Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18823
Matteo Giannelli
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The Italian constitutional framework and the principle of pactional bilaterality - 3. Restrictions on worship after the first phase of the pandemic - 4. The impact of the Protocols on the system of sources of Ecclesiastical law - 5. Conclusions. From bilateralism to “loyal cooperation”? ABSTRACT: This contribution presents an investigation through the legal sources on which the restrictions on worship were imposed with the aim of verifying whether, and how, the normative management of the pandemic affected the bilateralism that characterizes relations between the State, the Catholic Church, and the various religious denominations. The main point of reference for the analysis will be the contents of the decree-laws, the Prime Ministerial Decrees (DPCM) and their annexes and the aim is to verify, in the context of the peculiar Italian ecclesiastical policy, the differences in treatment between the Catholic Church, religions with an agreement and religions without an agreement.
{"title":"Unilateralism and Bilateralism in the Restrictions on Worship in Italy During the Pandemic","authors":"Matteo Giannelli","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18823","url":null,"abstract":"TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The Italian constitutional framework and the principle of pactional bilaterality - 3. Restrictions on worship after the first phase of the pandemic - 4. The impact of the Protocols on the system of sources of Ecclesiastical law - 5. Conclusions. From bilateralism to “loyal cooperation”? \u0000ABSTRACT: This contribution presents an investigation through the legal sources on which the restrictions on worship were imposed with the aim of verifying whether, and how, the normative management of the pandemic affected the bilateralism that characterizes relations between the State, the Catholic Church, and the various religious denominations. The main point of reference for the analysis will be the contents of the decree-laws, the Prime Ministerial Decrees (DPCM) and their annexes and the aim is to verify, in the context of the peculiar Italian ecclesiastical policy, the differences in treatment between the Catholic Church, religions with an agreement and religions without an agreement.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43678095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18818
Javier Martínez-Torrón
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. The coronavirus crisis: a tragedy and an opportunity - 2. Demanding governments’ accountability - 3. The conditions for legitimate restrictions on freedom of religion or belief - 4. The significance of equality and State’s neutrality for the protection of religious freedom - 5. Advantages of dialogue and cooperation between State and religion - 6. Support and doubts in the reaction of religious communities to governmental measures - 7. Final remarks. ABASTRACT: This article explores peculiarities of the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to other health crisis experienced in the past. Each character is thoroughly examined in the article. The article focuses on four thematic areas: the legal regulation of the fight against coronavirus; the equality of treatment of religious freedom in relation to other fundamental rights; the cooperation between the State and religious communities; and the reactions of religious communities to governmental measures. The article argues that rather than raising new questions, COVD-19 has forced us to deal with familiar questions under unprecedented circumstances. In this frame, time has played a central role as a factor to be taken into account to scrutinize the legitimacy of measures introducing severe limitations to fundamental rights and freedoms. Finally, the article claims that from a legal perspective, the experience of the past months reveals that, especially in times of crisis, we need a scrupulous respect for the requirements of the rule of law, including a strict accountability and transparency from governments, and putting especial emphasis on the protection of fundamental rights, among which is freedom of religion or belief.
{"title":"State, Religion and COVID-19: can Religious Freedom be Guaranteed in Exceptional Circumstances?","authors":"Javier Martínez-Torrón","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18818","url":null,"abstract":"TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. The coronavirus crisis: a tragedy and an opportunity - 2. Demanding governments’ accountability - 3. The conditions for legitimate restrictions on freedom of religion or belief - 4. The significance of equality and State’s neutrality for the protection of religious freedom - 5. Advantages of dialogue and cooperation between State and religion - 6. Support and doubts in the reaction of religious communities to governmental measures - 7. Final remarks.\u0000ABASTRACT: This article explores peculiarities of the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to other health crisis experienced in the past. Each character is thoroughly examined in the article. The article focuses on four thematic areas: the legal regulation of the fight against coronavirus; the equality of treatment of religious freedom in relation to other fundamental rights; the cooperation between the State and religious communities; and the reactions of religious communities to governmental measures. The article argues that rather than raising new questions, COVD-19 has forced us to deal with familiar questions under unprecedented circumstances. In this frame, time has played a central role as a factor to be taken into account to scrutinize the legitimacy of measures introducing severe limitations to fundamental rights and freedoms. Finally, the article claims that from a legal perspective, the experience of the past months reveals that, especially in times of crisis, we need a scrupulous respect for the requirements of the rule of law, including a strict accountability and transparency from governments, and putting especial emphasis on the protection of fundamental rights, among which is freedom of religion or belief.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44544269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18825
S. Baldassarre
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’adozione delle misure di contenimento tra uguale tempestività e diversità procedurale - 3. Sostanziale uniformità dei provvedimenti - 4. Reazioni diverse alle misure restrittive da parte dei gruppi religiosi e delle associazioni filosofiche non confessionali - 5. Osservazioni conclusive. Freedom of worship in the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Standard of protection in Italy, France and Belgium ABSTRACT: the contribution intends to analyze, through a comparative key, the operational strategies adopted by the Belgian, French and Italian governments and the responses of religious groups affected by the restrictive measures of freedom of worship. The choice of these three States - Belgium, France, Italy - is motivated by the specificity of their models of relations between the State and the religious phenomenon; it allows a perspective view able to offer constructive food for thought. The analysis does not claim to be exhaustive, since the pandemic situation is, unfortunately, still evolving, which makes crisis management policies susceptible to sudden changes and adaptations.
{"title":"La libertà di culto ai tempi della pandemia da SARS-CoV-2. Standard di tutela in Italia, Francia e Belgio","authors":"S. Baldassarre","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18825","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. L’adozione delle misure di contenimento tra uguale tempestività e diversità procedurale - 3. Sostanziale uniformità dei provvedimenti - 4. Reazioni diverse alle misure restrittive da parte dei gruppi religiosi e delle associazioni filosofiche non confessionali - 5. Osservazioni conclusive. \u0000Freedom of worship in the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Standard of protection in Italy, France and Belgium \u0000ABSTRACT: the contribution intends to analyze, through a comparative key, the operational strategies adopted by the Belgian, French and Italian governments and the responses of religious groups affected by the restrictive measures of freedom of worship. The choice of these three States - Belgium, France, Italy - is motivated by the specificity of their models of relations between the State and the religious phenomenon; it allows a perspective view able to offer constructive food for thought. The analysis does not claim to be exhaustive, since the pandemic situation is, unfortunately, still evolving, which makes crisis management policies susceptible to sudden changes and adaptations.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45565874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18820
Maksymilian Hau
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The existing model of Coronavirus restrictions and its impact on freedom of religion - 3. Towards a new model of restriction - 4. Advantages of the new model of restrictions - 5. Safeguarding compliance with restrictions - 6. Conclusions. ABSTRACT: The topic of the article is to evaluate legal measures aimed to stop the spread of the coronavirus that limited religious rights. The restrictions are assessed from the perspective of its effectiveness in preventing infection as well as its proportionality. The argument is that proportionality of the restrictions depends on their effectiveness, which in turn should be evaluated in the light of current pandemic situation, which includes vaccination level and scientific knowledge on coronavirus transmission. Consequently, two kinds of restrictions are distinguished: premises-oriented and activities-oriented. The former focuses mainly on the capacity of the church premises and not so much on the activity of the gathered, whereas the latter pays attention to the activates of the worshippers, including religious practices. Given the epidemiological effectiveness and the balance between protecting public health and religious freedom, activities-oriented restrictions are identified as a proper model of restrictions.
{"title":"COVID-19 restrictions on religious worship:how to ensure effectiveness while respecting religious autonomy?","authors":"Maksymilian Hau","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18820","url":null,"abstract":"TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction - 2. The existing model of Coronavirus restrictions and its impact on freedom of religion - 3. Towards a new model of restriction - 4. Advantages of the new model of restrictions - 5. Safeguarding compliance with restrictions - 6. Conclusions. \u0000ABSTRACT: The topic of the article is to evaluate legal measures aimed to stop the spread of the coronavirus that limited religious rights. The restrictions are assessed from the perspective of its effectiveness in preventing infection as well as its proportionality. The argument is that proportionality of the restrictions depends on their effectiveness, which in turn should be evaluated in the light of current pandemic situation, which includes vaccination level and scientific knowledge on coronavirus transmission. Consequently, two kinds of restrictions are distinguished: premises-oriented and activities-oriented. The former focuses mainly on the capacity of the church premises and not so much on the activity of the gathered, whereas the latter pays attention to the activates of the worshippers, including religious practices. Given the epidemiological effectiveness and the balance between protecting public health and religious freedom, activities-oriented restrictions are identified as a proper model of restrictions.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44857565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18824
Pietro Faraguna
ABSTRACT: This contribution introduces the second section of the special issue, including contributions by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, Greta Pavesi (and related comments by Marco Croce and Marcello Toscano). 1 - La seconda sezione ospita tre contributi e due riflessioni a commento di tali contributi. I tre contributi sono accomunati da una metodologia vòlta a comparare l’esperienza vissuta da diversi ordinamenti per ciò che concerne l’impatto delle risposte alla crisi sanitaria sull’esercizio della libertà religiosa. Seppure gli ordinamenti selezionati dai vari Autori e dalle varie Autrici siano in parte diversi, così come lo sono gli esiti cui approdano le diverse analisi, vi sono altrettanti significativi punti di convergenza (uno sopra a tutti è l’inaspettata omogeneità di reazioni in ordinamenti ispirati a modelli di laicità tradizionalmente eterogenei).
{"title":"“Religious freedom before, during and after covid-19 Between Europe and the Member States”: Introduzione alla seconda sezione dello special issue","authors":"Pietro Faraguna","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18824","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This contribution introduces the second section of the special issue, including contributions by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, Greta Pavesi (and related comments by Marco Croce and Marcello Toscano). \u00001 - La seconda sezione ospita tre contributi e due riflessioni a commento di tali contributi. I tre contributi sono accomunati da una metodologia vòlta a comparare l’esperienza vissuta da diversi ordinamenti per ciò che concerne l’impatto delle risposte alla crisi sanitaria sull’esercizio della libertà religiosa. Seppure gli ordinamenti selezionati dai vari Autori e dalle varie Autrici siano in parte diversi, così come lo sono gli esiti cui approdano le diverse analisi, vi sono altrettanti significativi punti di convergenza (uno sopra a tutti è l’inaspettata omogeneità di reazioni in ordinamenti ispirati a modelli di laicità tradizionalmente eterogenei).","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41712220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18827
Greta Pavesi
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. “Breve durata” delle restrizioni e proporzio-nalità: l’interpretazione del Bundesverfassungsgericht - 3. Il Consiglio di Stato francese e la “question de proportionnalité” della libertà di culto - 4. “Secular gatherings” v. “secular businesses”: il tertium comparationis nella giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema statunitense - 5. Emergenza sanitaria e test di proporzionalità nella giurisprudenza di Strasburgo: brevi considerazioni de iure condendo - 6. Conclusioni. Restrictions on Religious Freedom and the Principle of Proportionalitybefore the Courts: A Comparative Perspective ABSTRACT: The emergency legislation through which the legal systems have tried to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated new forms of balancing health protection and other fundamental freedoms, including freedom of religion. The aim of this paper is to analyse the different ways in which the superior Courts have applied the principle of proportionality, with the purpose of trying to assess the extent to which the different sensitivity of judges (especially as regards the identification of the tertium comparationis) has affected the effective protection of freedom of religion during the pandemic. In particular, a comparison will be made among the statements of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, the Conseil d'État and the US Supreme Court, which have balanced the right to health and religious freedom. Short concluding remarks will be addressed to the possible role of Strasbourg jurisprudence in guiding the work of national judges dealing with the proportionality test, also in a post-pandemic perspective.
索马利亚：1。简介-2。“Breve durata”delle restrizioni e proporzio nalità：《联邦法院解释》-3。《法国国家报》认为，文化自由的“比例问题”是4。“世俗集会”诉“世俗企业”：第五章比较。紧急卫生和斯特拉斯堡公共卫生测试：短期考虑-6。结论一。对宗教自由的限制和法院面前的比例原则：比较视角摘要：法律系统试图通过紧急立法来应对新冠肺炎大流行，这就需要新形式的平衡健康保护和其他基本自由，包括宗教自由。本文的目的是分析高级法院应用相称性原则的不同方式，目的是试图评估法官的不同敏感性（特别是在确定三年期比较方面）在多大程度上影响了疫情期间对宗教自由的有效保护。特别是，将对平衡了健康权和宗教自由的联邦法院、最高法院和美国最高法院的声明进行比较。简短的结论性意见将涉及斯特拉斯堡判例法在指导国家法官处理相称性测试工作方面可能发挥的作用，也是从疫情后的角度来看。
{"title":"Limitazioni alla libertà religiosa e principio di proporzionalità davanti alle Corti: una prospettiva comparata","authors":"Greta Pavesi","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18827","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. “Breve durata” delle restrizioni e proporzio-nalità: l’interpretazione del Bundesverfassungsgericht - 3. Il Consiglio di Stato francese e la “question de proportionnalité” della libertà di culto - 4. “Secular gatherings” v. “secular businesses”: il tertium comparationis nella giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema statunitense - 5. Emergenza sanitaria e test di proporzionalità nella giurisprudenza di Strasburgo: brevi considerazioni de iure condendo - 6. Conclusioni. \u0000Restrictions on Religious Freedom and the Principle of Proportionalitybefore the Courts: A Comparative Perspective \u0000ABSTRACT: The emergency legislation through which the legal systems have tried to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated new forms of balancing health protection and other fundamental freedoms, including freedom of religion. The aim of this paper is to analyse the different ways in which the superior Courts have applied the principle of proportionality, with the purpose of trying to assess the extent to which the different sensitivity of judges (especially as regards the identification of the tertium comparationis) has affected the effective protection of freedom of religion during the pandemic. In particular, a comparison will be made among the statements of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, the Conseil d'État and the US Supreme Court, which have balanced the right to health and religious freedom. Short concluding remarks will be addressed to the possible role of Strasbourg jurisprudence in guiding the work of national judges dealing with the proportionality test, also in a post-pandemic perspective.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43530065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18829
M. Croce
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: sui così detti limiti impliciti - 2. Le misure limitative della libertà religiosa alla prova dei test di bilanciamento - 3. Il ritorno della specialità (o del privilegio) nella seconda fase della pandemia. The problem of limits to religious freedom under the pandemic test: specialty or privilege? (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu) ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief remarks on the subject of limits to religious freedom, the difficulties of balancing them, and the legitimacy of differential treatment between spiritually connoted activities.
SOMMARIO: 1。Premessa: sui così detti limitinimplicit - 2。Le misure limit限制性della libert religiosa b真主安拉prova dei test di bilancamento - 3。1 .特别流行病(特别流行病)第二流行病(特别流行病)流行病检验下限制宗教自由的问题:专业还是特权?摘要:本文以西尔维娅·巴尔达萨雷、西蒙娜·吉安内洛和保罗·齐奇图的报道为线索，对宗教自由的限制、平衡宗教自由的困难以及对具有精神内涵的活动区别对待的合法性等问题作了简要评述。
{"title":"Il problema dei limiti alla libertà religiosa alla prova della pandemia: specialità o privilegio? (a margine delle relazioni di Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello e Paolo Zicchittu)","authors":"M. Croce","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18829","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: sui così detti limiti impliciti - 2. Le misure limitative della libertà religiosa alla prova dei test di bilanciamento - 3. Il ritorno della specialità (o del privilegio) nella seconda fase della pandemia. The problem of limits to religious freedom under the pandemic test: specialty or privilege? (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu) ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief remarks on the subject of limits to religious freedom, the difficulties of balancing them, and the legitimacy of differential treatment between spiritually connoted activities.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43766573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18828
M. Toscano
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Metodo concertativo, bilateralità e laicità - Paesi diversi, bilanciamenti simili. Concertative method and balancing techniques in the legal discipline of religious freedom in times of emergency (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu) ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief considerations about the method followed - and the balancing results achieved - by the political decision-maker in the emergency management of religious freedom.
{"title":"Metodo concertativo e tecniche di bilanciamento nella disciplina giuridica della libertà religiosa in tempi di emergenza (a margine delle relazioni di Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello e Paolo Zicchittu)","authors":"M. Toscano","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18828","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Metodo concertativo, bilateralità e laicità - Paesi diversi, bilanciamenti simili. \u0000Concertative method and balancing techniques in the legal discipline of religious freedom in times of emergency (about the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu) \u0000ABSTRACT: In this contribution, which takes its cue from the reports by Silvia Baldassarre, Simone Gianello and Paolo Zicchittu, the author makes some brief considerations about the method followed - and the balancing results achieved - by the political decision-maker in the emergency management of religious freedom.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46630358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18821
Valerio D'Alò
TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Premise - 2. Italy: the relevance of the possibility of satisfying religious feeling through the alternatives offered by computer tools - 3. Germany: the non-belonging of the public exercise of worship to the Wesensgehalt of the right to religious freedom - 4. France: the suspension of religious ceremonies as a “serious and manifestly unlawful interference” with religious freedom - 5. United States of America: the participation in religious services as the “heart of the First Amendment’s guarantee of religious liberty” - 6. Concluding remarks. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the position and the scope of the right to religious freedom in the case law of the national courts of some European and non-European countries, which are called upon to establish the legitimacy or otherwise of the balancing realized by the emergency regulation against Covid-19 between this interest and the equally important one of health. Such evaluations, essentially conducted by the judges using the principle of proportionality (as well as that of reasonableness), betray, in fact, in the phase of verification of the adequacy of the measure (so-called Verhälntismäßigkeit im engeren Sinne) the identification of the sphere of intangibility within the right, removed from further balancing. The systems taken into consideration for this purpose are the Italian, German, French and American ones, identified as significant expressions of different regimes of relations between the State and religious denominations, and, therefore, tending to a different overall attitude of the State towards religious experience.
目录:1;前提- 2。意大利:通过计算机工具提供的替代方案来满足宗教情感的可能性的相关性- 3。德国:不属于公众行使宗教信仰权利的宗教自由权- 4。法国:暂停宗教仪式是对宗教自由的“严重和明显的非法干涉”。6.美利坚合众国:参加宗教服务是“第一修正案保障宗教自由的核心”。结束语。摘要:本文旨在考察一些欧洲和非欧洲国家的国家法院判例法中宗教自由权的地位和范围，这些判例法被要求确立《新冠肺炎应急条例》所实现的宗教自由权与同样重要的健康自由权之间的平衡的合法性或其他方面。这种评价基本上是由法官利用相称性原则(以及合理性原则)进行的，事实上，在核查措施是否适当的阶段(所谓的Verhälntismäßigkeit im engeren Sinne)暴露了对权利内的无形范围的确定，而不是进一步的平衡。为此目的所考虑的制度是意大利、德国、法国和美国的制度，这些制度被认为是国家与宗教派别之间关系的不同制度的重要表现，因此，它们倾向于国家对宗教经验的不同总体态度。
{"title":"Religious freedom during Covid-19 in Courts’ evaluation","authors":"Valerio D'Alò","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18821","url":null,"abstract":"TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Premise - 2. Italy: the relevance of the possibility of satisfying religious feeling through the alternatives offered by computer tools - 3. Germany: the non-belonging of the public exercise of worship to the Wesensgehalt of the right to religious freedom - 4. France: the suspension of religious ceremonies as a “serious and manifestly unlawful interference” with religious freedom - 5. United States of America: the participation in religious services as the “heart of the First Amendment’s guarantee of religious liberty” - 6. Concluding remarks. \u0000ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the position and the scope of the right to religious freedom in the case law of the national courts of some European and non-European countries, which are called upon to establish the legitimacy or otherwise of the balancing realized by the emergency regulation against Covid-19 between this interest and the equally important one of health. Such evaluations, essentially conducted by the judges using the principle of proportionality (as well as that of reasonableness), betray, in fact, in the phase of verification of the adequacy of the measure (so-called Verhälntismäßigkeit im engeren Sinne) the identification of the sphere of intangibility within the right, removed from further balancing. The systems taken into consideration for this purpose are the Italian, German, French and American ones, identified as significant expressions of different regimes of relations between the State and religious denominations, and, therefore, tending to a different overall attitude of the State towards religious experience.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41841614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18826
S. Gianello, P. Zicchittu
SOMMARIO: 1. Le ragioni di una comparazione - 2. Il caso italiano: una breve cronistoria normativa - 3. Primi appunti giurisprudenziali per un corretto “bilanciamento” - 4. Verso un accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Il paradigma francese e l’opera di bilanciamento del Conseil d’État - 6. Alcune considerazioni in termini di bilanciamento fra libertà di culto e tutela della salute - 7. Minime notazioni di sistema a mo’ di conclusione. The "perils" of religious freedom at the time of the pandemic: an impossible balance? Comparative remarks between Italy and France ABSTRACT: The essay aims to analyze the measures adopted in the Italian and French legal systems to regulate the exercise of religious freedom during the Covid-19 emergency. The analysis is conducted by observing the various regulatory provisions in the light of the balancing test and the principles of proportionality and reasonableness. This way, the paper will try to verify the overall strength of the constitutional system in times of crisis and the protection of fundamental rights during an emergency.
索马利亚：1。拉吉奥尼是一个2。Il caso italiano：一个正常的短历史-3。根据“bilanciamento”-4的规定，首次申请。与第5条的规定相对应。法国歌剧院第六届理事会。最后，考虑到了对宗教自由和宗教教育的尊重——7。这是一个非常重要的结论。疫情期间宗教自由的“危险”：一种不可能的平衡？意大利与法国的比较摘要：本文旨在分析意大利和法国在新冠肺炎紧急情况下为规范宗教自由的行使而采取的法律措施。分析是根据平衡测试以及比例和合理性原则，遵守各项监管规定进行的。通过这种方式，本文将试图验证宪法制度在危机时期的整体实力以及在紧急情况下对基本权利的保护。
{"title":"I “pericoli” della libertà religiosa al tempo della pandemia: un bilanciamento impossibile? Considerazioni comparate tra Italia e Francia","authors":"S. Gianello, P. Zicchittu","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18826","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Le ragioni di una comparazione - 2. Il caso italiano: una breve cronistoria normativa - 3. Primi appunti giurisprudenziali per un corretto “bilanciamento” - 4. Verso un accomodamento ragionevole - 5. Il paradigma francese e l’opera di bilanciamento del Conseil d’État - 6. Alcune considerazioni in termini di bilanciamento fra libertà di culto e tutela della salute - 7. Minime notazioni di sistema a mo’ di conclusione. \u0000The \"perils\" of religious freedom at the time of the pandemic: an impossible balance? Comparative remarks between Italy and France \u0000ABSTRACT: The essay aims to analyze the measures adopted in the Italian and French legal systems to regulate the exercise of religious freedom during the Covid-19 emergency. The analysis is conducted by observing the various regulatory provisions in the light of the balancing test and the principles of proportionality and reasonableness. This way, the paper will try to verify the overall strength of the constitutional system in times of crisis and the protection of fundamental rights during an emergency.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46470574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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