Advanced Nanobiomed Research最新文献

Peptide/antibody–drug conjugates (PADCs) are an emerging class of targeted therapeutics that leverage the specificity of peptide or antibody ligands to deliver potent small-molecule payloads selectively to disease sites via cleavable linkers. This design combines high target affinity with controlled local activation and minimal systemic toxicity. To date, 15 antibody–drug conjugates and 3 peptide–drug conjugates have been approved by the FDA; however, all are indicated exclusively for oncology. Consequently, the development of PADCs has primarily focused on cancer, with relatively few comprehensive reviews addressing their potential in non-oncological applications. In this review, the therapeutic potential of PADCs as a targeted strategy for treating inflammatory diseases—such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney inflammation, and arthritis—is explored by detailing how engineered peptide or antibody ligands recognize upregulated pathological markers in inflamed microenvironments and enable site-specific drug release through stimuli-responsive linkers. By consolidating recent advances, this review broadens the therapeutic scope of PADCs and highlights their promise as next-generation immunomodulators for targeted treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Malignant gastric outlet obstruction is a severe complication of gastrointestinal malignancies, often treated with self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs). However, conventional SEMSs are associated with in-stent restenosis due to granulation tissue formation. This work aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of everolimus-coated laser-cut SEMS in suppressing stent-induced tissue hyperplasia in a rat gastric outlet model. Everolimus, a next-generation antiproliferative drug, is applied to laser-cut SEMS using ultrasonic spray coating. The mehcanical properties, drug release profiles, and surface morphology of the stents were analyzed. In vivo, 20 rats are divided into control (uncoated laser-cut SEMS) and experimental (everolimus-coated laser-cut SEMS) groups. Endoscopic and histological analyzes reveal significantly reduced granulation tissue area, submucosal fibrosis thickness, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the everolimus group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates decreased smooth muscle cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in the everolimus group. The drug-coated stents exhibit drug release over 30 days and maintain structural integrity without stent-related adverse events. These findings suggest that everolimus-coated laser-cut SEMS effectively suppress stent-induced tissue hyperplasia while preserving mechanical properties, indicating its potential as a therapeutic strategy for improving stent patency in the early stage after stent placement.

This article elucidates the pivotal role of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in auditory signal transduction and examines the factors contributing to their degeneration. Initially, it highlights the advantages of biological scaffolds as physical substrates for delivering stimulatory cues, providing neural guidance, and optimizing the local microenvironment. Subsequently, recent advancements in physical stimulation modalities, including topographical modulation, electrical stimulation, and photostimulation, are summarized, which demonstrate potential for promoting SGN protection and regeneration. Furthermore, the multifaceted benefits of biomaterial scaffolds as a platform for physical regulation are explored in depth. These scaffolds are capable of providing stimuli, guiding nerve growth, and improving the local microenvironment. These diverse physical interventions modulate SGN biological behavior through distinct underlying mechanisms, thereby offering novel perspectives for therapeutic strategies targeting hearing disorders, such as sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, the current challenges associated with the application of physical stimulation in SGN regeneration research are acknowledged. Future directions for therapeutic development are outlined, with the aim of providing a robust theoretical foundation and practical insights to enhance the efficacy of treatments for auditory pathologies.

Currently, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the widespread dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria, making the development of novel antimicrobial agents an urgent scientific challenge. 0D fluorescent nanomaterials (including carbon quantum dots, semiconductor quantum dots, and metal nanoclusters) exhibit outstanding antibacterial performance due to their unique nanoscale size effects, excellent biocompatibility, and remarkable surface-area effects, positioning them as a promising solution against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This review systematically summarizes the synthesis strategies and characteristic properties of these materials, with a focus on their antimicrobial applications in medical and health care, the food industry, agriculture, and industry. Furthermore, the advantages and current technical limitations of these emerging antimicrobial agents are critically discussed. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical foundation for the rational design and development of nanoantibacterial materials while facilitating their translational applications in biomedicine.

Radiotherapy (RT) is widely recognized as a standard treatment for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent advancements have focused on the application of nanomaterials to enhance the efficacy of RT, thereby increasing tumor sensitivity to radiation while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. In this study, copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles is evaluated (Cu-MBGNs) for their potential as radiosensitizers in NSCLC treatment. Cu-MBGNs exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward NSCLC cells, with minimal effects on normal bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, Cu-MBGNs significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy of RT, primarily by increasing the generation of radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). This enhancement is likely driven by the ability of internalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles to generate ROS, in conjunction with the catalytic activity of copper ions. During irradiation, Cu²⁺ is reduced to Cu⁺ or Cu⁰, catalyzing the production of ROS. In vivo experiments further confirmed that the combination of Cu-MBGNs with RT significantly suppressed tumor growth without inducing noticeable systemic toxicity or adverse effects. The biosafety and favorable in vivo compatibility of Cu-MBGNs underscore their potential for clinical translation. Overall, these findings highlight Cu-MBGNs as promising stimuli-responsive nanomaterial-based radiosensitizers, offering a novel strategy to enhance the precision, efficacy, and safety of RT for NSCLC.

At present, lung cancer is still a global problem that warrants urgent attention. The traditional therapeutic modalities for lung cancer often present with invasiveness and lack unavoidable side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potential alternative; it uses photosensitizers (PSs), oxygen, and a specific wavelength of light to destroy cancerous cells in a selective manner. However, its full potential is limited by several drawbacks such as poor penetration depth and low tumor selectivity. Nanoparticle-mediated PDT systems offer important advantages: they can efficiently deliver PS drugs and allow for targeting specific cells through surface functionalization with ligands such as antibodies or peptides, which bind to tumor-specific receptors. This enhances PS delivery to cancer cells while minimizing side effects to healthy tissues. This review highlights the fundamentals of PDT, nanoparticle-mediated PDT and stimuli-responsive nano-PS delivery platforms for lung cancer. Moreover, nanocarrier systems functionalized with molecular inhibitors, such as heat shock protein inhibitors, to improve the efficiency of PDT in the treatment of lung cancer, are also highlighted.

The mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment contribute significantly to cell behavior. Thus, deformable phospholipid-decorated perfluorocarbon interfaces have emerged for further expansion of material mechanics to an ultimate soft range as cell scaffolds. In addition, a highly deformable state requires the material to be robust enough to adapt to dynamic cellular forces. However, the effect of interfacial viscosity on the cell adhesion behavior and material robustness remains unknown on the super-soft substrate. To address these issues, an interfacial phospholipid membrane (IPLM) with tunable viscosity is constructed by varying the mixing ratio of saturated and unsaturated lipid layers. By co-assembling a cell adhesive and fluorescent lipid into the IPLM, it is shown that higher viscosity interfaces with lower unsaturated lipid content are preferred from the viewpoint of cell spreading. However, a viscosity that is too high for 0% unsaturated lipid alters the lipid layer to a brittle solid-like nature, making it less adaptive to cell traction-induced high deformation. Therefore, at least a trace amount of unsaturated lipids is required to maintain the robustness of fluid scaffolds. These findings are useful for the design of biomimetic materials and the long-term investigation of cell-matrix mechanical interactions in highly adaptive environments.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been part of artificial oxygen carrier (AOC) research for decades. PFC-based AOCs stand out because of their characteristic physicochemical properties such as high gas solubility, low viscosity, high vapor pressure, and their chemical and biological inertness. For clinical use as red blood cell substitute for intravenous use or in machine perfusion of donor organs, PFCs require emulsification and stability in environments with high ionic strength, which is realized by the combination of albumin and lecithin as emulsifiers, resulting in ready-to-use lecithin-modified nanoscale oxygen carriers (LENOX). LENOX are the first PFC-based AOC, in which these two emulsifiers have been combined. The novel AOC LENOX result in improved physicochemical properties proven by higher zeta potential, smaller size, narrow particle size distribution, low molecular diffusion during storage as ready-to-use product, and high oxygen capacity. LENOX, in contrast to precursor formulations, are now compatible with a broad variety of clinically relevant solutions such as Steen Solution, Sterofundin ISO, or Custodiol, which allow the use of LENOX in numerous clinical scenarios such as blood replacement, transplantation, or preservation. LENOX show no cytotoxic effects in cell culture models and are therefore suitable for in vitro use.

In the quest to alleviate the severe side effects of chemotherapy, a promising approach is through prodrugs, an inactivate form of the drug that is administered systemically but activated locally. Bioorthogonal chemistry has the potential to generate high doses of drug at the tumor site with minimal off-target exposure. To harness the potential of bioorthogonal prodrugs, implantable heterogenous catalysts consisting of biocompatible polymers with immobilized metal nanoparticles are required. Polymers based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with different levels of hydrophilicity are functionalized with either palladium nanocubes (≈10 nm) or palladium nanosheets (<200 nm). Using a palladium-sensitive fluorogenic model compound, propargylated resorufin, the nanosheets show higher catalytic activity than the nanocubes, as well as better metal retainment within the hydrogels. The more hydrophilic polymers show improved diffusion, conversion, and release and better recyclability. Converted product is sequestered by the polymer and released with delay, establishing a potential route to sustained release. These heterogenous catalysts can facilitate the clinical translation of bioorthogonal prodrugs.

Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine with anti-inflammatory and regenerative activity, is incorporated into dissolving poly(vinyl alcohol)/sucrose microneedle (MN) patches to enhance cutaneous wound repair. Recombinant irisin (0.5–1 μg mL⁻¹) is noncytotoxic to human fibroblasts and keratinocytes and significantly accelerates their migration in scratch and coculture assays. Dual-layer MNs exhibit sharp geometry and adequate fracture strength (0.08 N > 0.058 N insertion threshold) and release >90% of the loaded irisin within minutes. In a rat dorsal-wound model, both topical irisin and irisin-MN treatment hasten closure, but MN delivery produces deeper penetration and greater bioavailability, upregulating collagen III, SNAP25, and TGF-β1 while limiting excessive inflammation on H&E sections. Histology confirms thinner, better-organized granulation tissue and more complete reepithelialization in the irisin-MN group. These findings demonstrate that dissolving MNs provide a minimally invasive platform for localized irisin delivery, coupling the myokine's promigratory, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory actions with efficient transdermal transport to achieve rapid, high-quality wound healing.