Advanced Nanobiomed Research最新文献

Glioma, particularly glioblastoma multiforme, is still one of the most aggressive and chemoresistant forms of brain cancer, in large part attributed to the hindrance of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), tumor heterogeneity, and complicated tumor microenvironment. Recent progress in nanobiotechnology has provided with opportunities to achieve targeted glioma therapy through the delivery of drugs selectively to the tumor through the BBB, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. In this review, the use of different nanocarrier systems, including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles, for the treatment of glioma, is summarized. These systems can achieve increased drug accumulation in the tumor site, controlled release of the drug, and synergistic influence with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. A detailed review of state-of-the-art emerging approaches, including RNA-based nanoparticles, surface-modified nanocarriers, and nanorobots that hold great potential in personalized and precision glioma treatments, is also provided. In addition, the review covers major obstacles to clinical transformation, i.e., nanotoxicity, controlling sustained drug release, and production difficulties. Overcoming these challenges, nanobiotechnology may lead to a paradigm shift in the treatment of glioma and clinical services for patients.

Cancer cells undergo significant metabolic reprogramming to meet their increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs, supporting rapid proliferation and survival. Key metabolic pathways, including those involved in glucose, lactate, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide metabolism, are altered to facilitate cancer development, maintenance, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting cancer metabolism emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, because of their short half-life, limited bioavailability, and inadequate specificity in metabolic regulation, these agents often result in unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Recently, innovative nanomedicines that target metabolic processes have gained attention as a promising cancer therapy strategy, potentially helping to overcome the limitations of individual therapies and enhance treatment efficacy. This review provides an overview of tumor metabolic characteristics and explores recent progress in developing functional nanomedicines targeting tumor metabolism for cancer treatment. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and prospects for advancing nanotechnology-driven metabolic therapies.

Silica microparticles and nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been studied as vehicles for vaccines. They are safe, biodegradable, and biocompatible and can be used as carriers and adjuvants. These particles are applied in both noncommunicable and infectious disease research for new treatments to address priority health challenges. Several reviews report the use of SiNPs in cancer vaccines. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed summary of the use of SiNPs in vaccines against infectious diseases over the last 12 years. The use of silica particles in classical vaccines based on recombinant subunits or whole proteins and in recent vaccines based on nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA, is discussed. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the particles that induce an immune response and their use as adjuvants are outlined. Easy modification of the surface of silica particles facilitates their interaction with different molecules, such as DNA or RNA, making these particles good vehicles. Additionally, preclinical studies on vaccines against human infections and animal diseases are discussed.

Endometriosis (EM) is a gynecological disease where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. Current diagnostic methods are mainly through surgical visualization with histological verification; there's a need for noninvasive approaches. Herein, it is reported that photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can be a noninvasive imaging modality for deep-seated EM by employing FITC-tagged, silica-coated gold nanorods (AuNR@Si(F)-PEG) as the contrast agent. When the nanoparticles are injected intravenously into mice with EM, the strong PA signals from AuNRs are detected from the EM tissues by particle accumulation in the EM lesions through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Additionally, due to the presence of FITC, the nanoparticles (NPs) facilitate easy identification and isolation of endometriosis tissue under a fluorescence dissection microscope. Owing to the high photothermal ablation property of AuNRs, the NPs can be used for laser-induced thermal ablation therapeutics to shrink the endometriosis lesions, validated by imaging, pro-apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3, and H&E staining. This technique provides new avenues for studying endometriosis development, progression, and the related treatment modalities.

In this study, the potential of maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with doxorubicin (DOX) is explored for chemo-magneto-photothermal therapy in cancer treatment. MNPs are functionalized through electrostatic interactions or disulfide bonds, achieving high drug-loading efficiencies. The trimodal approach combines magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and local chemotherapy, utilizing low and clinically relevant doses. Thermal treatments induced controlled temperature increases, triggering pH-sensitive DOX release in the acidic environments typical of tumors. Efficient uptake of DOX-loaded MNPs is observed, and their structural integrity is confirmed using advanced synchrotron spectroscopic techniques. Cytotoxicity assays show that MHT and PTT together enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to free DOX, while minimizing toxicity to healthy cells. This study demonstrates that combining thermal therapies with controlled drug release provides a promising strategy for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The findings highlight the potential clinical application of multifunctional nanoparticle systems for targeted, low-toxicity cancer therapies, advancing the path toward more effective and accessible treatments.

Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of global mortality, necessitating advancements in vascular graft technologies, particularly for small-diameter grafts. This study presents a novel biomimetic approach to address these issues by combining polyvinyl alcohol methacrylate (PVA-MA)-based hydrogels with melt-electrowritten (MEW) scaffolds, creating an off-the-shelf, customizable platform for vascular graft applications where the hydrogels offer potential as extracellular matrix for cell attachment and growth while the MEW scaffolds provide mechanical reinforcement. Here, the PVA-MA hydrogel is biofunctionalized with heparin-methacrylate (Hep-MA) and gelatin-methacrylate (Gel-MA) for enhanced hemocompatibility and endothelialization, respectively. Four hydrogel formulations, PVA-MA (P10), PVA-MA with 5% (wt/v) Gel-MA (P10-G5), PVA-MA with 0.5% (wt/v) Hep-MA (P10-H0.5), and their combination (P10-G5-H0.5), are fabricated and characterized. Acute biological responses relevant to vascular graft performance are evaluated in this study. Gelatin and heparin both remain biofunctional post the methacrylation and copolymerization processes while the presence of MEW scaffolds does not affect the biological interactions. P10-G5-H0.5 exhibits prolonged clotting times, minimal thrombus formation, and enhanced endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation. The tubular scaffolds support confluent endothelial layers in 3D culture, showcasing their potential for vascular graft applications. These findings demonstrate the promise of combining biological functionality with mechanical reinforcement to develop next-generation off-the-shelf vascular grafts.

A magnetically gated, enzymatically driven DNA release platform based on sustainable pyrolyzed walnut shell-derived carbon electrodes is reported. Upon glucose addition under aerobic conditions, biocatalytic oxygen reduction at the cathode induces a local pH increase, resulting in electrostatic repulsion of negatively charged 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-labeled DNA (FAM-labeled DNA). Electrochemical analysis reveals an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) onset potential of +0.576 ± 0.003 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a maximum current of −8.2 ± 0.4 μA. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirms a post-ORR increase in interfacial resistance from 6.2 ± 0.5 to 11.1 ± 0.9 kΩ. DNA release reaches 97% after 400 min, corresponding to a surface density of 22 ± 4 nmol cm⁻². A competing enzymatic gate, composed of co-immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase (GOx–CAT) on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), enables remote suppression of electron flow and DNA release upon application of a 0.3 T magnetic field. Under “OFF” conditions, DNA release is reduced to 1%, and anodic current decreases by 60%. The system exhibits excellent reversibility over four ON–OFF cycles with minimal performance degradation. This bioelectronic platform represents a self-powered, reversible strategy for stimuli-responsive drug release.

Molecular machines, constructed from molecules with specific functions through the molecular engineering, requires the development of a general assembly strategy that is crucial for the design and fabrication molecular machines. The precise and programmable characteristics of Watson–Crick base-pairing allow for the accurate construction of DNA nanostructures with diverse geometries. Furthermore, DNA itself exhibits various functionalities, such as DNAzymes and aptamers for identification, and unique structures like G-quadruplexes and i-motifs for environmental stimulus response. With the significant advancements in DNA nanotechnology, DNA is increasingly being recognized as a versatile building block for molecular machines design. In this review, a comprehensive overview of DNA nanostructures, such as 2D origami, which are subsequently assembled into molecular machines is provided. Their classification of DNA-based molecular machines is discussed and their biological applications, such as biosensing, targeted therapy, and molecular circuits are explored. Additionally, future directions and challenges in this rapidly evolving field are outlined.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a pivotal class of nanomaterials due to their potent medicinal properties, offering promising solutions for combating microbial resistance, which is a growing global health concern. Traditional methods of synthesizing AgNPs often involve toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes, raising environmental and safety concerns. Green synthesis approaches have gained considerable attention utilizing plant and microbial extracts, natural polymers, and other eco-friendly reducing agents. These methods mitigate the environmental impact and enable the production of AgNPs with enhanced biocompatibility and tailored physicochemical properties. The synergistic effects of combining AgNPs with polymers result in improved stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery capabilities, while the incorporation of antimicrobial drugs generates composite materials with multifaceted modes of action against a wide range of microbial pathogens. This review delves into the green synthesis of AgNPs, focusing on the integration of natural and synthetic polymers, as well as antimicrobial drugs, to boost their antimicrobial efficacy. In addition, it is further explored that how these green-synthesized nanocomposites can be applied in areas such as wound healing and drug delivery, highlighting their potential in various biomedical fields. Moreover, the review critically examines the challenges and prospects of green synthesis, including scalability, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and stability hurdles.

Peptide/antibody–drug conjugates (PADCs) are an emerging class of targeted therapeutics that leverage the specificity of peptide or antibody ligands to deliver potent small-molecule payloads selectively to disease sites via cleavable linkers. This design combines high target affinity with controlled local activation and minimal systemic toxicity. To date, 15 antibody–drug conjugates and 3 peptide–drug conjugates have been approved by the FDA; however, all are indicated exclusively for oncology. Consequently, the development of PADCs has primarily focused on cancer, with relatively few comprehensive reviews addressing their potential in non-oncological applications. In this review, the therapeutic potential of PADCs as a targeted strategy for treating inflammatory diseases—such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney inflammation, and arthritis—is explored by detailing how engineered peptide or antibody ligands recognize upregulated pathological markers in inflamed microenvironments and enable site-specific drug release through stimuli-responsive linkers. By consolidating recent advances, this review broadens the therapeutic scope of PADCs and highlights their promise as next-generation immunomodulators for targeted treatment of inflammatory diseases.