International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献_第2页

An enhanced temperature field inversion model by POD-BPNN-GA method for a 3D wing with limited sensors

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108778

Jia-Xin Hu, Jian-Jun Gou, Chun-Lin Gong

Accurate inversion of global temperature is crucial to the state evaluation of high-speed aircraft since the real data can only be acquired by very limited local sensors. In this work, a temperature field inversion model combining real sensor data is developed for a 3D aircraft wing structure with heat transport paths. The model is trained by the Back Propagation Neural Network method with optimized critical hyperparameters, i.e., max epochs, width, depth and data dimensionality. The pre-generated sample temperature fields are fully decomposed into proper orthogonal modes, the principal features are extracted to form matched data dimensionality, and the model construction efficiency is significantly improved with very little accuracy compromise. A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the sensor locations and numbers simultaneously with integrated considerations of inversion error and cost, and the model performance is greatly enhanced by gathering sensors to high temperature gradient region. The test results indicate great performance with the mean relative inversion error, the mean absolute inversion error and the sensor number reduction of 0.063 %, 0.496 K and 60 %, respectively and the advantages of the TFI model are verified by the comparison with Random Forest, Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network methods.

{"title":"An enhanced temperature field inversion model by POD-BPNN-GA method for a 3D wing with limited sensors","authors":"Jia-Xin Hu, Jian-Jun Gou, Chun-Lin Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate inversion of global temperature is crucial to the state evaluation of high-speed aircraft since the real data can only be acquired by very limited local sensors. In this work, a temperature field inversion model combining real sensor data is developed for a 3D aircraft wing structure with heat transport paths. The model is trained by the Back Propagation Neural Network method with optimized critical hyperparameters, i.e., max epochs, width, depth and data dimensionality. The pre-generated sample temperature fields are fully decomposed into proper orthogonal modes, the principal features are extracted to form matched data dimensionality, and the model construction efficiency is significantly improved with very little accuracy compromise. A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed to optimize the sensor locations and numbers simultaneously with integrated considerations of inversion error and cost, and the model performance is greatly enhanced by gathering sensors to high temperature gradient region. The test results indicate great performance with the mean relative inversion error, the mean absolute inversion error and the sensor number reduction of 0.063 %, 0.496 K and 60 %, respectively and the advantages of the TFI model are verified by the comparison with Random Forest, Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108778"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of initial temperature changes on swelling percentage, mechanical and thermal attributes of polyacrylamide-based hydrogels using the molecular dynamics simulation

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108739

Shanhong Tang , Ali Basem , Mohammed Shorbaz Graish , Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh , Mohammed Al-Bahrani , Tao Peng , Soheil Salahshour , Sh. Baghaei

Polyacrylamide hydrogels are widely used in various applications due to their unique swelling properties and mechanical performance. However, the effect of temperature on their behavior is not well understood. This study's goal is to use the LAMMPS software to do molecular dynamics simulations to examine how temperature affects the thermal characteristics, mechanical strength, and expansion of polyacrylamide hydrogels. As the temperature raised from 300 K to 350 K, the findings show that the elongation of hydrogels rose significantly, from 193.4 % to 224.4 %, due to enhanced water absorption and polymer chain mobility. As the temperature rose, the mechanical strength decreases from 0.0333 MPa to 0.0302 MPa, which is caused by the structure relaxing as the polymer chains got more flexible. Additionally, when the temperature rose, the thermal conductivity and heat flux rose as well, reaching 0.61 W/m·K and 1711 W/m², respectively, as shown by the improved heat transfer. These results have a major influence on the design and development of polyacrylamide hydrogels for use in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems.

{"title":"Effects of initial temperature changes on swelling percentage, mechanical and thermal attributes of polyacrylamide-based hydrogels using the molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Shanhong Tang , Ali Basem , Mohammed Shorbaz Graish , Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh , Mohammed Al-Bahrani , Tao Peng , Soheil Salahshour , Sh. Baghaei","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyacrylamide hydrogels are widely used in various applications due to their unique swelling properties and mechanical performance. However, the effect of temperature on their behavior is not well understood. This study's goal is to use the LAMMPS software to do molecular dynamics simulations to examine how temperature affects the thermal characteristics, mechanical strength, and expansion of polyacrylamide hydrogels. As the temperature raised from 300 K to 350 K, the findings show that the elongation of hydrogels rose significantly, from 193.4 % to 224.4 %, due to enhanced water absorption and polymer chain mobility. As the temperature rose, the mechanical strength decreases from 0.0333 MPa to 0.0302 MPa, which is caused by the structure relaxing as the polymer chains got more flexible. Additionally, when the temperature rose, the thermal conductivity and heat flux rose as well, reaching 0.61 W/m·K and 1711 W/m², respectively, as shown by the improved heat transfer. These results have a major influence on the design and development of polyacrylamide hydrogels for use in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108739"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of machine learning algorithms in real-time fouling monitoring of plate heat exchangers

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108809

Gang Hou , Dong Zhang , Qunmin Yan , Sen Wang , Liqun Ma , Meijiao Jiang

The utilization of plate heat exchangers is prevalent in aerospace, nuclear power, petrochemical, and other industries; however, operational challenges arise due to scaling issues. If not addressed promptly, it will diminish its heat transfer efficiency, resulting in energy wastage, shortened lifespan, equipment congestion, and even safety hazards. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) can effectively filter and store important information and can solve the problem of vanishing and exploding gradients. It is also capable of processing input data in real time, providing short- and long-term forecast results and monitoring heat transfer efficiency. The LSTM algorithm model is employed to monitor the health status of plate heat exchangers under various configurations of hidden layers, neurons, and discard rate in order to address this issue. The LSTM algorithm model with the highest predictive accuracy was combined with a Linear model to create a more sophisticated integrated model for monitoring the health status of plate heat exchangers. The LSTM 2 × 64 + Linear Model C was found to exhibit the highest prediction accuracy 0.9943. Since the fouling layer in the plate heat exchanger cannot be directly monitored, this paper firstly establishes a simulation programme for the plate heat exchanger through MATLAB. The outlet temperature of the cold measurement was changed by adding fouling to the cold side of the plate heat exchanger, which had a fouling thermal resistance of 0.0003 m^2.K/W on the cold side when the efficiency of the plate heat exchanger was reduced to 50 %. Based on this result, in the LSTM algorithm, we use 0.0003 m^2.K/W as the alarm threshold for the operation of the plate heat exchanger. This provides a feasible technical path for plate heat exchanger fouling assessment and long term performance diagnosis.

{"title":"Application of machine learning algorithms in real-time fouling monitoring of plate heat exchangers","authors":"Gang Hou , Dong Zhang , Qunmin Yan , Sen Wang , Liqun Ma , Meijiao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of plate heat exchangers is prevalent in aerospace, nuclear power, petrochemical, and other industries; however, operational challenges arise due to scaling issues. If not addressed promptly, it will diminish its heat transfer efficiency, resulting in energy wastage, shortened lifespan, equipment congestion, and even safety hazards. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) can effectively filter and store important information and can solve the problem of vanishing and exploding gradients. It is also capable of processing input data in real time, providing short- and long-term forecast results and monitoring heat transfer efficiency. The LSTM algorithm model is employed to monitor the health status of plate heat exchangers under various configurations of hidden layers, neurons, and discard rate in order to address this issue. The LSTM algorithm model with the highest predictive accuracy was combined with a Linear model to create a more sophisticated integrated model for monitoring the health status of plate heat exchangers. The LSTM 2 × 64 + Linear Model C was found to exhibit the highest prediction accuracy 0.9943. Since the fouling layer in the plate heat exchanger cannot be directly monitored, this paper firstly establishes a simulation programme for the plate heat exchanger through MATLAB. The outlet temperature of the cold measurement was changed by adding fouling to the cold side of the plate heat exchanger, which had a fouling thermal resistance of 0.0003 m<sup>2.</sup>K/W on the cold side when the efficiency of the plate heat exchanger was reduced to 50 %. Based on this result, in the LSTM algorithm, we use 0.0003 m<sup>2.</sup>K/W as the alarm threshold for the operation of the plate heat exchanger. This provides a feasible technical path for plate heat exchanger fouling assessment and long term performance diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108809"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of rolling motion and hole structure on flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet condensation through numerical simulation 通过数值模拟研究滚动运动和孔结构对蒸汽喷射冷凝的流动和传热特性的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108792

Zhenghang Luo, Yunfei Ma, Zhiwen Yuan, Pengbo Wei, Weixiong Chen, Quanbin Zhao, Daotong Chong, Junjie Yan

In the pressure relief system of nuclear power plants, through multi-hole spargers, steam is blown off into subcooled water in the form of multi-hole steam jets. The flow pattern and heat transfer (HT) characteristics of multi-hole steam jets might differ greatly from single-hole steam jets, significantly affecting the system's performance. Thus, the transient flow pattern and HT characteristics of multi-hole steam jets were investigated, and how rolling motion affects the heat transfer characteristics was also investigated. Besides, forces acting on the steam volume were investigated for steam jets under different conditions, and the HT characteristics were explored from the perspective of force analysis. Compared with single-hole steam jets, the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of multi-hole steam jets was significantly lowered, and the steam plume penetration length and phase interface area were much larger. Besides, the increase in hole number might advance the transition of the flow regime. Under rolling conditions, the HTC was larger but did not vary much with the rolling parameters. The dominant forces were different for different situations, and the weaker effect of rolling motion on steam jets in the condensation oscillation regime may result from smaller inertial force compared with steam jets in the chugging regime.

{"title":"Effect of rolling motion and hole structure on flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet condensation through numerical simulation","authors":"Zhenghang Luo, Yunfei Ma, Zhiwen Yuan, Pengbo Wei, Weixiong Chen, Quanbin Zhao, Daotong Chong, Junjie Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the pressure relief system of nuclear power plants, through multi-hole spargers, steam is blown off into subcooled water in the form of multi-hole steam jets. The flow pattern and heat transfer (HT) characteristics of multi-hole steam jets might differ greatly from single-hole steam jets, significantly affecting the system's performance. Thus, the transient flow pattern and HT characteristics of multi-hole steam jets were investigated, and how rolling motion affects the heat transfer characteristics was also investigated. Besides, forces acting on the steam volume were investigated for steam jets under different conditions, and the HT characteristics were explored from the perspective of force analysis. Compared with single-hole steam jets, the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of multi-hole steam jets was significantly lowered, and the steam plume penetration length and phase interface area were much larger. Besides, the increase in hole number might advance the transition of the flow regime. Under rolling conditions, the HTC was larger but did not vary much with the rolling parameters. The dominant forces were different for different situations, and the weaker effect of rolling motion on steam jets in the condensation oscillation regime may result from smaller inertial force compared with steam jets in the chugging regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108792"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of water dynamic behavior on oxygen transport in catalyst layers: A pore-scale study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108806

Guofu Zou , Wenshang Chen , Jun Shen , Tianqi Yang , Ben Chen

Gaining insight into the transmission properties of the catalyst layer (CL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is essential for optimizing performance. This study employs a pore-scale approach to investigate the formation, distribution, and migration of water and its effect on oxygen transport within the CL. A coupled lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), integrating two-phase flow and oxygen transport, is employed to analyze mass and water transfer. The performance of different CL structures, including high surface carbon (HSC) and low surface carbon (LSC), along with their layered and doped configurations, is evaluated. The results reveal that HSC structures are significantly impacted by liquid water saturation in primary pores, where the reactive surface area increases by approximately 64 % as saturation rises from 0 to 0.5. Additionally, the distribution of water in the secondary pores from the view of LSC is more affected by the contact angle. The study highlights that the layered H_LSC configuration effectively enhances water management and oxygen transport, even under high water saturation conditions. These findings provide deeper insights into the relationship between CL structure and its impact on the overall performance of PEMFCs.

{"title":"Effects of water dynamic behavior on oxygen transport in catalyst layers: A pore-scale study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Guofu Zou , Wenshang Chen , Jun Shen , Tianqi Yang , Ben Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gaining insight into the transmission properties of the catalyst layer (CL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is essential for optimizing performance. This study employs a pore-scale approach to investigate the formation, distribution, and migration of water and its effect on oxygen transport within the CL. A coupled lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), integrating two-phase flow and oxygen transport, is employed to analyze mass and water transfer. The performance of different CL structures, including high surface carbon (HSC) and low surface carbon (LSC), along with their layered and doped configurations, is evaluated. The results reveal that HSC structures are significantly impacted by liquid water saturation in primary pores, where the reactive surface area increases by approximately 64 % as saturation rises from 0 to 0.5. Additionally, the distribution of water in the secondary pores from the view of LSC is more affected by the contact angle. The study highlights that the layered H_LSC configuration effectively enhances water management and oxygen transport, even under high water saturation conditions. These findings provide deeper insights into the relationship between CL structure and its impact on the overall performance of PEMFCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108806"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of evaporation and auto-ignition characteristics of lubrication oil droplets 润滑油液滴蒸发和自燃特性的实验研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108802

Zixin Wang , Mingqiang Liu , Huazhi Zhao , Kemei Gu , Liyun Fan , Liyan Feng

Auto-ignition of lubrication oil droplets is considered as a possible mechanism of pre-ignition in low-speed two-stroke gas engines. Extending the ignition delay time of lubrication oil can fundamentally postpone the occurrence of pre-ignition. Therefore, investigating the evaporation and auto-ignition characteristics of lubricating oil droplets is essential for pre-ignition inhibition. The droplet suspension technology is employed to examine the impact of ambient temperatures and oil physical parameters (viscosity and alkalinity) on the evaporation and ignition characteristics of lubrication oil. The experimental results indicate that the evaporation process comprises three stages: heating, rapid evaporation, and stable evaporation. Combustion also encompasses three main stages: heating and evaporation, premixed combustion, and diffusion combustion. Lubrication oil droplets with high alkalinity and low viscosity demonstrate shorter evaporation life, faster evaporation rates, and a reduced ignition delay time, which tend to increase the occurrence of pre-ignition. This phenomenon is primarily associated with the rupture and micro-explosion of the droplet during the evaporation process. High alkalinity, low viscosity, and high temperatures promote micro-explosion, leading to a significant reduction in evaporation life and ignition delay time.

{"title":"Experimental investigation of evaporation and auto-ignition characteristics of lubrication oil droplets","authors":"Zixin Wang , Mingqiang Liu , Huazhi Zhao , Kemei Gu , Liyun Fan , Liyan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Auto-ignition of lubrication oil droplets is considered as a possible mechanism of pre-ignition in low-speed two-stroke gas engines. Extending the ignition delay time of lubrication oil can fundamentally postpone the occurrence of pre-ignition. Therefore, investigating the evaporation and auto-ignition characteristics of lubricating oil droplets is essential for pre-ignition inhibition. The droplet suspension technology is employed to examine the impact of ambient temperatures and oil physical parameters (viscosity and alkalinity) on the evaporation and ignition characteristics of lubrication oil. The experimental results indicate that the evaporation process comprises three stages: heating, rapid evaporation, and stable evaporation. Combustion also encompasses three main stages: heating and evaporation, premixed combustion, and diffusion combustion. Lubrication oil droplets with high alkalinity and low viscosity demonstrate shorter evaporation life, faster evaporation rates, and a reduced ignition delay time, which tend to increase the occurrence of pre-ignition. This phenomenon is primarily associated with the rupture and micro-explosion of the droplet during the evaporation process. High alkalinity, low viscosity, and high temperatures promote micro-explosion, leading to a significant reduction in evaporation life and ignition delay time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108802"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on the thermal stability and deformation behavior of a novel duct-ventilated embankment in a snowy permafrost region

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108774

Sheng Yang , Mingyi Zhang , Wansheng Pei , Xusheng Wan , Jianguo Lu , Zhongrui Yan , Ruiqiang Bai , Jun Bi

Permafrost degradation threatens the stability of infrastructure in cold regions, driven by climate warming and increasing human activity. In snowy permafrost regions, the insulating effect of snow cover exacerbates this issue by limiting the heat dissipation from the ground. To mitigate this problem, we developed a novel duct-ventilated embankment system incorporating bent ventilation ducts, temperature-controlled dampers, and vent caps. The design and experimental setup were based on similarity criteria and numerical simulations to accurately replicate thermal and fluid dynamics in a scaled model. Using an environmental modeling system, we evaluated temperature distribution, air velocity in the ducts, and embankment deformation over seven freeze-thaw cycles. Results indicate that the soil beneath the slope of the unprotected embankment remained insufficiently frozen, with temperatures around −0.5 °C. In contrast, the duct-ventilated embankment lowered sub-slope soil temperatures to −1.5 °C by introducing cold air through the ducts. The enhanced design, which utilized vent caps, further reduced soil temperatures to −2 °C by the seventh cycle. The novel embankment also exhibited more pronounced frost heave, futher confirming the effectiveness of the ventilation system. This study offers valuable insights for improving the stability of infrastructure in snowy permafrost regions by mitigating permafrost degradation.

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the thermal stability and deformation behavior of a novel duct-ventilated embankment in a snowy permafrost region","authors":"Sheng Yang , Mingyi Zhang , Wansheng Pei , Xusheng Wan , Jianguo Lu , Zhongrui Yan , Ruiqiang Bai , Jun Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permafrost degradation threatens the stability of infrastructure in cold regions, driven by climate warming and increasing human activity. In snowy permafrost regions, the insulating effect of snow cover exacerbates this issue by limiting the heat dissipation from the ground. To mitigate this problem, we developed a novel duct-ventilated embankment system incorporating bent ventilation ducts, temperature-controlled dampers, and vent caps. The design and experimental setup were based on similarity criteria and numerical simulations to accurately replicate thermal and fluid dynamics in a scaled model. Using an environmental modeling system, we evaluated temperature distribution, air velocity in the ducts, and embankment deformation over seven freeze-thaw cycles. Results indicate that the soil beneath the slope of the unprotected embankment remained insufficiently frozen, with temperatures around −0.5 °C. In contrast, the duct-ventilated embankment lowered sub-slope soil temperatures to −1.5 °C by introducing cold air through the ducts. The enhanced design, which utilized vent caps, further reduced soil temperatures to −2 °C by the seventh cycle. The novel embankment also exhibited more pronounced frost heave, futher confirming the effectiveness of the ventilation system. This study offers valuable insights for improving the stability of infrastructure in snowy permafrost regions by mitigating permafrost degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108774"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric heating control of agricultural greenhouse in winter using an embedded technology based chaotic particle swarm optimization PID controller

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108777

Xiaoyu Wang , Chunyan Wang , Zhennan Liu , Yi Kang , Zhenlong Wang

The agricultural greenhouse is a complicated system with changeable multi-factors. To eliminate the uncertainty of systems, intelligent algorithms are widely used to optimize the framework of the proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controller. A particle swarm optimization with chaotic logistic mapping (CPSO) is proposed to calibrate PID parameters. The CPSO-PID is implanted into the heating control system by embedded technology (ET) to improve the energy savings and system performance of the greenhouse in winter. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculates the heat and mass transfers to describe the temperature distribution. It also serves as an offline energy demand predictor to cooperate with a three-stage fan coil unit (FCU) loops online response strategy to control the heating system. The determination coefficient R² of 0.874 of the fitting results verifies that the CFD simulation reached the application level. An interference case shows the robustness of this method. In the full-scale experiments, compared with the GA-PID and PSO-PID controllers, its energy savings are 1.65 % and 8.20 % with a lower mean temperature deviation of 0.63 °C and 0.53 °C, respectively. These results show that the proposed control method can improve heating system performance with more suitable temperature, stronger adaptive capacity, faster response time, and lower energy consumption.

{"title":"Electric heating control of agricultural greenhouse in winter using an embedded technology based chaotic particle swarm optimization PID controller","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang , Chunyan Wang , Zhennan Liu , Yi Kang , Zhenlong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The agricultural greenhouse is a complicated system with changeable multi-factors. To eliminate the uncertainty of systems, intelligent algorithms are widely used to optimize the framework of the proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controller. A particle swarm optimization with chaotic logistic mapping (CPSO) is proposed to calibrate PID parameters. The CPSO-PID is implanted into the heating control system by embedded technology (ET) to improve the energy savings and system performance of the greenhouse in winter. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) calculates the heat and mass transfers to describe the temperature distribution. It also serves as an offline energy demand predictor to cooperate with a three-stage fan coil unit (FCU) loops online response strategy to control the heating system. The determination coefficient R<sup>2</sup> of 0.874 of the fitting results verifies that the CFD simulation reached the application level. An interference case shows the robustness of this method. In the full-scale experiments, compared with the GA-PID and PSO-PID controllers, its energy savings are 1.65 % and 8.20 % with a lower mean temperature deviation of 0.63 °C and 0.53 °C, respectively. These results show that the proposed control method can improve heating system performance with more suitable temperature, stronger adaptive capacity, faster response time, and lower energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108777"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mask neural network for temperature field prediction for three-dimensional thermal design of electronic devices

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108757

Lanzhi Liang , Longsheng Lu , Li Huang , Yingxi Xie , Shu Yang , Honghao Ling , Zeqiang Huang

Accurate temperature field prediction (TFP) is critical for optimizing the thermal management in complex electronic systems. Although deep learning surrogate models have demonstrated high accuracy for Heat Source Layout (HSL) problems, they may overlook key three-dimensional (3D) features, such as the layered heat sinks, thickness-dependent properties of Thermal Interface Material (TIM) and the volumetric fan airflow. In this work we propose a novel approach by integrating a mask module into a U-Net-based generator neural network, further enhanced with a mask area loss function, allowing for precise temperature field predictions by capturing 3D design properties of the electronic devices. Our model was tested on vehicle domain control units (DCUs), and results demonstrated substantial improvements over existing methods, with a 47 % reduction in Maximum Absolute Error (MaxAE), a 52 % reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MeanAE), and an 81 % reduction in Mean Square Error (MSE). These findings underscore the importance of including vertical and volumetric design factors in thermal analysis and suggest that our approach can aid researchers and engineers in fields such as automotive electronics, data-center cooling, and consumer-device thermal management. By advancing the state-of-the-art in TFP, this model holds promise for guiding future 3D thermal design optimization in diverse electronic systems.

{"title":"Mask neural network for temperature field prediction for three-dimensional thermal design of electronic devices","authors":"Lanzhi Liang , Longsheng Lu , Li Huang , Yingxi Xie , Shu Yang , Honghao Ling , Zeqiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate temperature field prediction (TFP) is critical for optimizing the thermal management in complex electronic systems. Although deep learning surrogate models have demonstrated high accuracy for Heat Source Layout (HSL) problems, they may overlook key three-dimensional (3D) features, such as the layered heat sinks, thickness-dependent properties of Thermal Interface Material (TIM) and the volumetric fan airflow. In this work we propose a novel approach by integrating a mask module into a U-Net-based generator neural network, further enhanced with a mask area loss function, allowing for precise temperature field predictions by capturing 3D design properties of the electronic devices. Our model was tested on vehicle domain control units (DCUs), and results demonstrated substantial improvements over existing methods, with a 47 % reduction in Maximum Absolute Error (MaxAE), a 52 % reduction in Mean Absolute Error (MeanAE), and an 81 % reduction in Mean Square Error (MSE). These findings underscore the importance of including vertical and volumetric design factors in thermal analysis and suggest that our approach can aid researchers and engineers in fields such as automotive electronics, data-center cooling, and consumer-device thermal management. By advancing the state-of-the-art in TFP, this model holds promise for guiding future 3D thermal design optimization in diverse electronic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108757"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced thermal management in 3D integrated circuits: Low-pressure flow boiling in microchannels with multiple ultra-high heat flux sources using deionized water

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108796

Bingcheng Li , Xianyi Wang , Hongye Yan , Min Zeng , Qiuwang Wang

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) are attracting increasing attention for their exceptional performance and low energy consumption, significantly impacting military technology, energy systems, and the semiconductor industry. This study employs the finite volume method and conjugate heat transfer for numerical simulation, proposing an efficient thermal management solution for 3DICs. The investigation examines the flow boiling heat transfer mechanisms of deionized water and HFE7100 coolant, considering micro-scale wall roughness in flow and the thermal capillary pumping effects. The complex geometrical features of through‑silicon vias and channel corners are included, and the flow maldistribution in multi-channels is evaluated. Gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns at various flow rates are revealed. The influence of pump power on heat and mass transfer in microchannels is elucidated. The temperature distribution of different components in the 3DIC under discretely distributed ultra-high heat flux sources is provided. Results demonstrate that deionized water exhibits superior low-pressure flow boiling heat transfer compared to HFE7100, resulting in an 8.4 K reduction in temperature for 3DIC devices at similar pump power. The proposed thermal management solution can maintain the device temperature below 337.3 K at the recommended pump power when the discrete heat source reaches 2 MW/cm³ while achieving excellent flow and temperature uniformity.

{"title":"Enhanced thermal management in 3D integrated circuits: Low-pressure flow boiling in microchannels with multiple ultra-high heat flux sources using deionized water","authors":"Bingcheng Li , Xianyi Wang , Hongye Yan , Min Zeng , Qiuwang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) are attracting increasing attention for their exceptional performance and low energy consumption, significantly impacting military technology, energy systems, and the semiconductor industry. This study employs the finite volume method and conjugate heat transfer for numerical simulation, proposing an efficient thermal management solution for 3DICs. The investigation examines the flow boiling heat transfer mechanisms of deionized water and HFE7100 coolant, considering micro-scale wall roughness in flow and the thermal capillary pumping effects. The complex geometrical features of through‑silicon vias and channel corners are included, and the flow maldistribution in multi-channels is evaluated. Gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns at various flow rates are revealed. The influence of pump power on heat and mass transfer in microchannels is elucidated. The temperature distribution of different components in the 3DIC under discretely distributed ultra-high heat flux sources is provided. Results demonstrate that deionized water exhibits superior low-pressure flow boiling heat transfer compared to HFE7100, resulting in an 8.4 K reduction in temperature for 3DIC devices at similar pump power. The proposed thermal management solution can maintain the device temperature below 337.3 K at the recommended pump power when the discrete heat source reaches 2 MW/cm<sup>3</sup> while achieving excellent flow and temperature uniformity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":332,"journal":{"name":"International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 108796"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0