Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514414
A. London, A. Tonelli, S. Hudson, B. Gupta, K.B. Wylie, G. Spodnick, B. Sheldon
Poly lactic acid (PLA), poly /spl epsiv/-caprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CH) are incorporated into a biodegradable wound dressing. Physical properties of these films, including topography, water vapor permeability, degradation, and bacterial permeation as well as biological effects of toxicity on human fibroblast cells were studied. An in vivo study currently in progress is proposed.
{"title":"Textile composite wound dressing","authors":"A. London, A. Tonelli, S. Hudson, B. Gupta, K.B. Wylie, G. Spodnick, B. Sheldon","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514414","url":null,"abstract":"Poly lactic acid (PLA), poly /spl epsiv/-caprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CH) are incorporated into a biodegradable wound dressing. Physical properties of these films, including topography, water vapor permeability, degradation, and bacterial permeation as well as biological effects of toxicity on human fibroblast cells were studied. An in vivo study currently in progress is proposed.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128057757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514464
A. Fendley
This is pt. 1 of a two-part paper concerned with surface-related athletic injury prediction. The author considers the athlete, footwear, playing surface and interface factors as a system for assessment of injury prediction parameters. Based on a review of the literature, the author identifies and categorizes qualitative and quantitative factors in the athlete/shoe/surface/interface system important for injury prediction, using the sport of football as an example. The methodology should also be applicable to other sports.
{"title":"Development of an athlete/shoe/surface-related injury prediction model for American football. 1. Systematic identification of qualitative and quantitative variables","authors":"A. Fendley","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514464","url":null,"abstract":"This is pt. 1 of a two-part paper concerned with surface-related athletic injury prediction. The author considers the athlete, footwear, playing surface and interface factors as a system for assessment of injury prediction parameters. Based on a review of the literature, the author identifies and categorizes qualitative and quantitative factors in the athlete/shoe/surface/interface system important for injury prediction, using the sport of football as an example. The methodology should also be applicable to other sports.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117256704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514461
Y. Ikada
Summary form only received. The author presents some results by obtained by collaborative work with medical people on tissue engineering using resorbable polymers such as polylactides and collagen. The tissues studied for regeneration include bones, skin, ligaments, and fibrous cartilage. The fixation of fractured bones in joints, jaw, and the face was performed using screws, pins, and mini-plates prepared from a high-strength poly(L-lactide). Regeneration of lost mandibula with the help of a poly(L-lactide) tray containing the patient's cancellous bone is currently undergoing clinical trials. A bilayered artificial skin was fabricated from a thin silicone sheet and a thick porous collagen sheet without glycosaminoglycans. The artificial skin functioned very effectively as the scaffold for the regeneration of the dermis tissue of full skin-deficient patients. The epidermis graft of patient origin was covered on the regenerated dermis to enable regeneration of the whole skin. Regeneration of broken anterior cruciate ligaments was attempted with the use of poly(L-lactide) fibers. The results with goats and sheep were as good as those of a non-resorbable ligament assist device. The periodontic ligament also could be regenerated with the use of a glycolide-lactide copolymer membrane.
{"title":"Tissue engineering with the use of polymers","authors":"Y. Ikada","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514461","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only received. The author presents some results by obtained by collaborative work with medical people on tissue engineering using resorbable polymers such as polylactides and collagen. The tissues studied for regeneration include bones, skin, ligaments, and fibrous cartilage. The fixation of fractured bones in joints, jaw, and the face was performed using screws, pins, and mini-plates prepared from a high-strength poly(L-lactide). Regeneration of lost mandibula with the help of a poly(L-lactide) tray containing the patient's cancellous bone is currently undergoing clinical trials. A bilayered artificial skin was fabricated from a thin silicone sheet and a thick porous collagen sheet without glycosaminoglycans. The artificial skin functioned very effectively as the scaffold for the regeneration of the dermis tissue of full skin-deficient patients. The epidermis graft of patient origin was covered on the regenerated dermis to enable regeneration of the whole skin. Regeneration of broken anterior cruciate ligaments was attempted with the use of poly(L-lactide) fibers. The results with goats and sheep were as good as those of a non-resorbable ligament assist device. The periodontic ligament also could be regenerated with the use of a glycolide-lactide copolymer membrane.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122813330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514454
S. Salkeld, S. Cook, D. Rueger
Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) was combined with a series of nonproteinaceous polymeric carriers in varying dosages. The implants were placed in critical sized bilateral ulnar segmental defects of thirty rabbits and twelve dogs. Animals were followed radiographically every two weeks to evaluate the rate and amount of bone formation. Rabbits were sacrificed at eight weeks and dogs were sacrificed at twelve weeks postimplantation. Post-sacrifice mechanical testing and histologic analysis was performed on the retrieved specimens. Sequential radiographs demonstrated new bone formation in all OP-1/polymer sites. The healed polymeric/OP-1 defects demonstrated torsional strength approaching intact controls and OP-1/collagen. This investigation demonstrates that polymeric carriers with the appropriate dosage and degradation characteristics may be used to deliver OP-1 to heal large segmental bone defects.
{"title":"Synthetic polymers as carriers for osteogenic proteins","authors":"S. Salkeld, S. Cook, D. Rueger","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514454","url":null,"abstract":"Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) was combined with a series of nonproteinaceous polymeric carriers in varying dosages. The implants were placed in critical sized bilateral ulnar segmental defects of thirty rabbits and twelve dogs. Animals were followed radiographically every two weeks to evaluate the rate and amount of bone formation. Rabbits were sacrificed at eight weeks and dogs were sacrificed at twelve weeks postimplantation. Post-sacrifice mechanical testing and histologic analysis was performed on the retrieved specimens. Sequential radiographs demonstrated new bone formation in all OP-1/polymer sites. The healed polymeric/OP-1 defects demonstrated torsional strength approaching intact controls and OP-1/collagen. This investigation demonstrates that polymeric carriers with the appropriate dosage and degradation characteristics may be used to deliver OP-1 to heal large segmental bone defects.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123246967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514452
K. Leuenberger, I. Mileti, R. Singh, P. K. Bajpai
Coumadin is one of the most widely used oral anticoagulants for preventing several types of thromboembolic complications. However, coumadin, when given in dosages which maintain the plasma levels slightly above the effective threshold, has been associated with severe side effects such as excessive hemorrhaging and necrosis. Development of an implantable, biodegradable hydroxyapatite ceramic device for continuous delivery of effective amounts of coumadin should alleviate these side effects. The ceramic devices used in this experiment consisted of 400 mg HA and 100 mg coumadin compressed at loads of 3000, 6000, and 9000 lbs. in a hydraulic press. The ceramic devices released their entire anticoagulant content within 12 hours, with a linear release for the first four hours. Ceramics compressed at different loads released significantly different amounts of coumadin for the first four hours of the experiment. Since the amounts of drug released in one day in vitro are released for almost 10 to 15 days in vivo, the data obtained in this study suggest that hydroxyapatite ceramic matrix implants containing 100 mg coumadin should release the anticoagulant continuously for a minimum of 10 days in vivo.
{"title":"A hydroxyapatite ceramic matrix device for continuous delivery of coumadin","authors":"K. Leuenberger, I. Mileti, R. Singh, P. K. Bajpai","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514452","url":null,"abstract":"Coumadin is one of the most widely used oral anticoagulants for preventing several types of thromboembolic complications. However, coumadin, when given in dosages which maintain the plasma levels slightly above the effective threshold, has been associated with severe side effects such as excessive hemorrhaging and necrosis. Development of an implantable, biodegradable hydroxyapatite ceramic device for continuous delivery of effective amounts of coumadin should alleviate these side effects. The ceramic devices used in this experiment consisted of 400 mg HA and 100 mg coumadin compressed at loads of 3000, 6000, and 9000 lbs. in a hydraulic press. The ceramic devices released their entire anticoagulant content within 12 hours, with a linear release for the first four hours. Ceramics compressed at different loads released significantly different amounts of coumadin for the first four hours of the experiment. Since the amounts of drug released in one day in vitro are released for almost 10 to 15 days in vivo, the data obtained in this study suggest that hydroxyapatite ceramic matrix implants containing 100 mg coumadin should release the anticoagulant continuously for a minimum of 10 days in vivo.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120918596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514466
M. Marpet
To prevent slips, a comprehensive model for the prediction of slip would be useful. Such model must consider both qualitative and quantitative factors. Here, the author explores factors which can have a significant influence on pedestrian/walkway friction and, therefore, on slip probability. These factors will, in pt. II of this paper, be used as inputs to a set of ratiometrically-derived, dimensionless parameters which will characterize the friction-related component of a comprehensive slip-prediction model.
{"title":"The friction-related component of a comprehensive slip-prediction model. I. Literature search for parametric inputs for ratiometric analysis","authors":"M. Marpet","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514466","url":null,"abstract":"To prevent slips, a comprehensive model for the prediction of slip would be useful. Such model must consider both qualitative and quantitative factors. Here, the author explores factors which can have a significant influence on pedestrian/walkway friction and, therefore, on slip probability. These factors will, in pt. II of this paper, be used as inputs to a set of ratiometrically-derived, dimensionless parameters which will characterize the friction-related component of a comprehensive slip-prediction model.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121974610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514480
J. J. Ward
Several major industries in rural North Louisiana are agriculture and forestry, with its associated paper mill factories. These industries utilize significant herbicides, such as dioxins. A Swedish study found a higher incidence of soft tissue sarcomas in patient populations exposed to these herbicides. The purpose of this retrospective study is to demonstrate a higher incidence of sarcomas in the rural areas of North Louisiana. Between 1988 and 1994, twelve patients with osteosarcoma were evaluated and treated. The twelve patients were from rural areas. Fourteen patients with soft tissue sarcoma were evaluated and treated between 1988 and 1994. Six patients were from the metropolitan area of Shreveport/Bossier City, and eight from the rural areas. For the osteosarcoma group, a two-fold increase in patients occurred in the rural areas. In the soft tissue sarcoma group, the overall incidence was lower for both areas, but more were seen from the rural area. This suggests that those patients from the rural areas of North Louisiana may have a higher risk of developing a sarcoma, and this trend may be related to herbicide exposure.
{"title":"North Louisiana experience with bone and soft tissue malignancies","authors":"J. J. Ward","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514480","url":null,"abstract":"Several major industries in rural North Louisiana are agriculture and forestry, with its associated paper mill factories. These industries utilize significant herbicides, such as dioxins. A Swedish study found a higher incidence of soft tissue sarcomas in patient populations exposed to these herbicides. The purpose of this retrospective study is to demonstrate a higher incidence of sarcomas in the rural areas of North Louisiana. Between 1988 and 1994, twelve patients with osteosarcoma were evaluated and treated. The twelve patients were from rural areas. Fourteen patients with soft tissue sarcoma were evaluated and treated between 1988 and 1994. Six patients were from the metropolitan area of Shreveport/Bossier City, and eight from the rural areas. For the osteosarcoma group, a two-fold increase in patients occurred in the rural areas. In the soft tissue sarcoma group, the overall incidence was lower for both areas, but more were seen from the rural area. This suggests that those patients from the rural areas of North Louisiana may have a higher risk of developing a sarcoma, and this trend may be related to herbicide exposure.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121733555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514416
T. Harrington, E. Aamodt
DNA mediated genetic transformation has opened the door to molecular engineering of numerous species. Unfortunately, many other species have so far resisted transformation often because DNA cannot be moved into their germ cells by current methods. An alternate approach was sought where DNA is electrophoresed onto the tip of a tungsten microelectrode and the electrode inserted into the cell nucleus to effect transformation. This paper shows that DNA can be electrophoresed onto the tips of tungsten microelectrodes and that tungsten microelectrodes can be used to transform the germ line cells of the nematode C. elegans.
{"title":"DNA transformation using electrically charged tungsten microelectrodes","authors":"T. Harrington, E. Aamodt","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514416","url":null,"abstract":"DNA mediated genetic transformation has opened the door to molecular engineering of numerous species. Unfortunately, many other species have so far resisted transformation often because DNA cannot be moved into their germ cells by current methods. An alternate approach was sought where DNA is electrophoresed onto the tip of a tungsten microelectrode and the electrode inserted into the cell nucleus to effect transformation. This paper shows that DNA can be electrophoresed onto the tips of tungsten microelectrodes and that tungsten microelectrodes can be used to transform the germ line cells of the nematode C. elegans.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130997806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514444
B. Roberts, A. Puckett, B. Bennett
Summary form only given. The objective of this study was to determine the water and filler content of five different hybrid glass ionomers (GI) after aging in distilled water at 37 /spl deg/C for 7 days. The materials were A.) Encapsulated and B.) hand mixed Variglass (Caulk Dentsply, Milford, DE) C.) Photacfil Aplicaps (ESPE Premier, Norristown, PA) D.) Fuji II capsules (GC corp., Tokyo, Japan) and E.) Vitremer (3M, St. Paul, MN). Based upon the mass loss with increasing temperature and the residual mass, the percent water and filler content of the materials were determined. Comparison of the results using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p <.05) reveals that the water content is significantly different for every material and the filler contents are different for every material except C and D.
{"title":"Water and filler content of hybrid glass ionomers","authors":"B. Roberts, A. Puckett, B. Bennett","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514444","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The objective of this study was to determine the water and filler content of five different hybrid glass ionomers (GI) after aging in distilled water at 37 /spl deg/C for 7 days. The materials were A.) Encapsulated and B.) hand mixed Variglass (Caulk Dentsply, Milford, DE) C.) Photacfil Aplicaps (ESPE Premier, Norristown, PA) D.) Fuji II capsules (GC corp., Tokyo, Japan) and E.) Vitremer (3M, St. Paul, MN). Based upon the mass loss with increasing temperature and the residual mass, the percent water and filler content of the materials were determined. Comparison of the results using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p <.05) reveals that the water content is significantly different for every material and the filler contents are different for every material except C and D.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131441326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-04-07DOI: 10.1109/SBEC.1995.514421
C. Zou, K. Cheng
To attempt to explain what determines a single particle (an ion or an ion group) penetration of a cell membrane channel, a physical model of potential energy profiles V/sub 2/(x) of a channel is proposed, based on the authors' previous study of one dimensional (1-D) steady state Schrodinger equation in a single particle system and in a time independent field. In this model, a V/sub 2/(x) is simplified as an effective constant height of potential energy barrier V/sub 2/ in a channel to obtain analytical solutions in mathematics. This model elucidates that: (1) Ion selectivity of a channel is determined by V/sub 2/. V/sub 2/ is divided into a V/sub 2c/ for a cation and V/sub 2a/ for an anion. V/sub 2c/ and V/sub 2a/ may be or may be not the same value depending on electrical characteristics of the particles and the channel. It is called a cation channel if a V/sub 2c/ is much lower than a V/sub 2a/ and vice versa. It is called a cation-anion cotransporter if a V/sub 2e/ and a V/sub 2a/ are equal or almost equal. (2) Whether a particle can penetrate through a channel is mostly determined by the repulsion energies (barriers) rather than the attraction energies (wells). (3) A channel's conformation can be changed when the channel is stimulated strongly enough. The variation of the conformation could influence V/sub 2/(x) and V/sub 2/, and eventually result in open or close of the channel.
{"title":"A physical model of potential energy profiles of ions going through a biological membrane channel","authors":"C. Zou, K. Cheng","doi":"10.1109/SBEC.1995.514421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SBEC.1995.514421","url":null,"abstract":"To attempt to explain what determines a single particle (an ion or an ion group) penetration of a cell membrane channel, a physical model of potential energy profiles V/sub 2/(x) of a channel is proposed, based on the authors' previous study of one dimensional (1-D) steady state Schrodinger equation in a single particle system and in a time independent field. In this model, a V/sub 2/(x) is simplified as an effective constant height of potential energy barrier V/sub 2/ in a channel to obtain analytical solutions in mathematics. This model elucidates that: (1) Ion selectivity of a channel is determined by V/sub 2/. V/sub 2/ is divided into a V/sub 2c/ for a cation and V/sub 2a/ for an anion. V/sub 2c/ and V/sub 2a/ may be or may be not the same value depending on electrical characteristics of the particles and the channel. It is called a cation channel if a V/sub 2c/ is much lower than a V/sub 2a/ and vice versa. It is called a cation-anion cotransporter if a V/sub 2e/ and a V/sub 2a/ are equal or almost equal. (2) Whether a particle can penetrate through a channel is mostly determined by the repulsion energies (barriers) rather than the attraction energies (wells). (3) A channel's conformation can be changed when the channel is stimulated strongly enough. The variation of the conformation could influence V/sub 2/(x) and V/sub 2/, and eventually result in open or close of the channel.","PeriodicalId":332563,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131095561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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