Objectives: To fabricate a zinc phosphate (ZnP) coating on 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 polycrystal (3Y-TZP) with enhanced mechanical strength, adhesion, cytocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic performance, this study offers a new approach for improving dental implants.
Methods: The ZnP coating was synthesized on a substrate via hydrothermal treatment (150-250 ℃, 3 h) using a solution of zinc oxide, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid. The coated samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, adhesion strength, flexural strength, and fracture morphology. Cellular responses, including viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, were assessed using CCK-8 assay, live/dead staining, phalloidin staining, alkaline phosphatase/Alizarin Red S assays, and real-time PCR. Antibacterial properties were evaluated based on colony-forming unit counts and bacterial adhesion assays in a rat subcutaneous infection model. Finally, in vivo bone formation and biosafety were analyzed by micro-computed tomography and histological examination after implantation.
Results: Increasing the hydrothermal temperature improved the coating thickness, roughness, wettability, and mechanical stability. The ZP-250 sample exhibited a 5B adhesion strength, which significantly enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and gene expression. Moreover, it demonstrated strong antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli, promoted osseointegration, and showed full biosafety in a jaw defect model.
Significance: The ZnP coating markedly improved the bioactivity of 3Y-TZP, addressing the challenge of bioinertness in dental implants. This innovation enhances long-term stability and clinical success, showing promising potential for clinical application.
{"title":"Bioactive ZnP-coated 3Y-TZP ceramics for dental implants: Strong interfacial bonding, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic potential.","authors":"Jiancheng Yu, Yue Huang, Tianran Wang, Ziqi Yu, Xian Tong, Yangshuai Jin, Guangze Feng, Jun Ma, Yuncang Li, Jixing Lin, Huining Wang, Cuie Wen, Jianfeng Ma, Li Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To fabricate a zinc phosphate (ZnP) coating on 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal ZrO<sub>2</sub> polycrystal (3Y-TZP) with enhanced mechanical strength, adhesion, cytocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic performance, this study offers a new approach for improving dental implants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The ZnP coating was synthesized on a substrate via hydrothermal treatment (150-250 ℃, 3 h) using a solution of zinc oxide, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid. The coated samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, adhesion strength, flexural strength, and fracture morphology. Cellular responses, including viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, were assessed using CCK-8 assay, live/dead staining, phalloidin staining, alkaline phosphatase/Alizarin Red S assays, and real-time PCR. Antibacterial properties were evaluated based on colony-forming unit counts and bacterial adhesion assays in a rat subcutaneous infection model. Finally, in vivo bone formation and biosafety were analyzed by micro-computed tomography and histological examination after implantation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increasing the hydrothermal temperature improved the coating thickness, roughness, wettability, and mechanical stability. The ZP-250 sample exhibited a 5B adhesion strength, which significantly enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and gene expression. Moreover, it demonstrated strong antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli, promoted osseointegration, and showed full biosafety in a jaw defect model.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>The ZnP coating markedly improved the bioactivity of 3Y-TZP, addressing the challenge of bioinertness in dental implants. This innovation enhances long-term stability and clinical success, showing promising potential for clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.006
Miki Hori, Kazuo Ohkuma, Tatsushi Kawai, Tatsuhide Hayashi
Objectives: Reliable bonding to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) remains challenging because of its semicrystalline, chemical-resistant nature. In this study, a two-part adhesive was developed for grit-blasted and otherwise not aggressively treated PEEK that targets the phenylene backbone units of PEEK through noncovalent π-π interactions and chain-level compatibility.
Methods: Miscibility of candidate solvents and monomers with PEEK powder was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to identify chain-level effects. A formulation based on 1-vinylimidazole and glycidyl methacrylate, with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, camphorquinone/2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and p-methoxyphenol, was designed as a two-part system mixed 1:1 before use. Interfacial chemistry was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR; KBr). Micro-shear bond strength was tested on grit-blasted PEEK at 24 h and 2 weeks and compared with a commercial CAD/CAM adhesive and a no adhesive control.
Results: DSC of neat PEEK showed a small heat-flow feature near ∼80 °C. Several liquids modified this feature and the apparent heat capacity. FTIR after applying/curing the adhesive revealed decreased PEEK phenylene/ether bands and increased epoxy ring-opening product bands after 1 week. The best formulation (Adhesive No. 1) achieved a micro-shear bond strength of 19.3 ± 3.4 MPa at 2 weeks, significantly higher than the negative control and commercial adhesive.
Significance: Targeting PEEK's phenylene units through π-π interactions and chain-level compatibility produced strong bonding on PEEK without aggressive chemical pretreatments, suggesting a clinical route for adhesive dentistry involving PEEK that could be applied to other aromatic engineering polymers after further validation.
{"title":"A chemical bonding adhesive for PEEK based on aromatic ring interactions.","authors":"Miki Hori, Kazuo Ohkuma, Tatsushi Kawai, Tatsuhide Hayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Reliable bonding to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) remains challenging because of its semicrystalline, chemical-resistant nature. In this study, a two-part adhesive was developed for grit-blasted and otherwise not aggressively treated PEEK that targets the phenylene backbone units of PEEK through noncovalent π-π interactions and chain-level compatibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Miscibility of candidate solvents and monomers with PEEK powder was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to identify chain-level effects. A formulation based on 1-vinylimidazole and glycidyl methacrylate, with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, camphorquinone/2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and p-methoxyphenol, was designed as a two-part system mixed 1:1 before use. Interfacial chemistry was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR; KBr). Micro-shear bond strength was tested on grit-blasted PEEK at 24 h and 2 weeks and compared with a commercial CAD/CAM adhesive and a no adhesive control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DSC of neat PEEK showed a small heat-flow feature near ∼80 °C. Several liquids modified this feature and the apparent heat capacity. FTIR after applying/curing the adhesive revealed decreased PEEK phenylene/ether bands and increased epoxy ring-opening product bands after 1 week. The best formulation (Adhesive No. 1) achieved a micro-shear bond strength of 19.3 ± 3.4 MPa at 2 weeks, significantly higher than the negative control and commercial adhesive.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Targeting PEEK's phenylene units through π-π interactions and chain-level compatibility produced strong bonding on PEEK without aggressive chemical pretreatments, suggesting a clinical route for adhesive dentistry involving PEEK that could be applied to other aromatic engineering polymers after further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.004
Goda Bilvinaite, Deimante Riepsaite, Vaidas Klimkevicius, Tatjana Kirtiklienė, Paulina Mozuraite, Saulius Drukteinis, Simas Sakirzanovas
Objective: The present study developed and assessed different formulations of a fourth-generation hydraulic calcium silicate (HCS) sealer BioRoot RCS (BR) modified with hydroxyapatite (HA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC).
Methods: Initially, HA, CMC, and PMETAC were synthesized and characterized. Six different formulations of HCS sealer (BR; BR+HA; BR+CMC; BR+HA+CMC; BR+PMETAC; BR+HA+PMETAC) were then prepared and evaluated for solubility, flowability, setting time, phase composition (X-ray diffraction analysis), functional groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), ion release (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy), pH, porosity (micro-computed tomography), and antibacterial activity (direct contact test) against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus at 24 h and 7 days after incubation in Hank's balanced salt solution at 37°C.
Results: The results revealed that sealers containing CMC or PMETAC exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the unmodified HCS sealer. However, sealers modified with CMC demonstrated reduced initial calcium release and residual calcium silicate peaks, indicating that CMC interacts with calcium ions and consequently delays the complete hydration of calcium silicate phases. The addition of HA improved the sealer stability by lowering solubility, reducing porosity, and shortening setting time.
Significance: The advantageous properties observed in the present study suggest that PMETAC is a particularly promising polymer for further modification and development of novel HCS sealers. The HCS sealer enriched with HA and PMETAC may significantly enhance antibacterial activity with no adverse impact on physico-chemical properties.
{"title":"Chemical, physical, and antibacterial characteristics of hydraulic calcium silicate sealer modified with hydroxyapatite, carboxymethyl chitosan, and poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride.","authors":"Goda Bilvinaite, Deimante Riepsaite, Vaidas Klimkevicius, Tatjana Kirtiklienė, Paulina Mozuraite, Saulius Drukteinis, Simas Sakirzanovas","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study developed and assessed different formulations of a fourth-generation hydraulic calcium silicate (HCS) sealer BioRoot RCS (BR) modified with hydroxyapatite (HA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Initially, HA, CMC, and PMETAC were synthesized and characterized. Six different formulations of HCS sealer (BR; BR+HA; BR+CMC; BR+HA+CMC; BR+PMETAC; BR+HA+PMETAC) were then prepared and evaluated for solubility, flowability, setting time, phase composition (X-ray diffraction analysis), functional groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), ion release (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy), pH, porosity (micro-computed tomography), and antibacterial activity (direct contact test) against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus at 24 h and 7 days after incubation in Hank's balanced salt solution at 37°C.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that sealers containing CMC or PMETAC exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the unmodified HCS sealer. However, sealers modified with CMC demonstrated reduced initial calcium release and residual calcium silicate peaks, indicating that CMC interacts with calcium ions and consequently delays the complete hydration of calcium silicate phases. The addition of HA improved the sealer stability by lowering solubility, reducing porosity, and shortening setting time.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>The advantageous properties observed in the present study suggest that PMETAC is a particularly promising polymer for further modification and development of novel HCS sealers. The HCS sealer enriched with HA and PMETAC may significantly enhance antibacterial activity with no adverse impact on physico-chemical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146163254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2026.01.013
Lina María Anaya-Sampayo, Dabeiba Adriana Garcia-Robayo, Nelly S Roa, Luis Maria Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Constanza Martinez-Cardozo
Background: Bone tissue engineering requires bioinks that combine suitable rheological properties, printability, and biological activity. Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is a platelet concentrate providing a sustained release of bioactive molecules involved in angiogenesis and osteogenesis.
Objective: This study aimed to develop and characterize alginate/gelatin/hydroxyapatite (ALG5-GEL5-HAp10) composite bioinks supplemented with lyophilized L-PRF and to evaluate their rheological performance, cytotoxicity, and ability to promote dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) osteogenic differentiation.
Methods: Bioinks were rheologically characterized. Extrusion-based 3D printing produced scaffolds evaluated for cell viability (MTS assay). Growth factor release (PDGF-BB, EGF, VEGF-C, FGF-2, BMP2) from L-PRF-loaded scaffolds was quantified by Luminex for up to 21 days in conditioned medium. Osteogenic differentiation was analyzed by qRT-PCR of key genes (RUNX2, SP7/OSX, ALPL, COL1A1, OCN, OPN, OPG, RANKL, BMP2, TGFB2, VEGF).
Results: Inks exhibited shear-thinning and thixotropic recovery. L-PRF addition increased viscosity and storage modulus (G') while reducing extrusion pressure, improving printability without compromising scaffold fidelity. L-PRF-loaded scaffolds provided sustained growth factor release, with early peaks in PDGF-BB and EGF and detectable BMP2 up to day 7. Conditioned media enhanced DPSC proliferation, peaking at day 3, indicating functional activity of released biomolecules. Bioprinted scaffolds with L-PRF significantly upregulated osteogenic gene expression compared to 3D-printed scaffolds with post-DPSC seeding.
Conclusions: As a proof-of-concept, this study demonstrates that lyophilized L-PRF enhances the rheological, printability, and bioactive properties of ALG-GEL-HAp bioinks, supporting DPSC viability. Bioprinted scaffolds showed higher mRNA osteogenic gene expression. These findings support the potential of L-PRF-loaded bioprinted scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration applications, while highlighting the need for further mechanistic and in vivo validation.
{"title":"Lyophilized L-PRF enhances the bioactivity and rheological properties of 3D-printed and bioprinted scaffolds containing Dental pulp stem cells.","authors":"Lina María Anaya-Sampayo, Dabeiba Adriana Garcia-Robayo, Nelly S Roa, Luis Maria Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Constanza Martinez-Cardozo","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2026.01.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2026.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bone tissue engineering requires bioinks that combine suitable rheological properties, printability, and biological activity. Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is a platelet concentrate providing a sustained release of bioactive molecules involved in angiogenesis and osteogenesis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop and characterize alginate/gelatin/hydroxyapatite (ALG5-GEL5-HAp10) composite bioinks supplemented with lyophilized L-PRF and to evaluate their rheological performance, cytotoxicity, and ability to promote dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) osteogenic differentiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bioinks were rheologically characterized. Extrusion-based 3D printing produced scaffolds evaluated for cell viability (MTS assay). Growth factor release (PDGF-BB, EGF, VEGF-C, FGF-2, BMP2) from L-PRF-loaded scaffolds was quantified by Luminex for up to 21 days in conditioned medium. Osteogenic differentiation was analyzed by qRT-PCR of key genes (RUNX2, SP7/OSX, ALPL, COL1A1, OCN, OPN, OPG, RANKL, BMP2, TGFB2, VEGF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inks exhibited shear-thinning and thixotropic recovery. L-PRF addition increased viscosity and storage modulus (G') while reducing extrusion pressure, improving printability without compromising scaffold fidelity. L-PRF-loaded scaffolds provided sustained growth factor release, with early peaks in PDGF-BB and EGF and detectable BMP2 up to day 7. Conditioned media enhanced DPSC proliferation, peaking at day 3, indicating functional activity of released biomolecules. Bioprinted scaffolds with L-PRF significantly upregulated osteogenic gene expression compared to 3D-printed scaffolds with post-DPSC seeding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As a proof-of-concept, this study demonstrates that lyophilized L-PRF enhances the rheological, printability, and bioactive properties of ALG-GEL-HAp bioinks, supporting DPSC viability. Bioprinted scaffolds showed higher mRNA osteogenic gene expression. These findings support the potential of L-PRF-loaded bioprinted scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration applications, while highlighting the need for further mechanistic and in vivo validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146140525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.010
Seda Baktır , Sezer Demi̇rbuğa , Hacer Balkaya , Şengül Danışman , Mustafa Serdar Önses , Nusret Çeli̇k
<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effects of three polymeric coatings—polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polydopamine (PDA)—applied onto the external surfaces of hybrid CAD/CAM dental composites, on their biological and mechanical performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from three CAD/CAM hybrid materials: Cerasmart (CS), Vita Enamic (EN), and Lava Ultimate (LU). Prior to coating, all discs were exposed to pressurized nitrogen gas to eliminate potential surface contaminants. Each specimen surface was then treated with GC G-Multi Primer according to the manufacturer’s instructions and gently air-dried for 30 s without subsequent light-curing. A layer of Optiglaze Color Clear was subsequently applied and photo-polymerized for 40 s using a high-intensity LED curing unit (Valo Cordless, 1000 mW/cm², Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA). No acid etching was performed before primer application in order to preserve the structural integrity of the substrates. To standardize the surface condition, this Optiglaze pretreatment was identically applied to all specimens—including the uncoated control groups—ensuring that any observed differences in performance could be attributed exclusively to the polymer coatings. Each disc was then surface-coated with one of the selected polymers using a spin-coating technique. Surface characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (Hitachi SU3500, Japan), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Rigaku MiniFlex 600, Japan). Fibroblast adhesion and viability were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 24 and 48 h. Mechanical properties—including scratch resistance (via Revetest scratch test), nanohardness (Vickers), and elastic modulus—were quantitatively evaluated. Scratch testing was performed exclusively on polymer-coated CAD/CAM discs (PDA, PEG, PEEK), not on uncoated substrates, to assess the near-surface mechanical response of the coatings and their adhesion to the underlying substrates. Film thickness was quantified by profilometry on polymer coatings deposited under identical spin-coating conditions onto smooth silicon witness wafers, whereas surface roughness was directly measured on the coated CAD/CAM substrates using AFM. This approach ensured that thickness assessment was not confounded by the heterogeneous microstructure of the restorative substrates. Hydrophilic behavior was evaluated by static water contact angle measurements, and hydrolytic stability was determined through water sorption and solubility tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All coatings significantly enhanced fibroblast adhesion (p < 0.05), with PDA demonstrating the strongest effect at 48 h. Cell viability was signifi
{"title":"Evaluation of polymer-based surface coatings on the biological and mechanical performance of hybrid CAD/CAM dental composites","authors":"Seda Baktır , Sezer Demi̇rbuğa , Hacer Balkaya , Şengül Danışman , Mustafa Serdar Önses , Nusret Çeli̇k","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effects of three polymeric coatings—polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polydopamine (PDA)—applied onto the external surfaces of hybrid CAD/CAM dental composites, on their biological and mechanical performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from three CAD/CAM hybrid materials: Cerasmart (CS), Vita Enamic (EN), and Lava Ultimate (LU). Prior to coating, all discs were exposed to pressurized nitrogen gas to eliminate potential surface contaminants. Each specimen surface was then treated with GC G-Multi Primer according to the manufacturer’s instructions and gently air-dried for 30 s without subsequent light-curing. A layer of Optiglaze Color Clear was subsequently applied and photo-polymerized for 40 s using a high-intensity LED curing unit (Valo Cordless, 1000 mW/cm², Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA). No acid etching was performed before primer application in order to preserve the structural integrity of the substrates. To standardize the surface condition, this Optiglaze pretreatment was identically applied to all specimens—including the uncoated control groups—ensuring that any observed differences in performance could be attributed exclusively to the polymer coatings. Each disc was then surface-coated with one of the selected polymers using a spin-coating technique. Surface characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) (Hitachi SU3500, Japan), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Rigaku MiniFlex 600, Japan). Fibroblast adhesion and viability were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at 24 and 48 h. Mechanical properties—including scratch resistance (via Revetest scratch test), nanohardness (Vickers), and elastic modulus—were quantitatively evaluated. Scratch testing was performed exclusively on polymer-coated CAD/CAM discs (PDA, PEG, PEEK), not on uncoated substrates, to assess the near-surface mechanical response of the coatings and their adhesion to the underlying substrates. Film thickness was quantified by profilometry on polymer coatings deposited under identical spin-coating conditions onto smooth silicon witness wafers, whereas surface roughness was directly measured on the coated CAD/CAM substrates using AFM. This approach ensured that thickness assessment was not confounded by the heterogeneous microstructure of the restorative substrates. Hydrophilic behavior was evaluated by static water contact angle measurements, and hydrolytic stability was determined through water sorption and solubility tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All coatings significantly enhanced fibroblast adhesion (p < 0.05), with PDA demonstrating the strongest effect at 48 h. Cell viability was signifi","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 270-291"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.012
Awab Mughal , Syed Muneeb Haider Gillani , Muhammad Amber Fareed , Muhammad Kaleem , Jukka Matinlinna , Muhammad Sohail Zafar , Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman
Objectives
The aim of this study was to develop a novel dental bone implant that could enhance bioactivity and provide strength to native dental bones. Such 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG scaffolds coated with bioactive Ag-Sr-HA, via electrospray to achieve synergistic effects.
Methods
Detailed in vitro characterizations including the rheological properties, i.e., flowability and printability of the PEEK/Na-ALG blend, was investigated with experiments performed in triplicate (n = 3). The fabricated scaffolds were 3D printed by direct ink write (DIW). The morphology and chemical interactions of the scaffolds was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties were investigated through compression and micro-tensile test following ISO 604/B/5 and ASTM D638 type IV standards, respectively (n = 3). The biocompatibility of the scaffolds with osteoblasts and human dental pulp stems (hDPSCs) was assessed via WST-8 assay with 5 specimens (n = 5) for cell viability with both the cell lines. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of coated scaffolds was quantified using ELISA kit and 5 specimens were examined (n = 5). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Tukey method) was performed on the experimental values, and the statistical differences were examined for cell viability and ALP release studies.
Results
SEM images revealed a homogeneous layer fidelity and pore size of ∼580 ± 20 µm. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which confirmed successful deposition of Ag-Sr-HA. FTIR analysis confirmed successful photo-polymerization and presence of Ag-Sr-HA on 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG scaffold. The coated scaffolds exhibited tensile strength of 0.089 GPa and Young’s modulus of 1.91 GPa. Moreover, coated scaffolds exhibited an initial burst release of Ag+ and Sr2+ ions which provided inhibition zone of 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. The release of Sr2+ upregulated osteoblasts and hDPSCs viability (108 % and 103.5 %, respectively), and ALP activity.
Significance
The novel Ag-Sr-HA coated 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG is expected to enhance the mechanical and biological activity particularly in dental tissue engineering.
{"title":"3D-printed PEEK/Na-alginate scaffolds coated with Ag-Sr doped hydroxyapatite for dental tissue engineering: A detailed in vitro analysis","authors":"Awab Mughal , Syed Muneeb Haider Gillani , Muhammad Amber Fareed , Muhammad Kaleem , Jukka Matinlinna , Muhammad Sohail Zafar , Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to develop a novel dental bone implant that could enhance bioactivity and provide strength to native dental bones. Such 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG scaffolds coated with bioactive Ag-Sr-HA, via electrospray to achieve synergistic effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Detailed <em>in vitro</em> characterizations including the rheological properties, i.e., flowability and printability of the PEEK/Na-ALG blend, was investigated with experiments performed in triplicate (n = 3). The fabricated scaffolds were 3D printed by direct ink write (DIW). The morphology and chemical interactions of the scaffolds was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties were investigated through compression and micro-tensile test following ISO 604/B/5 and ASTM D638 type IV standards, respectively (n = 3). The biocompatibility of the scaffolds with osteoblasts and human dental pulp stems (hDPSCs) was assessed via WST-8 assay with 5 specimens (n = 5) for cell viability with both the cell lines. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of coated scaffolds was quantified using ELISA kit and 5 specimens were examined (n = 5). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Tukey method) was performed on the experimental values, and the statistical differences were examined for cell viability and ALP release studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SEM images revealed a homogeneous layer fidelity and pore size of ∼580 ± 20 µm. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), which confirmed successful deposition of Ag-Sr-HA. FTIR analysis confirmed successful photo-polymerization and presence of Ag-Sr-HA on 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG scaffold. The coated scaffolds exhibited tensile strength of 0.089 GPa and Young’s modulus of 1.91 GPa. Moreover, coated scaffolds exhibited an initial burst release of Ag<sup>+</sup> and Sr<sup>2+</sup> ions which provided inhibition zone of 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and <em>Streptococcus mutans,</em> respectively. The release of Sr<sup>2+</sup> upregulated osteoblasts and hDPSCs viability (108 % and 103.5 %, respectively), and ALP activity.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The novel Ag-Sr-HA coated 3D-printed PEEK/Na-ALG is expected to enhance the mechanical and biological activity particularly in dental tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 303-318"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145353219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.019
Yue Zhu , Chenyuan Zhu , Jian Sun
Objectives
To evaluate the optical properties of additively manufactured zirconia monoliths and substrates for porcelain veneering and make a comparison with computer numerical control (CNC) milled zirconia.
Methods
Stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and CNC milling technology were used to fabricate monolithic zirconia specimens with different thickness (Φ14.0 ×0.5/1.0 mm, n = 5). A2 feldspathic veneering ceramic (1.0 mm) was sintered to zirconia substrates (Φ14.0 ×0.5 mm) to prepare bilayered specimens (Φ14.0 ×1.5 mm, n = 5). Monolithic specimens underwent thermocycling between 5 ℃ and 55 ℃ up to 50000 cycles. A spectrophotometer was used to conduct color measurements before thermocycling and at every 10000 cycles. Translucency parameter (TP) of all specimens and color difference (ΔE) between bilayered specimens and A2 veneering ceramic were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests (α=0.05).
Results
The ANOVA revealed that material, thickness and thermocycles had significant influence on translucency(P＜0.001). Before and at each cycling interval, the TP of monolithic zirconia with different thickness ranking from highest to least were: CNC＞DLP＞SLA (P＜0.05). TP changed significantly at 30000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness SLA zirconia (P = 0.035), at 50000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (P = 0.036), 1.0mm-thickness SLA zirconia (P = 0.036) and 1.0 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (P = 0.017). ΔE between A2 veneer and SLA or DLP bilayered zirconia exceeded acceptability threshold (AT＞1.8).
Significance
SLA and DLP monolithic zirconia had inferior translucency and color stability compared to CNC zirconia. A2 veneered bilayered SLA and DLP zirconia had a clinically unacceptable color difference with A2 shade.
目的：评价增材制造的氧化锆整体体和陶瓷贴面衬底的光学性能，并与计算机数控（CNC）铣削氧化锆进行比较。方法：采用立体光刻（SLA）、数字光处理（DLP）和数控铣削技术制备不同厚度（Φ14.0 ×0.5/1.0 mm, n = 5）的氧化锆单片试样。将A2长石贴面陶瓷（1.0 mm）与氧化锆衬底（Φ14.0 ×0.5 mm）烧结，制备双层试样（Φ14.0 ×1.5 mm, n = 5）。整体试样在5℃至55℃之间进行热循环，循环次数达50000次。在热循环前和每10000次循环时使用分光光度计进行颜色测量。计算了所有试件的半透明参数（TP）和双层试件与A2贴面陶瓷的色差（ΔE）。数据分析采用方差分析和Tukey事后检验（α=0.05）。结果：方差分析显示，材料、厚度和热循环对半透明性有显著影响（P<0.001）。各循环间隔前和循环间隔时，不同厚度单片氧化锆的TP从高到低依次为：CNC>DLP>SLA （P<0.05）。0.5 mm-厚度的SLA氧化锆（P = 0.035）在30000次循环时，0.5 mm-厚度的DLP氧化锆（P = 0.036），1.0mm-厚度的SLA氧化锆（P = 0.036）和1.0mm-厚度的DLP氧化锆（P = 0.017）在50000次循环时，TP变化显著。A2贴面与SLA或DLP双层氧化锆之间的ΔE超过可接受阈值（AT>1.8）。意义：与CNC氧化锆相比，SLA和DLP单片氧化锆的透明度和颜色稳定性较差。A2贴面双层SLA和DLP氧化锆与A2色度存在临床不可接受的色差。
{"title":"Optical properties of vat photopolymerization additively manufactured zirconia monoliths and substrates for porcelain veneering: A pilot study","authors":"Yue Zhu , Chenyuan Zhu , Jian Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the optical properties of additively manufactured zirconia monoliths and substrates for porcelain veneering and make a comparison with computer numerical control (CNC) milled zirconia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and CNC milling technology were used to fabricate monolithic zirconia specimens with different thickness (Φ14.0 ×0.5/1.0 mm, n = 5). A2 feldspathic veneering ceramic (1.0 mm) was sintered to zirconia substrates (Φ14.0 ×0.5 mm) to prepare bilayered specimens (Φ14.0 ×1.5 mm, n = 5). Monolithic specimens underwent thermocycling between 5 ℃ and 55 ℃ up to 50000 cycles. A spectrophotometer was used to conduct color measurements before thermocycling and at every 10000 cycles. Translucency parameter (TP) of all specimens and color difference (ΔE) between bilayered specimens and A2 veneering ceramic were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests (α=0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ANOVA revealed that material, thickness and thermocycles had significant influence on translucency(<em>P</em>＜0.001). Before and at each cycling interval, the TP of monolithic zirconia with different thickness ranking from highest to least were: CNC＞DLP＞SLA (<em>P</em>＜0.05). TP changed significantly at 30000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness SLA zirconia (<em>P</em> = 0.035), at 50000 cycles for 0.5 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (<em>P</em> = 0.036), 1.0mm-thickness SLA zirconia (<em>P</em> = 0.036) and 1.0 mm-thickness DLP zirconia (<em>P</em> = 0.017). ΔE between A2 veneer and SLA or DLP bilayered zirconia exceeded acceptability threshold (AT＞1.8).</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>SLA and DLP monolithic zirconia had inferior translucency and color stability compared to CNC zirconia. A2 veneered bilayered SLA and DLP zirconia had a clinically unacceptable color difference with A2 shade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145184347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.021
Renan Brandenburg dos Santos , Ulysses Lenz , Jason Alan Griggs , Alvaro Della Bona
Objectives
Narrow-diameter (ND) implants may show distinct long-term mechanical behavior compared to standard-diameter (SD) implants when subjected to fatigue. This study evaluated the longevity of implant systems with different diameters by assessing structural damage and loosening after fatigue challenge.
Methods
This in vitro study used sixty internal conical connection implants/abutments that were divided into two groups (n = 30) based on their diameters (3.0mm-ND and 4.0mm-SD). The manufacturer recommended torque was achieved for each abutment using a digital torque wrench. In order to determine damage and permanent displacement of abutments, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were post-processed (software e-Vol DX). The boundary fatigue method was adapted to use 2 × 106 cycles, with frequency of 2 Hz, and constant peak load of 80 N for the first experiment. Load was adjusted (17.8 %) according to the failure rate for the second and third experiments. In addition to the aforementioned CBCT scans, removal torque values were used to assess torque loss. The probability of failure over time and the Weibull modulus were calculated for each group.
Results
Loosening was observed in all ND specimens, regardless of the level of loading, and structural bending was observed in 6 abutments. In addition, 4 fractures occurred. No structural damage was observed for the SD specimens, and 6 of them did not suffer from loosening. The Weibull analysis showed a lower modulus (m) for SD (m=3.90; 95 %CI=2.75–5.54) than for ND (m=1.99; 95 %CI=1.50–2.64) resulting in lower probability of failure over time and slower decrease in removal torque for SD compared with ND specimens.
Significance
The shorter predicted lifetime and faster torque loss of narrow-diameter implant/abutment suggest for a more frequent clinical follow-up of this treatment option.
{"title":"Fatigue behavior and estimated lifetime of implant/abutments of different diameters","authors":"Renan Brandenburg dos Santos , Ulysses Lenz , Jason Alan Griggs , Alvaro Della Bona","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Narrow-diameter (ND) implants may show distinct long-term mechanical behavior compared to standard-diameter (SD) implants when subjected to fatigue. This study evaluated the longevity of implant systems with different diameters by assessing structural damage and loosening after fatigue challenge.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This in vitro study used sixty internal conical connection implants/abutments that were divided into two groups (n = 30) based on their diameters (3.0mm-ND and 4.0mm-SD). The manufacturer recommended torque was achieved for each abutment using a digital torque wrench. In order to determine damage and permanent displacement of abutments, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were post-processed (software e-Vol DX). The boundary fatigue method was adapted to use 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> cycles, with frequency of 2 Hz, and constant peak load of 80 N for the first experiment. Load was adjusted (17.8 %) according to the failure rate for the second and third experiments. In addition to the aforementioned CBCT scans, removal torque values were used to assess torque loss. The probability of failure over time and the Weibull modulus were calculated for each group.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Loosening was observed in all ND specimens, regardless of the level of loading, and structural bending was observed in 6 abutments. In addition, 4 fractures occurred. No structural damage was observed for the SD specimens, and 6 of them did not suffer from loosening. The Weibull analysis showed a lower modulus (m) for SD (m=3.90; 95 %CI=2.75–5.54) than for ND (m=1.99; 95 %CI=1.50–2.64) resulting in lower probability of failure over time and slower decrease in removal torque for SD compared with ND specimens.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The shorter predicted lifetime and faster torque loss of narrow-diameter implant/abutment suggest for a more frequent clinical follow-up of this treatment option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.003
Rafael Dascanio , Marina Trevelin Souza , Camila Siqueira Silva Coelho , Maria Helena Acosta Ramirez , Matheus Kury , Edgar Dutra Zanotto , Vanessa Cavalli
Objectives
The aim of this study was to develop a bleaching hydrogel containing 6 %HP and Biosilicate®(BioS) doped with manganese oxide (MnO_BioS), irradiated with violet LED-light.
Methods
MnO was incorporated into BioS via the oxide fusion route, and BioS/MnO_BioS (0 % and 10 %wt) were combined with 6 %HP. Particles and gel’s characterization (n = 5), bioactivity assay (FTIR), photocatalytic evaluation (MB/ppm), HP decomposition rate (%), and pH evaluation were performed. Enamel/dentin blocks (n = 10) were treated: 35 %HP (positive control), 6 %HP gels BioS/MnO_BioS (0 % and 10 % wt), irradiated or not with LED. Bleaching was performed in three 30-min sessions at 7-day intervals. Specimens were evaluated for color change (ΔE00), whiteness index (ΔWID), surface hardness recovery (%SHR), carbonate and phosphate (CO₃²⁻/PO₄³ ⁻) ratio in enamel before (T0) and after treatments (T1), and surface morphology at T1. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc (α = 0.05).
Results
6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED increased gel photocatalysis, HP decomposition, and pH when compared to 6 %HP and 35 %HP (p < 0.05). 6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED showed statistically similar results to 35 %HP in ΔE00, ΔWID, Δa, Δb, and ΔL (p < 0.05). The 35 %HP and 35 %HP_LED showed the lowest %SHR, followed by the 6 %HP and 6 %HP_LED BioS and MnO_BioS-containing groups showed higher carbonate/phosphate ratios compared to the other groups (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The groups containing MnO_BioS and BioS, regardless of LED-light irradiation, exhibited higher %SHR and carbonate/phosphate ratio compared to 35 %HP and 35 %HP_LED. Additionally, 6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED increased gel pH, photocatalysis, HP decomposition and exhibited bleaching efficacy similar to 35%HP.
Significance
This approach provides a safer alternative to 35 %HP gels, achieving superior bleaching outcomes with six times lower concentration of HP, while enhancing enamel calcium and phosphate levels and preserving mineral integrity.
{"title":"Characterization, efficacy, and safety of a low-concentration hydrogen peroxide hydrogel with MnO-doped Biosilicate® activated by violet LED light","authors":"Rafael Dascanio , Marina Trevelin Souza , Camila Siqueira Silva Coelho , Maria Helena Acosta Ramirez , Matheus Kury , Edgar Dutra Zanotto , Vanessa Cavalli","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to develop a bleaching hydrogel containing 6 %HP and Biosilicate®(BioS) doped with manganese oxide (MnO_BioS), irradiated with violet LED-light.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>MnO was incorporated into BioS via the oxide fusion route, and BioS/MnO_BioS (0 % and 10 %wt) were combined with 6 %HP. Particles and gel’s characterization (n = 5), bioactivity assay (FTIR), photocatalytic evaluation (MB/ppm), HP decomposition rate (%), and pH evaluation were performed. Enamel/dentin blocks (n = 10) were treated: 35 %HP (positive control), 6 %HP gels BioS/MnO_BioS (0 % and 10 % wt), irradiated or not with LED. Bleaching was performed in three 30-min sessions at 7-day intervals. Specimens were evaluated for color change (ΔE<sub>00</sub>), whiteness index (ΔWI<sub>D</sub>), surface hardness recovery (%SHR), carbonate and phosphate (CO₃²⁻/PO₄³ ⁻) ratio in enamel before (T<sub>0</sub>) and after treatments (T<sub>1</sub>), and surface morphology at T<sub>1</sub>. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc (α = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED increased gel photocatalysis, HP decomposition, and pH when compared to 6 %HP and 35 %HP (p < 0.05). 6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED showed statistically similar results to 35 %HP in ΔE<sub>00</sub>, ΔWI<sub>D</sub>, Δa, Δb, and ΔL (p < 0.05). The 35 %HP and 35 %HP_LED showed the lowest %SHR, followed by the 6 %HP and 6 %HP_LED BioS and MnO_BioS-containing groups showed higher carbonate/phosphate ratios compared to the other groups (p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The groups containing MnO_BioS and BioS, regardless of LED-light irradiation, exhibited higher %SHR and carbonate/phosphate ratio compared to 35 %HP and 35 %HP_LED. Additionally, 6 %HP_MnO_BioS_LED increased gel pH, photocatalysis, HP decomposition and exhibited bleaching efficacy similar to 35%HP.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This approach provides a safer alternative to 35 %HP gels, achieving superior bleaching outcomes with six times lower concentration of HP, while enhancing enamel calcium and phosphate levels and preserving mineral integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 319-330"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.014
K. Shemtov-Yona , Y. Miara , D. Rittel
Titanium-based biomaterials show a high success rate and excellent biocompatibility due to their properties, that can be partly attributed to the titanium’s ability to form a protective oxide layer. As such they are widely used, mostly Ti6Al4V, to manufacture dental implants and prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, implant failures can arise during implant use and are mainly due to peri-implant diseases involving bacterial infection and inflammatory stimuli. This study performs a systematic nano-structural evaluation of the contribution of inflammatory-simulating conditions (H2O2 and lactic acid), aside with room air and saline solution, combined with repeated mechanical loading, to the damage generated on the titanium surface and to the titanium oxide integrity. By using an array of high-resolution characterization techniques, such as ToF-SIMS and TEM, the synergy between mechanical loads and chemical reactions was unraveled.
In the more aggressive environments (e.g. lactic acid and H2O2), a clear increase in the titanium oxide’s thickness was observed compared to inert environments, such as air and saline. The effect of the mediums was more pronounced in the presence of loads. The TEM analysis observations revealed the porous and permeable nature of the oxide layer, affecting its neutrality and hence its biocompatibility.
{"title":"Investigating the integrity of titanium-oxide nanolayers of Ti6Al4V under chemo-mechanical stress","authors":"K. Shemtov-Yona , Y. Miara , D. Rittel","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.10.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium-based biomaterials show a high success rate and excellent biocompatibility due to their properties, that can be partly attributed to the titanium’s ability to form a protective oxide layer. As such they are widely used, mostly Ti6Al4V, to manufacture dental implants and prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, implant failures can arise during implant use and are mainly due to peri-implant diseases involving bacterial infection and inflammatory stimuli. This study performs a systematic nano-structural evaluation of the contribution of inflammatory-simulating conditions (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and lactic acid), aside with room air and saline solution, combined with repeated mechanical loading, to the damage generated on the titanium surface and to the titanium oxide integrity. By using an array of high-resolution characterization techniques, such as ToF-SIMS and TEM, the synergy between mechanical loads and chemical reactions was unraveled.</div><div>In the more aggressive environments (<em>e.g.</em> lactic acid and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), a clear increase in the titanium oxide’s thickness was observed compared to inert environments, such as air and saline. The effect of the mediums was more pronounced in the presence of loads. The TEM analysis observations revealed the porous and permeable nature of the oxide layer, affecting its neutrality and hence its biocompatibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 2","pages":"Pages 342-349"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145407642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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