Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a10
Madalena Gonçalves, Marianna Buchicchio, Helena Moniz
This paper proposes a typology concerning errors and linguistic structures found in the source text that have an impact on Machine Translation (MT). The main objectives of this project were firstly, to make a comparison between error typologies and analyze them according to their suitability; analyze annotated data and build a data-driven typology while adapting the previous existing typologies; make a distinction between the errors produced by users and agents in the online Customer Support domain; test the proposed typology with three case studies; methodize patterns in the errors found and verify their impact in MT systems; finally, create a typology ready for production for its particular field. At first, it was made a comparison between different typologies, whether they consider a bilingual or monolingual level (e.g. Unbabel Error Typology, MQM Typology (Lommel et al., 2014b) and SCATE MT Error Taxonomy (Tezcan et al., 2017). This comparison allowed us to verify the differences and similarities between them and, also, which issue types have been previously used. In order to build a data-driven typology, both sides of Customer Support were analyzed — user and agent — as they present different writing structures and are influenced by different factors. The results of that analysis were assessed through the annotation process with a bilingual error typology and were calculated with one of the most highly used manual evaluation metrics in translation quality evaluation — Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM), proposed in the QTLaunchPad project (2014), funded by the European Union. Through this analysis, it was then possible to build a data-driven typology — Source Typology. In order to aid future annotators of this typology, we provided guidelines concerning the annotation process and elaborate on the new additions of the typology. In the interest of confirming the reliability of this typology, three case studies were conducted in an internal pilot, with a total of 26,855 words, 2802 errors and 239 linguistic structures (represented in the ‘Neutral’ severity — associated with conversational markers, segmentation, emoticons, etc., characteristics of oral speech) annotated, with different purposes and taking into account several language pairs. In these studies, we verified the effectiveness of the new additions, as well as the transfer of source text errors to the target text. Besides that, it was also analyzed whether the linguistic structures annotated with the ‘Neutral’ severity had in fact any impact on the MT systems. This testing allowed us to confirm the effectiveness and reliability of the Source Typology, including what needs improvement.
{"title":"Impacto da qualidade de textos de partida criados por utilizadores e agentes e a propagação de erros em sistemas de Tradução Automática","authors":"Madalena Gonçalves, Marianna Buchicchio, Helena Moniz","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a10","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a typology concerning errors and linguistic structures found in the source text that have an impact on Machine Translation (MT). The main objectives of this project were firstly, to make a comparison between error typologies and analyze them according to their suitability; analyze annotated data and build a data-driven typology while adapting the previous existing typologies; make a distinction between the errors produced by users and agents in the online Customer Support domain; test the proposed typology with three case studies; methodize patterns in the errors found and verify their impact in MT systems; finally, create a typology ready for production for its particular field. At first, it was made a comparison between different typologies, whether they consider a bilingual or monolingual level (e.g. Unbabel Error Typology, MQM Typology (Lommel et al., 2014b) and SCATE MT Error Taxonomy (Tezcan et al., 2017). This comparison allowed us to verify the differences and similarities between them and, also, which issue types have been previously used. In order to build a data-driven typology, both sides of Customer Support were analyzed — user and agent — as they present different writing structures and are influenced by different factors. The results of that analysis were assessed through the annotation process with a bilingual error typology and were calculated with one of the most highly used manual evaluation metrics in translation quality evaluation — Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM), proposed in the QTLaunchPad project (2014), funded by the European Union. Through this analysis, it was then possible to build a data-driven typology — Source Typology. In order to aid future annotators of this typology, we provided guidelines concerning the annotation process and elaborate on the new additions of the typology. In the interest of confirming the reliability of this typology, three case studies were conducted in an internal pilot, with a total of 26,855 words, 2802 errors and 239 linguistic structures (represented in the ‘Neutral’ severity — associated with conversational markers, segmentation, emoticons, etc., characteristics of oral speech) annotated, with different purposes and taking into account several language pairs. In these studies, we verified the effectiveness of the new additions, as well as the transfer of source text errors to the target text. Besides that, it was also analyzed whether the linguistic structures annotated with the ‘Neutral’ severity had in fact any impact on the MT systems. This testing allowed us to confirm the effectiveness and reliability of the Source Typology, including what needs improvement.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126635216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022mr4
Ana Madeira, Nélia Alexandre
This paper has two major goals. The first one is to present a summary of some of the studies which have been conducted on the L2 acquisition of syntactic properties in European Portuguese within a generative framework, considering the research questions, the phenomena, and the learner profiles which have been investigated, the methodologies used, and the main conclusions which have been reached by these studies. Building on this summary, our second goal is to identify some of the gaps in the existing research and to propose some ideas for future work.
{"title":"Aquisição e desenvolvimento linguísticos: investigação e aplicações – sintaxe de português europeu L2","authors":"Ana Madeira, Nélia Alexandre","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022mr4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022mr4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has two major goals. The first one is to present a summary of some of the studies which have been conducted on the L2 acquisition of syntactic properties in European Portuguese within a generative framework, considering the research questions, the phenomena, and the learner profiles which have been investigated, the methodologies used, and the main conclusions which have been reached by these studies. Building on this summary, our second goal is to identify some of the gaps in the existing research and to propose some ideas for future work.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123245580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-25DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a15
Rita Silva, Vera Cabarrão, Sara Mendes
This paper aims to analyse the effects of including gaming entities in the performance of the NER system, for the English language and in a machine translation industrial context of customer support content. To identify and classify gaming entities (by the Named Entity Recognition (NER) model), three new categories were created and added to the already used annotation typology: GAME NAME, GAME FEATURE and GAME CURRENCY. A set of reference annotations (gold standard) was also developed, allowing not only the training of the NER system but also the evaluation of its performance and accuracy in a more objective way, namely by counting the number of entities that the system identifies and categorises correctly. In the scope of this work, 6618 sentences from 7 gaming clients were manually annotated, constituting the gold standard which was then used to train and evaluate the NER system. The objective of the experiments was to assess whether the existing NER system improved its performance when trained with the gold standard created specifically for the gaming domain and if it could handle the new gaming categories added to the typology by identifying and categorizing them correctly. The results of both experiments were auspicious and positive, demonstrating the relevance of greater investment in domain-specific entity recognition, namely in the context of customer service text processing.
{"title":"Anotação de Entidades Mencionadas na área do Gaming","authors":"Rita Silva, Vera Cabarrão, Sara Mendes","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a15","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyse the effects of including gaming entities in the performance of the NER system, for the English language and in a machine translation industrial context of customer support content. To identify and classify gaming entities (by the Named Entity Recognition (NER) model), three new categories were created and added to the already used annotation typology: GAME NAME, GAME FEATURE and GAME CURRENCY. A set of reference annotations (gold standard) was also developed, allowing not only the training of the NER system but also the evaluation of its performance and accuracy in a more objective way, namely by counting the number of entities that the system identifies and categorises correctly. In the scope of this work, 6618 sentences from 7 gaming clients were manually annotated, constituting the gold standard which was then used to train and evaluate the NER system. The objective of the experiments was to assess whether the existing NER system improved its performance when trained with the gold standard created specifically for the gaming domain and if it could handle the new gaming categories added to the typology by identifying and categorizing them correctly. The results of both experiments were auspicious and positive, demonstrating the relevance of greater investment in domain-specific entity recognition, namely in the context of customer service text processing.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122382224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a7
Luís Filipe Cunha
Differently from e.g. Spanish, European Portuguese has two analogous but quite independent constructions incorporating the verb ir (to go) that point to the future realisation of an eventuality. In both cases, ir may retain most of its lexical properties or it may arise in constructions that have undergone a lower or greater degree of grammaticalization. The main goal of this paper is to compare the behaviour of these two structures, namely ir (‘go’) + Infinitive, which consistently conveys a temporal relation of posteriority, and its ir (‘go’) a + Infinitive counterpart, which seems to carry aspectual information of prospectivity. As a temporal operator, ir (‘go’) + Infinitive combines with all kinds of eventualities and occurs with different prospective temporal adverbials; on the other hand, as an aspectual operator establishing a preliminary state, ir (‘go’) a + Infinitive is completely incompatible with statives, is anomalous with long distance future temporal adverbials and demands the presence of another event in order to ensure the requirement of “present relevance”.
与西班牙语等不同，欧洲葡萄牙语有两个类似但非常独立的结构，其中包含动词ir(去)，指向未来实现的一种可能性。在这两种情况下，它可能保留其大部分词汇特性，也可能出现在经历了较低或较高程度语法化的结构中。本文的主要目的是比较这两种结构的行为，即ir (' go ') +不定式，它始终传达了后发性的时间关系，而它的ir (' go ') a +不定式，它似乎携带了前瞻性的方面信息。ir (' go ') +不定式作为时间操作符，与各种可能性结合，并与不同的时态状语一起出现;另一方面，ir (' go ') a +不定式作为建立初步状态的方面性操作符，与定语完全不相容，与远距离将来时状语反常，需要另一个事件的存在才能保证“现在关联”的要求。
{"title":"Sobre a construção 'ir a' + Infinitivo em Português Europeu","authors":"Luís Filipe Cunha","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a7","url":null,"abstract":"Differently from e.g. Spanish, European Portuguese has two analogous but quite independent constructions incorporating the verb ir (to go) that point to the future realisation of an eventuality. In both cases, ir may retain most of its lexical properties or it may arise in constructions that have undergone a lower or greater degree of grammaticalization. The main goal of this paper is to compare the behaviour of these two structures, namely ir (‘go’) + Infinitive, which consistently conveys a temporal relation of posteriority, and its ir (‘go’) a + Infinitive counterpart, which seems to carry aspectual information of prospectivity. As a temporal operator, ir (‘go’) + Infinitive combines with all kinds of eventualities and occurs with different prospective temporal adverbials; on the other hand, as an aspectual operator establishing a preliminary state, ir (‘go’) a + Infinitive is completely incompatible with statives, is anomalous with long distance future temporal adverbials and demands the presence of another event in order to ensure the requirement of “present relevance”.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117035593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a5
A. Costa
More than developing a study on punctuation, this paper intends to explore the uses of punctuation as a window to syntactic awareness or metasyntactic abilities. Different theoretical models identify several degrees of conscious access to linguistic knowledge and types of metalinguistic verbalizations. The analysis of canonical and deviant punctuation in adult academic writing contributes to the characterization of different degrees of syntactic awareness, corroborating some theoretical hypotheses under discussion in section 2. A case study is the methodological approach adopted to study undergraduate students’ punctuation. The analysis included four tasks: (i) written production, (ii) error correction task, (iii) metalinguistic explanation, and (iv) verbalized conceptions in a focus group. Results, presented in section 4, show a general dissociation between explicit knowledge of the punctuation rules and general success in its uses. Conclusions point to some clues for an academic writing pedagogy and a more complex concept of “syntactic awareness”, in which different degrees of controlled access and verbalization abilities must be considered.
{"title":"A pontuação como janela para a consciência sintática","authors":"A. Costa","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a5","url":null,"abstract":"More than developing a study on punctuation, this paper intends to explore the uses of punctuation as a window to syntactic awareness or metasyntactic abilities. Different theoretical models identify several degrees of conscious access to linguistic knowledge and types of metalinguistic verbalizations. The analysis of canonical and deviant punctuation in adult academic writing contributes to the characterization of different degrees of syntactic awareness, corroborating some theoretical hypotheses under discussion in section 2. A case study is the methodological approach adopted to study undergraduate students’ punctuation. The analysis included four tasks: (i) written production, (ii) error correction task, (iii) metalinguistic explanation, and (iv) verbalized conceptions in a focus group. Results, presented in section 4, show a general dissociation between explicit knowledge of the punctuation rules and general success in its uses. Conclusions point to some clues for an academic writing pedagogy and a more complex concept of “syntactic awareness”, in which different degrees of controlled access and verbalization abilities must be considered.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127684475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a6
Raquel Costa, M. Lobo
This investigation aims to study the comprehension of A´movement (wh-questions and relatives) in L1 European Portuguese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), since previous research on syntactic abilities in ASD remains inconclusive. 24 Portuguese speaking children with ASD (aged 5;6 to 13;11), including children with low and high non-verbal IQ, were compared to 35 typically developing (TD) children. The comprehension of subject, object and oblique wh-questions and subject, object and oblique relatives was assessed via a picture selection task. Overall, ASD children seem to have more difficulties than the control group with these structures, although there were only statiscally significant differences between the control group and the experimental group in younger children. No significant differences were found between ASD children with low and high IQ, with heterogeneous behavior in both groups. The results are in line with the ones we find in studies with this population conducted in other languages that suggest that ASD may be associated with general language delays and that there is a dissociation between non-verbal IQ and the comprehension of syntactic structures.
{"title":"Compreensão de estruturas com movimento A´ em crianças com Perturbações do Espectro do Autismo","authors":"Raquel Costa, M. Lobo","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a6","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation aims to study the comprehension of A´movement (wh-questions and relatives) in L1 European Portuguese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), since previous research on syntactic abilities in ASD remains inconclusive. 24 Portuguese speaking children with ASD (aged 5;6 to 13;11), including children with low and high non-verbal IQ, were compared to 35 typically developing (TD) children. The comprehension of subject, object and oblique wh-questions and subject, object and oblique relatives was assessed via a picture selection task. Overall, ASD children seem to have more difficulties than the control group with these structures, although there were only statiscally significant differences between the control group and the experimental group in younger children. No significant differences were found between ASD children with low and high IQ, with heterogeneous behavior in both groups. The results are in line with the ones we find in studies with this population conducted in other languages that suggest that ASD may be associated with general language delays and that there is a dissociation between non-verbal IQ and the comprehension of syntactic structures.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115945012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a3
Ana Braz, Isabelle Simões Marques
We are looking at a linguistic-discursive analysis of the most recurrent strategies of argumentation and persuasion in the TV debate of January 6, 2021 for the 2021 presidential elections in Portugal. In this debate, two candidates are opposed, namely Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa - President of the Republic at the time, and in the meantime elected for a second term - and André Ventura, deputy of the Assembly of the Republic and candidate for the Chega party. Our analysis focuses on the manipulation strategies used by both speakers and candidates. The images that the political opponents build of themselves and of their opponent in and by discourse, the emotions that their words arouse, the predominant discursive topic, the main axiological values of the lexemes and expressions used, and the ways of refuting facts and views conveyed in the different verbal exchanges are studied. The present work is part of the perspective of discourse analysis (Kerbrat-Orechioni, 2005 and 2014), as well as within the framework of the study of argumentation, namely argumentation in the political discourse, in the path of Amossy (2000) and Plantin (1996), considering the contributions of Charaudeau (2005, 2008 and 2016) on the political discourse and Marques on the Portuguese political discourse (2009, 2013 and 2017).
{"title":"O debate presidencial de 2021 entre Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa e André Ventura: estratégias de argumentação e de persuasão","authors":"Ana Braz, Isabelle Simões Marques","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a3","url":null,"abstract":"We are looking at a linguistic-discursive analysis of the most recurrent strategies of argumentation and persuasion in the TV debate of January 6, 2021 for the 2021 presidential elections in Portugal. In this debate, two candidates are opposed, namely Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa - President of the Republic at the time, and in the meantime elected for a second term - and André Ventura, deputy of the Assembly of the Republic and candidate for the Chega party. \u0000Our analysis focuses on the manipulation strategies used by both speakers and candidates. The images that the political opponents build of themselves and of their opponent in and by discourse, the emotions that their words arouse, the predominant discursive topic, the main axiological values of the lexemes and expressions used, and the ways of refuting facts and views conveyed in the different verbal exchanges are studied. \u0000The present work is part of the perspective of discourse analysis (Kerbrat-Orechioni, 2005 and 2014), as well as within the framework of the study of argumentation, namely argumentation in the political discourse, in the path of Amossy (2000) and Plantin (1996), considering the contributions of Charaudeau (2005, 2008 and 2016) on the political discourse and Marques on the Portuguese political discourse (2009, 2013 and 2017).","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114569569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a1
Mirian Verza Amarante, L. Chacon, G. Soncin
Considering that unconventional writing is an important and necessary part of the acquisition of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) orthographic system, we seek: (1) to describe the distribution of a type of error present in this acquisition, the orthographic transpositions, that is, the displacements of graphemes from their conventional position in the syllable to other positions in the word; and (2) to observe to what extent aspects of the syllable such as its (simple or complex) structure and its (stressed or unstressed) position in the word would be present at the point of displacement of these transpositions. For this purpose, we analyzed 63 compositions by Brazilian children who presented some type of orthographic transposition. We separated the records of transposition as they occurred in the form of swaps (those between two graphemes inside the word), intersyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme mobilizing two syllables of the word) and intrasyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme within the same syllable). Subsequently, we observed whether the transpositions came from syllables with simple or complex structures and located in a stressed or in an unstressed position of the word. In relation to the distribution, the results showed: greater occurrence of intrasyllabic transpositions, followed by swaps and, lastly, intersyllabic transpositions. Regarding the syllabic structure, we found: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from complex syllables and lower occurrence coming from the simple ones. Finally, in relation to the stress, the analysis presented: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from unstressed syllables and lower occurrence coming from the stressed ones. The results indicated that the unconventional disposition of graphemes in the analyzed writing production does not occur randomly, and, in order to explain this type of disposition, it is important to observe phonetic/phonological features which are not only the ones involved in the phoneme/grapheme relationship.
{"title":"Distribuição das transposições ortográficas na escrita de crianças brasileiras","authors":"Mirian Verza Amarante, L. Chacon, G. Soncin","doi":"10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a1","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that unconventional writing is an important and necessary part of the acquisition of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) orthographic system, we seek: (1) to describe the distribution of a type of error present in this acquisition, the orthographic transpositions, that is, the displacements of graphemes from their conventional position in the syllable to other positions in the word; and (2) to observe to what extent aspects of the syllable such as its (simple or complex) structure and its (stressed or unstressed) position in the word would be present at the point of displacement of these transpositions. For this purpose, we analyzed 63 compositions by Brazilian children who presented some type of orthographic transposition. We separated the records of transposition as they occurred in the form of swaps (those between two graphemes inside the word), intersyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme mobilizing two syllables of the word) and intrasyllabic transpositions (those of a grapheme within the same syllable). Subsequently, we observed whether the transpositions came from syllables with simple or complex structures and located in a stressed or in an unstressed position of the word. In relation to the distribution, the results showed: greater occurrence of intrasyllabic transpositions, followed by swaps and, lastly, intersyllabic transpositions. Regarding the syllabic structure, we found: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from complex syllables and lower occurrence coming from the simple ones. Finally, in relation to the stress, the analysis presented: greater occurrence of transpositions coming from unstressed syllables and lower occurrence coming from the stressed ones. The results indicated that the unconventional disposition of graphemes in the analyzed writing production does not occur randomly, and, in order to explain this type of disposition, it is important to observe phonetic/phonological features which are not only the ones involved in the phoneme/grapheme relationship.","PeriodicalId":313789,"journal":{"name":"Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística","volume":"787 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128595468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a2
J. Baptista, Sónia Reis, Nuno J. Mamede
This paper, developed within the Lexicon‑Grammar theoretical and methodological framework, analyses the predicate noun and support‑verb constructions that admit the syntactic transformation: O médico fez um raio‑x ao tórax do Pedro = O Pedro fez um raio‑x ao tórax (lit.: ‘The doctor did a x‑ray to the chest of Pedro/Pedro did a x‑ray to the chest’) ‘The doctor x‑rayed Pedro's chest/Pedro had a chest x‑ray’; in this sentence, raio‑x ‘x‑ray’ is a predicate noun and fazer ‘do’ is the support verb. The paper proposes to relate the two sentences by a formal operation, the Neuter transformation. About 275 predicate nouns, expressing a variety of semantic predicates, and involving body‑part nouns, admit this transformation. The paper aims to determine the lexical‑syntactic conditions to the application of the Neuter transformation, contrasting it with other transformations (Dative Restructuring, Conversion, and Fusion), and presents the main regularities observed, discussing the choice of a base form from the alternative sentences and its formalization within the lexicon‑grammar, a comprehensive data base of predicate nouns and support verb constructions currently with about 9,100 nominal predicates. The analysis is supported with data from corpora and other on‑line sources. The study is part of an on‑going program for the systematic description of the lexical‑syntactical properties of predicate noun constructions in European Portuguese.
本文在词典语法理论和方法框架内发展，分析了承认句法转换的谓语名词和支持动词结构:O m - dico fez um raio - x ao tórax do Pedro = O Pedro fez um raio - x ao tórax(翻译为:“医生给佩德罗的胸部照了x光片/佩德罗给胸部照了x光片”)“医生给佩德罗的胸部照了x光片/佩德罗照了胸部x光片”;在这个句子中，raio - x“x - ray”是谓语名词，fazer“do”是辅助动词。本文提出用一种形式运算——中性变换把这两个句子联系起来。大约有275个谓语名词承认这种转换，这些谓语名词表达了各种语义谓词，并涉及身体部分名词。本文旨在确定中性变换应用的词汇句法条件，并将其与其他变换(与格重组、转换和融合)进行对比，提出观察到的主要规律，讨论从备选句中选择基本形式及其在词典语法中的形式化，词典语法是一个综合的谓词名词和支持动词结构数据库，目前约有9100个名义谓词。该分析得到了来自语料库和其他在线资源的数据的支持。本研究是一个正在进行的系统描述欧洲葡萄牙语谓语名词结构的词汇句法特性的项目的一部分。
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Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.26334/2183-9077/rapln9ano2022a4
A. Brito
The goal of this paper is to analyse the syntax of a group of free relatives called “transparent free relatives” (TFR) in European Portuguese. Starting from several properties, we will argue in favour of the hypothesis that the “pivot” of TFR is the wh word and not the predicate of the free relative (FR). Such morpheme is the invariable constituent o que, the most unspecified of wh morphemes in Portuguese. As in all FR, there is a null D (or a D occupied by a determiner) that selects a CP complement, which makes it unnecessary to propose a null antecedent pro. In order to explain the invariable and inseparable o que, we follow Medeiros Júnior (2016), for whom this morpheme is the result of reanalysis in Contemporary European Portuguese. We also develop the idea that they always involve a small clause expressed by a copulative verb, mainly ser ‘to be’, they are therefore predicative and they are, most of the times, indefinite, but they also may contain a definite expression, as already argued for Portuguese by Ferreira (2007).
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