Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), particularly nanoscale COFs (NCOFs), have emerged as architecturally precise, metal-free nanocarriers with the potential to mitigate persistent limitations of conventional delivery platforms, including premature leakage, dilution-driven destabilization, and limited microenvironmental responsiveness, in appropriately designed systems. High loading, prolonged retention, and stimulus-triggered release have been reported, enabled by crystalline, permanent porosity combined with chemically programmable backbones and pore surfaces. In this review, a chemically grounded design framework is presented in which drug-delivery performance is linked to three interdependent variables: linkage chemistry, by which the balance between stability and triggerability is defined, namely, acid-labile, redox-responsive, ROS-responsive, or long-lived backbones; framework architecture and pore geometry, by which surface area, diffusion pathways, confinement, and partitioning are regulated; and surface and interface engineering, including postsynthetic modification (PSM), polymer coronas, and ligand decoration, by which colloidal stability, pharmacokinetics, protein corona formation, and cellular trafficking are governed. Although discussed as three variables for clarity, they are frequently coupled in practice; for instance, surface functionalization or polymer coronas can alter adequate pore accessibility and apparent crystallinity, and defects or terminations can dominate local binding environments and transport pathways.
Mechanistic design routes are summarized for representative linkages and architectures, including 2D and 3D frameworks, core and shell particles, nanosheets, nanofibers, and hollow constructs, and the resulting impacts on loading capacity, retention strength, and on-demand release under pH, redox, and ROS, light, or enzymatic cues are synthesized across reported studies. Practical considerations affecting the transferability of conclusions, including mass-balanced loading and release, trigger validation, stability budgets, and benchmarkable characterization packages, are highlighted alongside scalability and biointerface constraints. Actionable guidelines are provided for the rational selection of linkage, architecture, and surface and interfacial chemistry to engineer NCOF nanocarriers toward robust circulation and spatially and temporally programmed drug release.
扫码关注我们
求助内容:
应助结果提醒方式:
