Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118300
Tingting Ma , Zixuan Jin , Zhiqian Jia , Wenjuan Peng
Titanium-based lithium-ion sieves (LTO) are often employed for lithium recovery from solutions due to their high adsorption uptake. To further reduce the Ti dissolution loss rate and enhance the adsorption performance of LTO, metal-doping was conducted using solid-state reactions in this work, and the effects of incorporated metal elements and doping amounts were investigated. The results indicated that, the doping of 5 % tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr) or cerium (Ce) significantly reduces the titanium dissolution rate from 1.52 % (without doping) to 0.77 %, 1.1 %, and 1.17 % respectively, while the doping of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) increases the Ti dissolution rate. Simultaneously, the dissolution rates of W, Zr, and Ce (0.15 %, 0.27 %, and 0.66 %) are also significantly lower than those of Fe and Mo (14 % and 24 %). In addition to the record-breaking reduction in the titanium dissolution rate, W doping also substantially enhances the saturated adsorption capacity of lithium to 48 mg g−1 (at 30 °C), 1.37 times that of the undoped LTO (35 mg g−1), demonstrating great potential for lithium recovery.
{"title":"Synthesis of doped titanium-based lithium adsorbents with excellent stability and adsorption performance by solid state reactions","authors":"Tingting Ma , Zixuan Jin , Zhiqian Jia , Wenjuan Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium-based lithium-ion sieves (LTO) are often employed for lithium recovery from solutions due to their high adsorption uptake. To further reduce the Ti dissolution loss rate and enhance the adsorption performance of LTO, metal-doping was conducted using solid-state reactions in this work, and the effects of incorporated metal elements and doping amounts were investigated. The results indicated that, the doping of 5 % tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr) or cerium (Ce) significantly reduces the titanium dissolution rate from 1.52 % (without doping) to 0.77 %, 1.1 %, and 1.17 % respectively, while the doping of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) increases the Ti dissolution rate. Simultaneously, the dissolution rates of W, Zr, and Ce (0.15 %, 0.27 %, and 0.66 %) are also significantly lower than those of Fe and Mo (14 % and 24 %). In addition to the record-breaking reduction in the titanium dissolution rate, W doping also substantially enhances the saturated adsorption capacity of lithium to 48 mg g<sup>−1</sup> (at 30 °C), 1.37 times that of the undoped LTO (35 mg g<sup>−1</sup>), demonstrating great potential for lithium recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118300"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118296
Mennatallah H. Farag, S.A. El-Hakam, Awad I. Ahmed, Amr Awad Ibrahim, Doaa A. Kospa
Herein, the low-cost copper oxide was encapsulated in the polyaniline (PANI) structure forming a yolk-shell (YS) platform which can provide a large surface area and sufficient active sites and enhance light scattering in its hollow space or voids, both of which can significantly improve the near-full usage of solar energy. The fabrication of the YS structure was assisted with a soft template (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) which the removed by the acidic etching process producing uniform voids through the composite structure. Moreover, the etching process using an acidic medium resulted in the formation of the PANI emeraldine salt which is beneficial for the salt-resistant properties of the composite. The encapsulated CuO@void@Es-PANI showed an outstanding rate of water evaporation of 1.91 kg m−2 h−1 and a corresponding high Solar-to-Steam conversion efficiency of 98.9 % under the irradiation of 1 sun compared to that of the normal mixed CuO/PANI (1.53 kg m−2 h−1 and 81.3 %). Meanwhile, the same high evaporation flux was approximately obtained after a continuous 72 h even in high saline water or contaminated seawater.
在这里，低成本的氧化铜被封装在聚苯胺（PANI）结构中，形成一个蛋黄壳（YS）平台，该平台可提供较大的表面积和足够的活性位点，并可增强中空空间或空隙中的光散射，这两者都能显著提高太阳能的近乎完全利用率。在制作 YS 结构时使用了软模板（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵，CTAB），通过酸性蚀刻工艺将其去除，从而在复合结构中形成均匀的空隙。此外，使用酸性介质的蚀刻过程会形成 PANI 绿宝石盐，这有利于提高复合材料的抗盐性能。与普通混合 CuO/PANI 相比（1.53 kg m-2 h-1 和 81.3%），封装的 CuO@void@Es-PANI 在 1 个太阳光照射下的水分蒸发率高达 1.91 kg m-2 h-1，相应的太阳能-蒸汽转换效率高达 98.9%。同时，即使在高盐度水或受污染的海水中，连续 72 小时后也能获得大致相同的高蒸发通量。
{"title":"Enhanced solar-to-steam conversion efficiency using CuO-polyaniline yolk-shell structures","authors":"Mennatallah H. Farag, S.A. El-Hakam, Awad I. Ahmed, Amr Awad Ibrahim, Doaa A. Kospa","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, the low-cost copper oxide was encapsulated in the polyaniline (PANI) structure forming a yolk-shell (YS) platform which can provide a large surface area and sufficient active sites and enhance light scattering in its hollow space or voids, both of which can significantly improve the near-full usage of solar energy. The fabrication of the YS structure was assisted with a soft template (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) which the removed by the acidic etching process producing uniform voids through the composite structure. Moreover, the etching process using an acidic medium resulted in the formation of the PANI emeraldine salt which is beneficial for the salt-resistant properties of the composite. The encapsulated CuO@void@Es-PANI showed an outstanding rate of water evaporation of 1.91 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and a corresponding high Solar-to-Steam conversion efficiency of 98.9 % under the irradiation of 1 sun compared to that of the normal mixed CuO/PANI (1.53 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and 81.3 %). Meanwhile, the same high evaporation flux was approximately obtained after a continuous 72 h even in high saline water or contaminated seawater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118296"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118279
Yunong Xie, Jinbu Su, Chenrui Ji, Yuyi Xu, Xuli Lin, Chenyi Shi, Weixin Du, Xinyu Dong, Chengbing Wang
The interface of evaporation driven by solar energy has received widespread attention as a promising seawater desalination technology to solve the crisis of freshwater shortage. However, the extensive precipitation of salt during seawater desalination process limits the application of solar evaporators. Herein, a method is proposed to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator with Janus structure by impregnating wood flowers (WFs) with ink. The advantage of the evaporator with Janus structure is that it can effectively suppress salt precipitation during the evaporation process. From the scanned electronic image, it can be seen that some flocculent substances inside the evaporator have been thoroughly cleaned, preserving the complete pore structure. From the evaporation tests under different light intensities, it can be seen that the optimal evaporation rate occurs at a specific solar intensity, as its surface temperature reaches the temperature required for optimal evaporation. The distribution of salt particles in the evaporator after evaporation is due to the large temperature difference between the top and bottom of the evaporator, resulting in different hydrophilic effects at the top and bottom, ultimately achieving a Janus-like effect. Salt particles are evenly distributed in strips on both sides in the middle. The advantage of this distribution is that it preserves as much evaporation area as possible, thereby achieving stable and effective evaporation. This experiment provides some ideas for the development of 3D Janus evaporators and the formation principle of Janus structures.
{"title":"A 3D Janus-like structure evaporator based on capillary force promoting efficient solar steam generation","authors":"Yunong Xie, Jinbu Su, Chenrui Ji, Yuyi Xu, Xuli Lin, Chenyi Shi, Weixin Du, Xinyu Dong, Chengbing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interface of evaporation driven by solar energy has received widespread attention as a promising seawater desalination technology to solve the crisis of freshwater shortage. However, the extensive precipitation of salt during seawater desalination process limits the application of solar evaporators. Herein, a method is proposed to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator with Janus structure by impregnating wood flowers (WFs) with ink. The advantage of the evaporator with Janus structure is that it can effectively suppress salt precipitation during the evaporation process. From the scanned electronic image, it can be seen that some flocculent substances inside the evaporator have been thoroughly cleaned, preserving the complete pore structure. From the evaporation tests under different light intensities, it can be seen that the optimal evaporation rate occurs at a specific solar intensity, as its surface temperature reaches the temperature required for optimal evaporation. The distribution of salt particles in the evaporator after evaporation is due to the large temperature difference between the top and bottom of the evaporator, resulting in different hydrophilic effects at the top and bottom, ultimately achieving a Janus-like effect. Salt particles are evenly distributed in strips on both sides in the middle. The advantage of this distribution is that it preserves as much evaporation area as possible, thereby achieving stable and effective evaporation. This experiment provides some ideas for the development of 3D Janus evaporators and the formation principle of Janus structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118279"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118295
Shang Fang , Kecheng Guan , Aiwen Zhang , Liheng Dai , Siyu Zhou , Wenming Fu , Mengyang Hu , Ping Xu , Pengfei Zhang , Zhan Li , Zhaohuan Mai , Hideto Matsuyama
Extracting Lithium from salt-lake brines can effectively alleviate global lithium scarcity. Separating the co-existing Mg2+ ions from Li+ ions in the brines is essential. While thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane show potential for this separation, commercial NF membranes with negatively charged surfaces fail to meet the high rejection requirement for Mg2+ ions due to the electrostatic attractions between membranes and cations. Positively charged NF membranes fabricated by interfacial polymerization (IP) between aqueous phase polyethylenimine (PEI) and hexane phase trimesoyl chloride (TMC) have shown promise for Li+/Mg2+ separation. However, lithium extraction efficiency is greatly limited by the relatively low permeance and high lithium rejection of the membrane caused by an excessively cross-linked structure. Therefore, optimizing the pore size while maintaining the positive charge of PEI/TMC-based TFC membranes is necessary. We propose adding anionic surfactants to the aqueous PEI solution to modulate PEI/TMC-based NF membrane formation. Surfactants control PEI diffusion in IP through their interactions and improve reaction uniformity at the water-hexane interface. This results in a narrow pore size distribution of the PA network. In this study, three sulfate surfactants with varying alkyl chain lengths were used to control membrane formation. Results showed that sodium n-decyl sulfate (SDES), the shortest sulfate surfactant, improved membrane performance most effectively. The optimized membrane exhibited a crumpled surface and relatively loose pore structure with narrow pore size distribution. It demonstrated a pure water permanence of 5.65 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, high MgCl2 rejection of 92.6 %, and low LiCl rejection of 21.5 %. After filtering a Mg2+ and Li+ binary mixture solution, the Mg2+/Li+ ratio decreased significantly from 40 (feed) to 3.08 (permeate). This study provides an efficient strategy for preparing PEI/TMC-based NF membranes with favorable Li+/Mg2+ separation performance.
{"title":"Multifunctional role of surfactant in fabricating polyamide nanofiltration membranes for Li+/Mg2+ separation","authors":"Shang Fang , Kecheng Guan , Aiwen Zhang , Liheng Dai , Siyu Zhou , Wenming Fu , Mengyang Hu , Ping Xu , Pengfei Zhang , Zhan Li , Zhaohuan Mai , Hideto Matsuyama","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracting Lithium from salt-lake brines can effectively alleviate global lithium scarcity. Separating the co-existing Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions from Li<sup>+</sup> ions in the brines is essential. While thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane show potential for this separation, commercial NF membranes with negatively charged surfaces fail to meet the high rejection requirement for Mg<sup>2+</sup> ions due to the electrostatic attractions between membranes and cations. Positively charged NF membranes fabricated by interfacial polymerization (IP) between aqueous phase polyethylenimine (PEI) and hexane phase trimesoyl chloride (TMC) have shown promise for Li<sup>+</sup>/Mg<sup>2+</sup> separation. However, lithium extraction efficiency is greatly limited by the relatively low permeance and high lithium rejection of the membrane caused by an excessively cross-linked structure. Therefore, optimizing the pore size while maintaining the positive charge of PEI/TMC-based TFC membranes is necessary. We propose adding anionic surfactants to the aqueous PEI solution to modulate PEI/TMC-based NF membrane formation. Surfactants control PEI diffusion in IP through their interactions and improve reaction uniformity at the water-hexane interface. This results in a narrow pore size distribution of the PA network. In this study, three sulfate surfactants with varying alkyl chain lengths were used to control membrane formation. Results showed that sodium n-decyl sulfate (SDES), the shortest sulfate surfactant, improved membrane performance most effectively. The optimized membrane exhibited a crumpled surface and relatively loose pore structure with narrow pore size distribution. It demonstrated a pure water permanence of 5.65 L m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> bar<sup>−1</sup>, high MgCl<sub>2</sub> rejection of 92.6 %, and low LiCl rejection of 21.5 %. After filtering a Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Li<sup>+</sup> binary mixture solution, the Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Li<sup>+</sup> ratio decreased significantly from 40 (feed) to 3.08 (permeate). This study provides an efficient strategy for preparing PEI/TMC-based NF membranes with favorable Li<sup>+</sup>/Mg<sup>2+</sup> separation performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118295"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118294
Guangyong Zeng , Xia Zheng , Peng Wang , Xi Chen , Hongshan Wang , Yuan Xiang , Jianquan Luo , Yu-Hsuan Chiao , Shengyan Pu
Emerging contaminants (ECs) pose significant environmental risks. They also present health hazards due to their persistence and resistance to degradation. Membrane separation has emerged as a promising technique for ECs removal, offering high precision and minimal secondary pollution. However, conventional membranes face challenges like selectivity-permeability trade-offs and fouling, limiting their effectiveness. Recent advancements involve incorporating two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and MXene into polymer membranes through layer-by-layer stacking or as additives to enhance the overall performance. While existing reviews generally cover the importance of membrane technologies and the role of 2D materials, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis focusing on the specific challenges and the innovative integration of 2D materials to address these challenges. This review discusses various methods of membrane modification using typical 2D materials, along with the latest research findings on novel composite membranes for the separation and degradation of different types of ECs in wastewater. Furthermore, it summarizes the removal mechanisms of these innovative membranes for ECs, providing valuable insights for the future development of high-performance membranes based on 2D materials.
{"title":"High-performance membranes based on two-dimensional materials for removing emerging contaminants from water systems: Progress and challenges","authors":"Guangyong Zeng , Xia Zheng , Peng Wang , Xi Chen , Hongshan Wang , Yuan Xiang , Jianquan Luo , Yu-Hsuan Chiao , Shengyan Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging contaminants (ECs) pose significant environmental risks. They also present health hazards due to their persistence and resistance to degradation. Membrane separation has emerged as a promising technique for ECs removal, offering high precision and minimal secondary pollution. However, conventional membranes face challenges like selectivity-permeability trade-offs and fouling, limiting their effectiveness. Recent advancements involve incorporating two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and MXene into polymer membranes through layer-by-layer stacking or as additives to enhance the overall performance. While existing reviews generally cover the importance of membrane technologies and the role of 2D materials, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis focusing on the specific challenges and the innovative integration of 2D materials to address these challenges. This review discusses various methods of membrane modification using typical 2D materials, along with the latest research findings on novel composite membranes for the separation and degradation of different types of ECs in wastewater. Furthermore, it summarizes the removal mechanisms of these innovative membranes for ECs, providing valuable insights for the future development of high-performance membranes based on 2D materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118294"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118293
Xiang Ma , Jian Wang , Zhaoyuan Zhu , Ning Wang , Ce Wang , Guangdi Nie
Carbon-based capacitive deionization (CDI) systems are universally subject to the limited desalination capacity, due to the electrosorption characteristics and undesirable pore structures. Herein, a two-pronged strategy is proposed to boost the desalination performance of the electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs), where silicalite-1 nanoparticles as the internal porogen create mesopores and macropores, and layered zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) leaves as the external carbon source provide micropores and mesopores. This combination results in the large surface area, well-developed graded pore structure, and increased nitrogen content of the core-shell polyacrylonitrile/silicalite-1@ZIF-L-derived CNFs (defined as PCNFs-SZ) electrode, which delivers a superior specific capacitance of 145.4 F g−1 in a neutral electrolyte. The symmetric CDI cell assembled by the self-supporting PCNFs-SZ membrane electrodes holds a prominent desalination capacity of 37.09 mg g−1 and a rapid salt removal rate of 10.36 mg g−1 min−1 at 1.2 V (initial NaCl concentration: 500 mg L−1), and demonstrates significant potential for real-world applications in the desalination and purification of reclaimed water. Furthermore, theory calculations confirm the enhanced Na+-capture capability of PCNFs-SZ. The present work highlights an effective and viable approach to enhance the desalination performance of carbon-based CDI cells.
{"title":"A two-pronged strategy to boost the capacitive deionization performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber membranes","authors":"Xiang Ma , Jian Wang , Zhaoyuan Zhu , Ning Wang , Ce Wang , Guangdi Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-based capacitive deionization (CDI) systems are universally subject to the limited desalination capacity, due to the electrosorption characteristics and undesirable pore structures. Herein, a two-pronged strategy is proposed to boost the desalination performance of the electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs), where silicalite-1 nanoparticles as the internal porogen create mesopores and macropores, and layered zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) leaves as the external carbon source provide micropores and mesopores. This combination results in the large surface area, well-developed graded pore structure, and increased nitrogen content of the core-shell polyacrylonitrile/silicalite-1@ZIF-L-derived CNFs (defined as PCNFs-SZ) electrode, which delivers a superior specific capacitance of 145.4 F g<sup>−1</sup> in a neutral electrolyte. The symmetric CDI cell assembled by the self-supporting PCNFs-SZ membrane electrodes holds a prominent desalination capacity of 37.09 mg g<sup>−1</sup> and a rapid salt removal rate of 10.36 mg g<sup>−1</sup> min<sup>−1</sup> at 1.2 V (initial NaCl concentration: 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup>), and demonstrates significant potential for real-world applications in the desalination and purification of reclaimed water. Furthermore, theory calculations confirm the enhanced Na<sup>+</sup>-capture capability of PCNFs-SZ. The present work highlights an effective and viable approach to enhance the desalination performance of carbon-based CDI cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118293"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118282
Maryam Jalili Marand, Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei, Samal Babanzadeh
Poly(amide-sulfone)s were considered the missing link for water desalination membranes, owing to their exceptional properties resulting from the synergism effects of two amide and sulfone structures. To achieve this, a sulfone-based diamine was first synthesized by reacting 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone with 3-aminophenol. Subsequently, alternative copolymers of poly(amide-sulfone) were prepared via polycondensation reactions of the synthesized diamine monomer and various diacid chlorides including adipoyl dichloride, isophthaloyl dichloride, and terephthaloyl dichloride. The chemical structures were approved using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Porous membranes of the polymers as substrates were prepared by solution casting and phase-inversion method. To form thin film composite membranes, a thin polyamide layer was created through interfacial polymerization on the top surface of prepared substrates using m-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride. After characterization, the performance of all membranes was assessed by evaluating pure water flux, NaCl rejection, and flux recovery ratio using a cross-flow filtration system. The impact of the amide group within the poly(amide-sulfone) substrate structure on thin-film efficiency was explored. Results, revealed that the structure significantly influenced membrane performance. Specifically, the highest pure water flux was 549.50 L.m−2.h−1. Also, NaCl rejection of 98.27 % and flux recovery ratio of 94.21 % were observed among them at pressure of 10 bar. This study provided valuable insights for developing novel poly(amide-sulfone) membranes tailored for desalination applications.
{"title":"Structure-performance relationship in tailored poly(amide-sulfone) membranes for desalination","authors":"Maryam Jalili Marand, Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei, Samal Babanzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(amide-sulfone)s were considered the missing link for water desalination membranes, owing to their exceptional properties resulting from the synergism effects of two amide and sulfone structures. To achieve this, a sulfone-based diamine was first synthesized by reacting 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone with 3-aminophenol. Subsequently, alternative copolymers of poly(amide-sulfone) were prepared via polycondensation reactions of the synthesized diamine monomer and various diacid chlorides including adipoyl dichloride, isophthaloyl dichloride, and terephthaloyl dichloride. The chemical structures were approved using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Porous membranes of the polymers as substrates were prepared by solution casting and phase-inversion method. To form thin film composite membranes, a thin polyamide layer was created through interfacial polymerization on the top surface of prepared substrates using <em>m</em>-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride. After characterization, the performance of all membranes was assessed by evaluating pure water flux, NaCl rejection, and flux recovery ratio using a cross-flow filtration system. The impact of the amide group within the poly(amide-sulfone) substrate structure on thin-film efficiency was explored. Results, revealed that the structure significantly influenced membrane performance. Specifically, the highest pure water flux was 549.50 L.m<sup>−2</sup>.h<sup>−1</sup>. Also, NaCl rejection of 98.27 % and flux recovery ratio of 94.21 % were observed among them at pressure of 10 bar. This study provided valuable insights for developing novel poly(amide-sulfone) membranes tailored for desalination applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118282"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In SWRO desalination system, both low volumetric mixing and high flow capacity of rotary ERD unit is the bottleneck problem at present. Here, a new motor-driven rotary ERD (MD-RERD) is proposed with a large length-diameter ratio rotor and high flow capacity of 110 m3/h. When the length-diameter ratio increases from 14.5 to 18.5 based on unchanged rotor channel diameter, the volumetric mixing of MD-RERD at rotating speed (140 rpm) decreases from 5.503 % to 1.728 % by CFD simulation, which is much lower than that of commercial rotary ERD. Moreover, the MD-RERD shows high energy recovery efficiency of 98.2 %. To further evaluate the mixing performance, an array model composed of 5 MD-RERD units with the flow capacity of 550 m3/h is constructed. The volumetric mixing of the array is 2.339 % under traditional ZZ-array, which is 35.4 % more than that of the single unit due to poor matching degree of volume flowrate between high-pressure route and low-pressure route. Moreover, when the rotor rotates anticlockwise at 140 rpm, the high-pressure route with U-type shows much higher uniformity of flow distribution than Z-type, which is close to that of low-pressure route with Z-type. Therefore, the Z-type is changed to U-type in high-pressure route to construct the UZ-array. Consequently, the matching degree of volume flowrate between the two routes increases, and the volumetric mixing of the array decreases to 1.968 %, which is only 13.9 % more than that of the single unit. It is beneficial to further improve the comprehensive efficiency of the ERD and thus significantly reduce the energy consumption in SWRO desalination system compared to the commercial ERD with a common volumetric mixing of 6 %.
在 SWRO 海水淡化系统中，旋转式 ERD 装置的低容积混合和大流量是目前的瓶颈问题。本文提出了一种新型电机驱动旋转式ERD（MD-RERD），其转子长径比大，流量高达110 m3/h。在转子通道直径不变的基础上，当长径比从 14.5 增加到 18.5 时，通过 CFD 模拟，MD-RERD 在转速（140 rpm）下的体积混合率从 5.503 % 下降到 1.728 %，远低于商用旋转 ERD。此外，MD-RERD 的能量回收效率高达 98.2%。为了进一步评估混合性能，我们构建了一个由 5 个 MD-RERD 单元组成的阵列模型，其流量为 550 m3/h。在传统的 ZZ 阵列下，阵列的体积混合率为 2.339%，比单个单元的混合率高出 35.4%，原因是高压路径和低压路径之间的体积流量匹配度较差。此外，当转子以 140 rpm 的转速逆时针旋转时，U 型高压管路的流量分布均匀度远高于 Z 型，与 Z 型低压管路的流量分布均匀度接近。因此，在高压路径中将 Z 型改为 U 型，以构建 UZ 阵列。因此，两条路线的体积流量匹配度增加，阵列的体积混合度下降到 1.968%，仅比单个单元增加 13.9%。这有利于进一步提高ERD的综合效率，从而与普通体积混合度为6%的商用ERD相比，大幅降低SWRO海水淡化系统的能耗。
{"title":"Simulation investigation on volumetric mixing of the rotary ERD unit and array in the SWRO desalination system","authors":"Hongshan Xu, Junqi Wang, Xinmiao Hou, Yudong Wu, Xiaobo Feng, Yuhao Yan, Yue Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In SWRO desalination system, both low volumetric mixing and high flow capacity of rotary ERD unit is the bottleneck problem at present. Here, a new motor-driven rotary ERD (MD-RERD) is proposed with a large length-diameter ratio rotor and high flow capacity of 110 m<sup>3</sup>/h. When the length-diameter ratio increases from 14.5 to 18.5 based on unchanged rotor channel diameter, the volumetric mixing of MD-RERD at rotating speed (140 rpm) decreases from 5.503 % to 1.728 % by CFD simulation, which is much lower than that of commercial rotary ERD. Moreover, the MD-RERD shows high energy recovery efficiency of 98.2 %. To further evaluate the mixing performance, an array model composed of 5 MD-RERD units with the flow capacity of 550 m<sup>3</sup>/h is constructed. The volumetric mixing of the array is 2.339 % under traditional ZZ-array, which is 35.4 % more than that of the single unit due to poor matching degree of volume flowrate between high-pressure route and low-pressure route. Moreover, when the rotor rotates anticlockwise at 140 rpm, the high-pressure route with U-type shows much higher uniformity of flow distribution than Z-type, which is close to that of low-pressure route with Z-type. Therefore, the Z-type is changed to U-type in high-pressure route to construct the UZ-array. Consequently, the matching degree of volume flowrate between the two routes increases, and the volumetric mixing of the array decreases to 1.968 %, which is only 13.9 % more than that of the single unit. It is beneficial to further improve the comprehensive efficiency of the ERD and thus significantly reduce the energy consumption in SWRO desalination system compared to the commercial ERD with a common volumetric mixing of 6 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118280"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118283
Xin Zhang , Shanshan Yang , Huanzhi Zhang , Huan Liu , Xiaodong Wang
Solar-powered interfacial evaporation is considered as an emerging innovative technology for seawater desalination; however, it suffers from insufficient evaporation efficiency under intermittent solar irradiation. Aiming at realizing sustainable solar-powered seawater desalination for clean water production, we have designed a new type of watermelon-like phase-change microcapsules as a photothermal absorbent material for solar interfacial evaporators. This type of phase-change microcapsules was prepared through rational layer-by-layer microencapsulation with a ZrO2 nanoparticle-containing n-docosane core as a phase-change material (PCM) for solar photothermal harvest and prompt thermal response, a ZrO2 shell for the leakage prevention of the molten n-docosane core, and a polydopamine coating layer together with its surface-decorated phosphorene nanoflakes for high-efficient sunlight absorption and fast water transportation. The resultant microcapsules are featured by a watermelon-like microstructure as confirmed by transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. They also exhibit a high light absorption efficiency of 84.95 %, a high latent heat capacity of 146.2 J g−1, and good wettability. Equipped with the watermelon-like phase-change microcapsules, the developed solar interfacial evaporator obtained an evaporation rate of 3.09 kg m−2 h−1 under one-sun illumination for seawater desalination. The PCM core within the microcapsules can store solar photothermal energy as latent heat under sufficient solar irradiation and then release it under evaporation conditions without sunlight illumination, thus enhancing the water evaporation efficiency. This enables the developed evaporator to increase its total evaporation mass by 31.5 % on a cloudy day in comparison with the conversional solar evaporator without a PCM, indicating a remarkable enhancement in the evaporation performance under intermittent solar irradiation. The developed solar interfacial evaporator exhibits great potential for application in sustainable solar-powered seawater desalination.
{"title":"Sustainable solar-powered seawater desalination enabled by phosphorene-decorated watermelon-like phase-change microcapsules","authors":"Xin Zhang , Shanshan Yang , Huanzhi Zhang , Huan Liu , Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar-powered interfacial evaporation is considered as an emerging innovative technology for seawater desalination; however, it suffers from insufficient evaporation efficiency under intermittent solar irradiation. Aiming at realizing sustainable solar-powered seawater desalination for clean water production, we have designed a new type of watermelon-like phase-change microcapsules as a photothermal absorbent material for solar interfacial evaporators. This type of phase-change microcapsules was prepared through rational layer-by-layer microencapsulation with a ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle-containing <em>n</em>-docosane core as a phase-change material (PCM) for solar photothermal harvest and prompt thermal response, a ZrO<sub>2</sub> shell for the leakage prevention of the molten <em>n</em>-docosane core, and a polydopamine coating layer together with its surface-decorated phosphorene nanoflakes for high-efficient sunlight absorption and fast water transportation. The resultant microcapsules are featured by a watermelon-like microstructure as confirmed by transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. They also exhibit a high light absorption efficiency of 84.95 %, a high latent heat capacity of 146.2 J g<sup>−1</sup>, and good wettability. Equipped with the watermelon-like phase-change microcapsules, the developed solar interfacial evaporator obtained an evaporation rate of 3.09 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> under one-sun illumination for seawater desalination. The PCM core within the microcapsules can store solar photothermal energy as latent heat under sufficient solar irradiation and then release it under evaporation conditions without sunlight illumination, thus enhancing the water evaporation efficiency. This enables the developed evaporator to increase its total evaporation mass by 31.5 % on a cloudy day in comparison with the conversional solar evaporator without a PCM, indicating a remarkable enhancement in the evaporation performance under intermittent solar irradiation. The developed solar interfacial evaporator exhibits great potential for application in sustainable solar-powered seawater desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118283"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118284
Muchen Lu , Jie Sun , Yiyi Liu , Jian Zhang , Haina Bai , Wenke Li , Yina Wang
In this study, a composite electrode based on etched TiO2 nanotube arrays and two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets was successfully designed for efficient degradation of antibiotics in mariculture wastewater. The composite electrode effectively dispersed Mn and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) by introducing 2D MXene nanosheets as an intermediate layer, which significantly enhanced the catalytic performance. The bifunctional properties of Mn and Ru NPs in catalysis and the contribution of d-orbital electrons to the formation of metal‑hydrogen bonds were revealed in depth by analyzing the electron transfer mechanism at the electrodes. The experimental results demonstrated a synergistic catalytic effect between Mn and Ru bimetals and MXene, resulting in an effective increase in the degradation rate. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of Tetracycline (TC) by Mn/Ru/MXene/Ti composite electrode could reach 90.69 % in 60 min. In addition, it still shows excellent stability after 45 days of air exposure, 10 cycling experiments, and 10,000 s of timed current testing. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that anode hydroxyl radical (·OH), HClO, and cathode activated hydrogen atoms (H*) all play catalytic roles in the degradation process. The degradation pathways were analyzed using density-functional theory (DFT) calculations and liquid-liquid-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques, with further experiments confirming that this degradation process effectively reduces the biotoxicity of intermediate products, improving the safety of wastewater discharge. Finally, we designed the reactor and calculated the energy consumption to verify the feasibility and economy of the system in practical applications. This research proposes a novel multi-metal co-catalysis and cathode and anode co-catalysis system for the efficient degradation of antibiotics in mariculture wastewater, with potential applications in the electrocatalytic degradation of antibiotics.
{"title":"2D MXene nanosheet dispersed Mn, Ru NPs loaded Ti composite electrodes for electrocatalytic synergistic degradation of antibiotics in high-salt mariculture wastewater","authors":"Muchen Lu , Jie Sun , Yiyi Liu , Jian Zhang , Haina Bai , Wenke Li , Yina Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2024.118284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a composite electrode based on etched TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays and two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets was successfully designed for efficient degradation of antibiotics in mariculture wastewater. The composite electrode effectively dispersed Mn and Ru nanoparticles (NPs) by introducing 2D MXene nanosheets as an intermediate layer, which significantly enhanced the catalytic performance. The bifunctional properties of Mn and Ru NPs in catalysis and the contribution of d-orbital electrons to the formation of metal‑hydrogen bonds were revealed in depth by analyzing the electron transfer mechanism at the electrodes. The experimental results demonstrated a synergistic catalytic effect between Mn and Ru bimetals and MXene, resulting in an effective increase in the degradation rate. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of Tetracycline (TC) by Mn/Ru/MXene/Ti composite electrode could reach 90.69 % in 60 min. In addition, it still shows excellent stability after 45 days of air exposure, 10 cycling experiments, and 10,000 s of timed current testing. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that anode hydroxyl radical (·OH), HClO, and cathode activated hydrogen atoms (H*) all play catalytic roles in the degradation process. The degradation pathways were analyzed using density-functional theory (DFT) calculations and liquid-liquid-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques, with further experiments confirming that this degradation process effectively reduces the biotoxicity of intermediate products, improving the safety of wastewater discharge. Finally, we designed the reactor and calculated the energy consumption to verify the feasibility and economy of the system in practical applications. This research proposes a novel multi-metal co-catalysis and cathode and anode co-catalysis system for the efficient degradation of antibiotics in mariculture wastewater, with potential applications in the electrocatalytic degradation of antibiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"594 ","pages":"Article 118284"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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