Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544968
Saeed Jan;Yuanzhi Liu;Costas D. Sarris
This paper presents a novel solution to the classical problem of interpolating three-dimensional antenna radiation patterns from two-dimensional, orthogonal pattern slices. We introduce a neural network model that performs this interpolation with high accuracy across a wide range of patterns, including cases where conventional interpolation methods struggle. This model is beneficial for three-dimensional modeling methods, such as ray-tracing, where a full antenna radiation pattern is needed, whereas only principal plane patterns are available from measurements or data sheets. The proposed neural network combines computational efficiency with superior accuracy compared to available alternative methods.
{"title":"Efficient Neural Network-Based Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Antenna Radiation Patterns From Two-Dimensional Cuts","authors":"Saeed Jan;Yuanzhi Liu;Costas D. Sarris","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544968","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel solution to the classical problem of interpolating three-dimensional antenna radiation patterns from two-dimensional, orthogonal pattern slices. We introduce a neural network model that performs this interpolation with high accuracy across a wide range of patterns, including cases where conventional interpolation methods struggle. This model is beneficial for three-dimensional modeling methods, such as ray-tracing, where a full antenna radiation pattern is needed, whereas only principal plane patterns are available from measurements or data sheets. The proposed neural network combines computational efficiency with superior accuracy compared to available alternative methods.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"726-734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10899847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544279
Subuh Pramono;Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo;Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim;Ayaka Takahashi;Yuki Yoshimoto;Hisato Kashihara;Cahya Edi Santosa;Steven Gao;Koichi Ito
This research proposes a novel antenna substrate that is realized based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology using cordierite ceramic (2MgO 2Al2O${_{{3}}}~5$ SiO2). Compared to other existing ceramics, it has an impressive low dielectric constant $rm (epsilon _{r})$ of 4.674 and a loss tangent (tan $delta $ ) of 0.0723 at 5.3 GHz, which makes it ideal for creating an ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly polarized (CP) array antenna. In addition, cordierite ceramic is suitable for high-temperature environments, its coefficient of linear thermal expansion is about $1.8times 10{^{-}6 }$ /K (40°C– 800°C), and it expands only 0.1% of its room temperature dimensions even in a 1000°C environment. Through a sputtering process, platinum with a melting point of 1768°C and very good oxidation resistance is used as a conductive material on the cordierite ceramic substrate. Based on the measured results, the proposed $2times 2$ CP array antennas have an ultrawide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 1.74 GHz (32.83%), an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 1.26 GHz (23.77%), and a maximum gain of 12.2 dBic. In the experimental test, the proposed $2times 2$ CP antennas are set up as transmitters and receivers in a CP synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system with full polarimetric modes (L-L, L-R, R-L, and R-R) for remote sensing applications. The transceiver $2times 2$ CP array antennas have high isolation with an average mutual coupling level of around −65.9 dB. The back projection algorithm is applied to convert the received data into the scattering images and samples the maximum scattering intensities from the scattering images that are presented in scattering matrices. The measured scattering matrices have a similar trend to the theoretical scattering matrices. Based on the heat-exposed measurement, exposure to 500°C of heat on the $2times 2$ CP array antennas causes physical change. The antennas expand in size, which leads to a slight shift in the center frequency by 140 MHz. This proves that the proposed $2times 2$ CP array antennas perform well in high-temperature conditions.
本研究提出了一种基于低温共烧陶瓷（LTCC）技术的新型天线衬底，采用堇青石陶瓷（2MgO 2Al2O ${_{{3}}}~5$ SiO2）。与其他现有陶瓷相比，它在5.3 GHz时具有令人印象印象的低介电常数$rm (epsilon _{r})$为4.674，损耗正切（tan $delta $）为0.0723，这使其成为制造超宽带（UWB）圆极化（CP）阵列天线的理想材料。此外，堇青石陶瓷适用于高温环境，其线性热膨胀系数约为$1.8times 10{^{-}6 }$ /K（40℃- 800℃），膨胀率仅为0.1% of its room temperature dimensions even in a 1000°C environment. Through a sputtering process, platinum with a melting point of 1768°C and very good oxidation resistance is used as a conductive material on the cordierite ceramic substrate. Based on the measured results, the proposed $2times 2$ CP array antennas have an ultrawide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 1.74 GHz (32.83%), an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 1.26 GHz (23.77%), and a maximum gain of 12.2 dBic. In the experimental test, the proposed $2times 2$ CP antennas are set up as transmitters and receivers in a CP synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system with full polarimetric modes (L-L, L-R, R-L, and R-R) for remote sensing applications. The transceiver $2times 2$ CP array antennas have high isolation with an average mutual coupling level of around −65.9 dB. The back projection algorithm is applied to convert the received data into the scattering images and samples the maximum scattering intensities from the scattering images that are presented in scattering matrices. The measured scattering matrices have a similar trend to the theoretical scattering matrices. Based on the heat-exposed measurement, exposure to 500°C of heat on the $2times 2$ CP array antennas causes physical change. The antennas expand in size, which leads to a slight shift in the center frequency by 140 MHz. This proves that the proposed $2times 2$ CP array antennas perform well in high-temperature conditions.
{"title":"A Novel Low Temperature Cofired-Cordierite Ceramic Substrate-Based Compact Ultra-Wideband Circularly Polarized Array Antenna for C-Band Remote Sensing Application","authors":"Subuh Pramono;Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo;Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim;Ayaka Takahashi;Yuki Yoshimoto;Hisato Kashihara;Cahya Edi Santosa;Steven Gao;Koichi Ito","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544279","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a novel antenna substrate that is realized based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology using cordierite ceramic (2MgO 2Al2O<inline-formula> <tex-math>${_{{3}}}~5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>SiO2). Compared to other existing ceramics, it has an impressive low dielectric constant <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm (epsilon _{r})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 4.674 and a loss tangent (tan <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 0.0723 at 5.3 GHz, which makes it ideal for creating an ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly polarized (CP) array antenna. In addition, cordierite ceramic is suitable for high-temperature environments, its coefficient of linear thermal expansion is about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.8times 10{^{-}6 }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/K (40°C– 800°C), and it expands only 0.1% of its room temperature dimensions even in a 1000°C environment. Through a sputtering process, platinum with a melting point of 1768°C and very good oxidation resistance is used as a conductive material on the cordierite ceramic substrate. Based on the measured results, the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas have an ultrawide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 1.74 GHz (32.83%), an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 1.26 GHz (23.77%), and a maximum gain of 12.2 dBic. In the experimental test, the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP antennas are set up as transmitters and receivers in a CP synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system with full polarimetric modes (L-L, L-R, R-L, and R-R) for remote sensing applications. The transceiver <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas have high isolation with an average mutual coupling level of around −65.9 dB. The back projection algorithm is applied to convert the received data into the scattering images and samples the maximum scattering intensities from the scattering images that are presented in scattering matrices. The measured scattering matrices have a similar trend to the theoretical scattering matrices. Based on the heat-exposed measurement, exposure to 500°C of heat on the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas causes physical change. The antennas expand in size, which leads to a slight shift in the center frequency by 140 MHz. This proves that the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas perform well in high-temperature conditions.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"715-725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10897798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543916
Jiyu Wu;Francesco de Paulis;Yihong Qi
Characterizing the receiving performance of a radio system in current and future commercial communication devices is a significant concern for ensuring the reception of good quality signals and, more importantly, a reliable and stable connection to the base station antenna. The receiver performances are evaluated following the standardized method based on the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) measurement. However, the current standard may not be accurate as it assumes that transmitters operate at their maximum power levels, which is not always true in real-world usage. Furthermore, different devices have varying maximum power levels, and the radio sensitivity measured depends on the device’s current temperature; therefore, it is affected by heat generation and dissipation. This can lead to ambiguity in TIS measurements. To address this, this paper suggests a new TIS method that measures TIS at the device’s thermally stable condition, thus redefining TIS not a single value but rather as a function of the transmitter’s power, reducing uncertainty and ambiguity in TIS measurements for wireless and 5G devices. Based on measurement results in this paper, the TIS measurement exhibits a variability of up to 1 dB due to the effects of temperature and transmitting power levels, distinct from the inherent measurement uncertainty of 0.28 dB specified by the standard. A more complex yet accurate measurement procedure is proposed while varying the power level. The proposed method is applied and experimentally verified, demonstrating its usefulness to extract the TIS profile instead of a single value, with a result of the TIS variation as a function of the transmitting power.
{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Over-the-Air Measurements of Total Isotropic Sensitivity for Minimum Uncertainty","authors":"Jiyu Wu;Francesco de Paulis;Yihong Qi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543916","url":null,"abstract":"Characterizing the receiving performance of a radio system in current and future commercial communication devices is a significant concern for ensuring the reception of good quality signals and, more importantly, a reliable and stable connection to the base station antenna. The receiver performances are evaluated following the standardized method based on the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) measurement. However, the current standard may not be accurate as it assumes that transmitters operate at their maximum power levels, which is not always true in real-world usage. Furthermore, different devices have varying maximum power levels, and the radio sensitivity measured depends on the device’s current temperature; therefore, it is affected by heat generation and dissipation. This can lead to ambiguity in TIS measurements. To address this, this paper suggests a new TIS method that measures TIS at the device’s thermally stable condition, thus redefining TIS not a single value but rather as a function of the transmitter’s power, reducing uncertainty and ambiguity in TIS measurements for wireless and 5G devices. Based on measurement results in this paper, the TIS measurement exhibits a variability of up to 1 dB due to the effects of temperature and transmitting power levels, distinct from the inherent measurement uncertainty of 0.28 dB specified by the standard. A more complex yet accurate measurement procedure is proposed while varying the power level. The proposed method is applied and experimentally verified, demonstrating its usefulness to extract the TIS profile instead of a single value, with a result of the TIS variation as a function of the transmitting power.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"705-714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10896760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543633
Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar
This article provides a comprehensive literature review of design principles and topologies for both reflective and transmissive polarization rotators. It begins with an overview of polarization rotators and their applications, setting the stage for an in-depth exploration of design methodologies. Reflective polarization rotator designs are first discussed, focusing on two primary approaches: tilted resonators and coupled current techniques. The article then examines various strategies for designing transmissive polarization rotators, including tilted resonators between grids, coupled currents, substrate-integrated waveguides, aperture coupling, meander lines, multilayer inclined wire gratings, and electromagnetic wave coupling techniques. Additionally, the review covers polarization rotators based on the 3D frequency selective surfaces design principle. The article also presents a range of design examples from existing literature and concludes with a discussion of absorptive polarization rotator designs. This review highlights some important gaps in current research on polarization rotators, offering a roadmap for future studies. By pointing out areas where existing methods are insufficient, it aims to guide researchers in tackling these challenges.
{"title":"Reflective and Transmissive Linear Polarization Rotators: A Review","authors":"Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543633","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive literature review of design principles and topologies for both reflective and transmissive polarization rotators. It begins with an overview of polarization rotators and their applications, setting the stage for an in-depth exploration of design methodologies. Reflective polarization rotator designs are first discussed, focusing on two primary approaches: tilted resonators and coupled current techniques. The article then examines various strategies for designing transmissive polarization rotators, including tilted resonators between grids, coupled currents, substrate-integrated waveguides, aperture coupling, meander lines, multilayer inclined wire gratings, and electromagnetic wave coupling techniques. Additionally, the review covers polarization rotators based on the 3D frequency selective surfaces design principle. The article also presents a range of design examples from existing literature and concludes with a discussion of absorptive polarization rotator designs. This review highlights some important gaps in current research on polarization rotators, offering a roadmap for future studies. By pointing out areas where existing methods are insufficient, it aims to guide researchers in tackling these challenges.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"633-644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543576
Ting Zang;Gaobiao Xiao
In this paper, the efficient optimization algorithm for synthesizing shaped beams is extended to the synthesis of radiation patterns of planar current sheets that have different beams and polarizations on the two sides of the source plane. The radiation pattern is described with a real-valued function, which is expressed with the superposition of entire functions and its extrema can be quickly located by searching on a fixed uniform grid in the k-space. By flexibly tuning the positions of the extrema, the ripples in the main beam and the levels of the sidelobes can be effectively controlled. As the number of the extrema in the radiation pattern is approximately equal to the effective number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the far field, the optimization algorithm can converge fast. Numerical examples show that the optimization results can be improved by refining the uniform grids in the k-space.
{"title":"Synthesis of Shaped-Beam Radiation Patterns With Efficient Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Ting Zang;Gaobiao Xiao","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543576","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the efficient optimization algorithm for synthesizing shaped beams is extended to the synthesis of radiation patterns of planar current sheets that have different beams and polarizations on the two sides of the source plane. The radiation pattern is described with a real-valued function, which is expressed with the superposition of entire functions and its extrema can be quickly located by searching on a fixed uniform grid in the k-space. By flexibly tuning the positions of the extrema, the ripples in the main beam and the levels of the sidelobes can be effectively controlled. As the number of the extrema in the radiation pattern is approximately equal to the effective number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the far field, the optimization algorithm can converge fast. Numerical examples show that the optimization results can be improved by refining the uniform grids in the k-space.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"694-704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543518
Keisuke Matsui;Hiroaki Nakabayashi;Akihiko Hirata
This study examines the seasonal variation in vegetation loss and the effects of moving foliage on signal propagation at the 300 GHz band. The variation in vegetation loss across seasons aligns well with the ITU-R model when parameters are adjusted for the month exhibiting maximum vegetation loss. During leafless seasons, slow fading is characterized by a frequency component below 0.2 Hz and occurs predominantly due to branch vibrations caused by wind. In environments where foliage consistently obstructs the line of sight between transmitter and receiver (quasi-line-of-sight, QLOS), rapid fading occurs due to foliage movement, with frequency components reaching up to 20 Hz. Both slow and rapid fading patterns in vegetation loss approximate the Nakagami distribution. Conversely, when foliage is sparse and wind causes intermittent shifts between line-of-sight and QLOS conditions, neither the Rician nor Nakagami models adequately represent the experimental data. This discrepancy is primarily due to significant variations in median vegetation loss values depending on whether the propagation path is obstructed by foliage. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of vegetation-induced signal fading at the 300 GHz band and demonstrates that seasonal variations significantly influence propagation characteristics.
{"title":"Evaluating Vegetation Attenuation Characteristics at the 300-GHz Band","authors":"Keisuke Matsui;Hiroaki Nakabayashi;Akihiko Hirata","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543518","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the seasonal variation in vegetation loss and the effects of moving foliage on signal propagation at the 300 GHz band. The variation in vegetation loss across seasons aligns well with the ITU-R model when parameters are adjusted for the month exhibiting maximum vegetation loss. During leafless seasons, slow fading is characterized by a frequency component below 0.2 Hz and occurs predominantly due to branch vibrations caused by wind. In environments where foliage consistently obstructs the line of sight between transmitter and receiver (quasi-line-of-sight, QLOS), rapid fading occurs due to foliage movement, with frequency components reaching up to 20 Hz. Both slow and rapid fading patterns in vegetation loss approximate the Nakagami distribution. Conversely, when foliage is sparse and wind causes intermittent shifts between line-of-sight and QLOS conditions, neither the Rician nor Nakagami models adequately represent the experimental data. This discrepancy is primarily due to significant variations in median vegetation loss values depending on whether the propagation path is obstructed by foliage. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of vegetation-induced signal fading at the 300 GHz band and demonstrates that seasonal variations significantly influence propagation characteristics.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"621-629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543251
Kai Qin;Bingjie Xiang;Kwai-Man Luk
A new 2-D scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) design is proposed, with a scanning range larger than competitors. It consists of a 1-bit reconfigurable magneto-electric (ME) dipole array and a pillbox beam-forming network (BFN). The probe-fed ME dipole is minimized to fit the holographic method and is introduced in LWA for the first time. A p-i-n diode is loaded in the L-shaped directly-fed probe to control whether it radiates. The dispersion characteristic of the linear LWA is examined to validate the effectiveness of the holographic method. A procedure is proposed to select the port and hologram for any-angle 2-D beam scanning. The prototype is fabricated and measured, and the results demonstrate the improved scanning range. The scanning range under the 3 dB gain decline condition covers ±54° across the broadside in the H-plane and ±37° in the E-plane in simulation. This design has the advantage of a wider scanning angle, 2-D scanning capability, and low cost. It may find applications in sensing, base stations, and vehicle communications.
{"title":"Fixed-Frequency 2-D Wide-Angle Scanning Leaky-Wave Array With Reconfigurable Probe-Fed Magneto-Electric Dipole","authors":"Kai Qin;Bingjie Xiang;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543251","url":null,"abstract":"A new 2-D scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) design is proposed, with a scanning range larger than competitors. It consists of a 1-bit reconfigurable magneto-electric (ME) dipole array and a pillbox beam-forming network (BFN). The probe-fed ME dipole is minimized to fit the holographic method and is introduced in LWA for the first time. A p-i-n diode is loaded in the L-shaped directly-fed probe to control whether it radiates. The dispersion characteristic of the linear LWA is examined to validate the effectiveness of the holographic method. A procedure is proposed to select the port and hologram for any-angle 2-D beam scanning. The prototype is fabricated and measured, and the results demonstrate the improved scanning range. The scanning range under the 3 dB gain decline condition covers ±54° across the broadside in the H-plane and ±37° in the E-plane in simulation. This design has the advantage of a wider scanning angle, 2-D scanning capability, and low cost. It may find applications in sensing, base stations, and vehicle communications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"613-620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10891697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541235
Xiangyu Yin;Wu Ren;Zhenghui Xue;Weiming Li
In this paper, a wide-angle scanning circularly polarized phased array with stable gain is proposed. The proposed antenna array is composed of truncated microstrip antennas, four rows of mushroom metamaterials, and two tensor holographic metasurfaces. The mushroom metamaterials generate TM10 mode on the same plane as the antenna elements, compensating for the imbalance between horizontal and vertical polarization when the beam pattern of the phased array is steered to a wide-angle point. Meanwhile, the tensor holographic metasurfaces convert surface waves into circularly polarized leaky waves, which superimpose on the radiation of the antenna array, thereby improving the axis ratio and increasing the realized gain. Furthermore, an eight-element linear phased array with the circularly polarized and scanning gain enhanced metamaterials are fabricated. The measured results show that the axial ratio of the proposed wide-angle scanning antenna array remains below 3 dB, the scanning range is from −60° to 65°, and the gain fluctuation is less than 1.8 dB in the operating frequency range 10.1-10.7 GHz. In general, the proposed antenna array loaded metamaterials have the advantages of stable scanning gain, low profile and easy to fabricate, thus satisfying the requirements of satellite and radar applications.
{"title":"Metamaterial-Based Wide-Angle Scanning Circularly Polarized Phased Array With Stable Gain","authors":"Xiangyu Yin;Wu Ren;Zhenghui Xue;Weiming Li","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541235","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a wide-angle scanning circularly polarized phased array with stable gain is proposed. The proposed antenna array is composed of truncated microstrip antennas, four rows of mushroom metamaterials, and two tensor holographic metasurfaces. The mushroom metamaterials generate TM10 mode on the same plane as the antenna elements, compensating for the imbalance between horizontal and vertical polarization when the beam pattern of the phased array is steered to a wide-angle point. Meanwhile, the tensor holographic metasurfaces convert surface waves into circularly polarized leaky waves, which superimpose on the radiation of the antenna array, thereby improving the axis ratio and increasing the realized gain. Furthermore, an eight-element linear phased array with the circularly polarized and scanning gain enhanced metamaterials are fabricated. The measured results show that the axial ratio of the proposed wide-angle scanning antenna array remains below 3 dB, the scanning range is from −60° to 65°, and the gain fluctuation is less than 1.8 dB in the operating frequency range 10.1-10.7 GHz. In general, the proposed antenna array loaded metamaterials have the advantages of stable scanning gain, low profile and easy to fabricate, thus satisfying the requirements of satellite and radar applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"594-602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10883338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541420
Miguel Fernández;Carlos Vázquez;Samuel Ver Hoeye
In this work, a dual-mode, dual-polarization fully-woven textile antenna for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. It is based on a square patch with two independent ports. The first port is implemented with an offset T-match structure, to which a singlediode rectifier is connected. The selected feeding technique allows to obtain complex-conjugate impedance matching with the rectifier and right-hand circular polarization for the wireless power transfer mode. On the other hand, for the information transfer mode, a coaxial probe is used to excite the antenna with left-hand circular polarization, in order to minimize the coupling between both modes. The combination of fully-woven technology with the implementation of the rectifier on a carrier thread provides a high degree of integration and robustness. A prototype was implemented and experimentally characterized, showing good agreement with simulation results. Furthermore, the measured RF-DC conversion efficiency in the wireless power transfer mode is about 50% when the available power at the rectifier input is -10 dBm, which is comparable with the state of the art for textile rectennas.
{"title":"Dual-Mode, Dual-Polarization Fully-Woven Textile Antenna for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer Applications in the 2.4 GHz Band","authors":"Miguel Fernández;Carlos Vázquez;Samuel Ver Hoeye","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541420","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a dual-mode, dual-polarization fully-woven textile antenna for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. It is based on a square patch with two independent ports. The first port is implemented with an offset T-match structure, to which a singlediode rectifier is connected. The selected feeding technique allows to obtain complex-conjugate impedance matching with the rectifier and right-hand circular polarization for the wireless power transfer mode. On the other hand, for the information transfer mode, a coaxial probe is used to excite the antenna with left-hand circular polarization, in order to minimize the coupling between both modes. The combination of fully-woven technology with the implementation of the rectifier on a carrier thread provides a high degree of integration and robustness. A prototype was implemented and experimentally characterized, showing good agreement with simulation results. Furthermore, the measured RF-DC conversion efficiency in the wireless power transfer mode is about 50% when the available power at the rectifier input is -10 dBm, which is comparable with the state of the art for textile rectennas.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"603-612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10883645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-04DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3538686
Satyajit Chakrabarti;Debatosh Guha
near square Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) geometry with dual-aperture feeding has been explored. This aims in achieving a number of attractive features from a standalone unit as well as a 4-element subarray. Unlike the earlier designs, it demonstrates four reconfigurable polarization states which are realized by conceiving a new near square shape of the DRA along with a novel feeding concept, proposed for the first time. They enable the subarray to significantly enhance the cross-polar discrimination (XPD). The design principles for dual-linear and dual-circular polarizations have been demonstrated and experimentally verified using a set of S-band prototypes. A dedicated digital phase network cum controller incorporating active switches has also been fabricated for practical examinations. A standalone prototype exhibits over 24.59% 10-dB return loss bandwidth at both ports with more than 40 dB inter-port isolation. It promises about 5.9 dBi/dBic consistent peak gain for all polarization states with more than 20 dB XPD. The subarray prototype reveals comparable 10-dB return loss bandwidths with more than 30 dB port-isolation and 25 dB XPD. The peak gain appears consistently around 11 dBi/dBic for all polarization states.
探讨了双孔径馈电的近方形介质谐振器天线几何结构。这样做的目的是从一个独立单元和一个4元素子阵列中获得许多有吸引力的特性。与早期的设计不同，它展示了四种可重构的极化状态，这是通过构想一个新的近方形DRA形状以及首次提出的新颖馈电概念来实现的。它们使子阵列显著增强了交叉极性辨别（XPD）。双线偏振和双圆偏振的设计原理已经被证明，并使用一组s波段原型实验验证。还制作了一个专用的数字相位网络和包含有源开关的控制器，用于实际测试。一个独立的原型在两个端口上显示超过24.59%的10 dB回波损耗带宽，端口间隔离超过40 dB。它承诺在超过20 dB XPD的所有极化状态下都有5.9 dBi/dBic一致的峰值增益。该子阵列原型具有10 dB的回波损耗带宽，具有超过30 dB的端口隔离和25 dB的XPD。在所有偏振态下，峰值增益始终在11 dBi/dBic左右出现。
{"title":"Dual-Fed DRA Subarrays Featuring Versatile Polarization Reconfigurability With High Port Isolation and Suppressed Cross-Polar Radiations","authors":"Satyajit Chakrabarti;Debatosh Guha","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3538686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3538686","url":null,"abstract":"near square Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) geometry with dual-aperture feeding has been explored. This aims in achieving a number of attractive features from a standalone unit as well as a 4-element subarray. Unlike the earlier designs, it demonstrates four reconfigurable polarization states which are realized by conceiving a new near square shape of the DRA along with a novel feeding concept, proposed for the first time. They enable the subarray to significantly enhance the cross-polar discrimination (XPD). The design principles for dual-linear and dual-circular polarizations have been demonstrated and experimentally verified using a set of S-band prototypes. A dedicated digital phase network cum controller incorporating active switches has also been fabricated for practical examinations. A standalone prototype exhibits over 24.59% 10-dB return loss bandwidth at both ports with more than 40 dB inter-port isolation. It promises about 5.9 dBi/dBic consistent peak gain for all polarization states with more than 20 dB XPD. The subarray prototype reveals comparable 10-dB return loss bandwidths with more than 30 dB port-isolation and 25 dB XPD. The peak gain appears consistently around 11 dBi/dBic for all polarization states.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"560-577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10870296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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