as well as ammonia or ammonium salts. The purpose of this article is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 and 432 hours) using weight loss and profile roughness parameters of structural steel in grade C45 in natural water solution of animal slurry at room temperature (25C). The tests were carried out for steel subjected to normalizing annealing as well as hardening and tempering at 300C. In order to be able to compare the corrosion rate of stainless steels with steel C35, it was decided to carry out the tests based on the methodology of testing corrosion-resistant steels. Corrosion tests show that the tested steel in animal slurry as a corrosive environment is characterized by a different corrosion rate, the measure of which for C35 steel may be the surface roughness.
{"title":"Influence of animal slurry on carbon C35 steel with different microstructure at room temperature","authors":"T. Lipiński, J. Pietraszek","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf115","url":null,"abstract":"Steels are the basic construction materials used in machine building, construction and in the construction industry. These materials often work in contact with aggressive factors. When subjected to corrosion, they go to their natural oxidation state. Mainly carbon steel C35 is intended for quenching and tempering. The steel is most often used for the production of tools and machine elements that are subject to medium loads and at the same time are very resistant to abrasion. Different heat treatment conditions result in different microstructural structure of C35 steel, and therefore also its different properties, including corrosive ones. The corrosion of these steels is easy to control. It is usually superficial. One of the more complex corrosive environments is animal slurry. As a result, the corrosive effects of animal slurry are complex and time-varying. Slurry is a mixture of dung and urine. The aggressive corrosive constituents in slurry are urea, uric acid, naturally excreted chloride as well as ammonia or ammonium salts. The purpose of this article is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 and 432 hours) using weight loss and profile roughness parameters of structural steel in grade C45 in natural water solution of animal slurry at room temperature (25C). The tests were carried out for steel subjected to normalizing annealing as well as hardening and tempering at 300C. In order to be able to compare the corrosion rate of stainless steels with steel C35, it was decided to carry out the tests based on the methodology of testing corrosion-resistant steels. Corrosion tests show that the tested steel in animal slurry as a corrosive environment is characterized by a different corrosion rate, the measure of which for C35 steel may be the surface roughness.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128845997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf029
R. Zaripov, P. Gavrilovs, Zhanar Karimova, N. Sembaev, D. Imangazinova
Despite the available achievements of science and production technologies, there is an annual increase in the number of fractures of the cast side frames of freight wagon bogies in the network, often leading to train crashes and collisions. Therefore, it is considered very important to take into account all the significant factors affecting the reduction of the resource of side frames in operation at the design stage of new structures. The aim of the work is to develop and scientifically substantiate recommendations for increasing the fatigue strength of the side frames of freight wagon bogies in operation on the basis of a refined methodology for assessing the strength of side frames, taking into account the presence of internal casting defects in dangerous sections. A method has been developed for calculating the side frames for strength, taking into account technological factors: the presence of internal casting defects in dangerous sections, mechanical properties reduced by 20% in the part, minimum wall thicknesses of the casting according to the drawing; degradation of mechanical properties for 30 years or more.
{"title":"Method for calculation of strength of side frames of freight wagon bogies","authors":"R. Zaripov, P. Gavrilovs, Zhanar Karimova, N. Sembaev, D. Imangazinova","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf029","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the available achievements of science and production technologies, there is an annual increase in the number of fractures of the cast side frames of freight wagon bogies in the network, often leading to train crashes and collisions. Therefore, it is considered very important to take into account all the significant factors affecting the reduction of the resource of side frames in operation at the design stage of new structures. The aim of the work is to develop and scientifically substantiate recommendations for increasing the fatigue strength of the side frames of freight wagon bogies in operation on the basis of a refined methodology for assessing the strength of side frames, taking into account the presence of internal casting defects in dangerous sections. A method has been developed for calculating the side frames for strength, taking into account technological factors: the presence of internal casting defects in dangerous sections, mechanical properties reduced by 20% in the part, minimum wall thicknesses of the casting according to the drawing; degradation of mechanical properties for 30 years or more.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127869799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf319
S. Gusta
The construction industry, like other industries, is being forced to change the working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, within the limits set by the EU and the government. Construction is an industry in which a large part of the construction process cannot be carried out remotely, regardless of the level of technological development. Manufacturing, construction, assembly, and other works require a great deal of human labour. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when it is necessary to distance, these construction processes may be adversely affected. However, the use of technologies such as Construction Information Modelling (BIM) and the new Construction Information System (BIS) allows the design industry not to stop using the latest construction technology tools. Digital technologies increase production efficiency, complement other factors of production and stimulate innovation, significantly reduce costs and overcome information barriers. The interpretation of statistics and the interviews conducted confirmed the hypothesis that the virus has had negative and positive effects within the constructor sector of the economy. The research aims to investigate the problems and challenges faced by the construction industry in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying the main obstacles to the introduction of digital technologies in the Latvian construction sector, as well as other problems faced by the industry in the coronary virus COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia, analyze the construction sector and identify the COVID-19 pandemic effect on Latvia’s construction sector. As part of the study, an electronic questionnaire was established and a survey was carried out to identify the changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia’s construction sector, the results were compiled and the conclusions were reached.
{"title":"Challenges for development of construction industry in conditions of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Latvia","authors":"S. Gusta","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf319","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry, like other industries, is being forced to change the working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, within the limits set by the EU and the government. Construction is an industry in which a large part of the construction process cannot be carried out remotely, regardless of the level of technological development. Manufacturing, construction, assembly, and other works require a great deal of human labour. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when it is necessary to distance, these construction processes may be adversely affected. However, the use of technologies such as Construction Information Modelling (BIM) and the new Construction Information System (BIS) allows the design industry not to stop using the latest construction technology tools. Digital technologies increase production efficiency, complement other factors of production and stimulate innovation, significantly reduce costs and overcome information barriers. The interpretation of statistics and the interviews conducted confirmed the hypothesis that the virus has had negative and positive effects within the constructor sector of the economy. The research aims to investigate the problems and challenges faced by the construction industry in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying the main obstacles to the introduction of digital technologies in the Latvian construction sector, as well as other problems faced by the industry in the coronary virus COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia, analyze the construction sector and identify the COVID-19 pandemic effect on Latvia’s construction sector. As part of the study, an electronic questionnaire was established and a survey was carried out to identify the changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia’s construction sector, the results were compiled and the conclusions were reached.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"509 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116180998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf228
J. Sanchaniya, S. Kanukuntla, A. Dutta, Vladislavs Jevstignejevs
. The aim of this research is to analyse the theory of honeycomb structures, their pros and cons among other structures. To implement it in the physical realm, a honeycomb structure was analysed and evaluated with various modifications in SolidWorks to determine the efficiency of the structure. Honeycomb structures were evaluated for static structural and deformation with varied inclinations to the perpendicular axis to the base, and it was determined that the original structure was the most efficient, as it suffered the minimum stress of all the structures. Different cell geometries, such as triangles, squares, and pentagons, were tested, and it was discovered that the hexagonal structure had the best strength-to-weight ratio of all the configurations. For further analysis, the hexagon cell geometry was changed by adding chamfers and inner radius to see if there were any differences in the overall structure. It was found that the construction with a radius of 0.5 mm was more efficient at managing stress than the original structure due to its higher stress to weight ratio. The structure was optimised, and a model was built. The findings indicate that the optimised structure with the inner radius had a strength/weight ratio of 4.3% more than the original structure. The stress after impact test revealed a 5% reduction in stress compared to the original construction. The displacement was also determined using the static structural analysis of the same weight and was found to be less than 4% of the original structure.
{"title":"Analysis of honeycomb structure evaluated in static and impact loading","authors":"J. Sanchaniya, S. Kanukuntla, A. Dutta, Vladislavs Jevstignejevs","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf228","url":null,"abstract":". The aim of this research is to analyse the theory of honeycomb structures, their pros and cons among other structures. To implement it in the physical realm, a honeycomb structure was analysed and evaluated with various modifications in SolidWorks to determine the efficiency of the structure. Honeycomb structures were evaluated for static structural and deformation with varied inclinations to the perpendicular axis to the base, and it was determined that the original structure was the most efficient, as it suffered the minimum stress of all the structures. Different cell geometries, such as triangles, squares, and pentagons, were tested, and it was discovered that the hexagonal structure had the best strength-to-weight ratio of all the configurations. For further analysis, the hexagon cell geometry was changed by adding chamfers and inner radius to see if there were any differences in the overall structure. It was found that the construction with a radius of 0.5 mm was more efficient at managing stress than the original structure due to its higher stress to weight ratio. The structure was optimised, and a model was built. The findings indicate that the optimised structure with the inner radius had a strength/weight ratio of 4.3% more than the original structure. The stress after impact test revealed a 5% reduction in stress compared to the original construction. The displacement was also determined using the static structural analysis of the same weight and was found to be less than 4% of the original structure.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128149813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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