Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3425225
Omar M. Khan;Jean-Jacques Laurin
Concept of ringed stacked patch antenna with low side lobe level and enhanced bandwidth is introduced for radio altimeter avionics applications. One dimensional electromagnetic band gap is designed using metallic vias with circular rings along the radiating patches on multilayered substrate for providing high isolation in H-plane and reducing lateral surface currents. A stacked patch antenna configuration is used for enhancing the bandwidth of the antenna. Simulation and analysis are performed for the optimization of the frequency response and sidelobe levels of the proposed antenna. Gain of more than 12 dB with sidelobe levels less than −42 dB were measured for a fabricated prototype. Signal to interference ratio of 85 dB is achieved between two adjacent antennas, which is 5dB better than commercial antennas due to increased gain and reduced sidelobe levels. The antenna is designed for enhanced frequency bandwidth from 4.06 GHz to 4.53 GHz. Computed drag coefficient of the antenna mounted on the fuselage of Cessna 210 aircraft show that the drag is essentially negligible.
{"title":"High Isolation and Band Enhanced Radio Altimeter Antenna for Avionics Applications","authors":"Omar M. Khan;Jean-Jacques Laurin","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3425225","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3425225","url":null,"abstract":"Concept of ringed stacked patch antenna with low side lobe level and enhanced bandwidth is introduced for radio altimeter avionics applications. One dimensional electromagnetic band gap is designed using metallic vias with circular rings along the radiating patches on multilayered substrate for providing high isolation in H-plane and reducing lateral surface currents. A stacked patch antenna configuration is used for enhancing the bandwidth of the antenna. Simulation and analysis are performed for the optimization of the frequency response and sidelobe levels of the proposed antenna. Gain of more than 12 dB with sidelobe levels less than −42 dB were measured for a fabricated prototype. Signal to interference ratio of 85 dB is achieved between two adjacent antennas, which is 5dB better than commercial antennas due to increased gain and reduced sidelobe levels. The antenna is designed for enhanced frequency bandwidth from 4.06 GHz to 4.53 GHz. Computed drag coefficient of the antenna mounted on the fuselage of Cessna 210 aircraft show that the drag is essentially negligible.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1592-1597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10589539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141577859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424330
Khaled A. Alblaihed;Abdoalbaset Abohmra;Masood Ur Rehman;Qammer H. Abbasi;Muhammad A. Imran;Lina Mohjazi
This paper presents a single-element linearly polarized (LP) patch antenna characterized by a wide impedance bandwidth and low profile, optimized for 5G V2X applications. By inserting air gaps into the LP patch antenna structure, a circularly polarized (CP) antenna is generated. Moreover, a cross-stubs technique is employed to generate CP from LP, thereby enhancing the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. In this work, we consider both linear and circular polarization patch antennas designed to operate suitable for V2X applications. The resonating structure for both antennas is designed on a 0.787 mm Rogers RT-duroid 5880 substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2. The proposed design demonstrates resonance within the frequency range of 24 to 34 GHz and an AR bandwidth from 26.4 to 32.1 GHz. Additionally, the proposed design achieves a realized gain of 5.5 dBi along with a radiation efficiency of 94%. To extend the antenna’s gain capabilities, the single-element CP antenna is transformed into a series-fed 9-element array, achieving a maximum realized gain reaching 15.2 dBi and sidelobe levels (SLL) exceeding -17 dB. All proposed antennas are simulated, followed by fabrication and measurements, with the results demonstrating a good level of agreement between simulation and measurement. The proposed antennas’ low profile, wideband performance, and fabrication simplicity position them as ideal candidates for enhancing connectivity in next-generation V2X communications within the millimeter wave (mmWave) band.
{"title":"Wideband Series-Fed Patch Antenna Array With High Gain and Low Sidelobe: Linearly and Circularly Polarized for 5G V2X Applications","authors":"Khaled A. Alblaihed;Abdoalbaset Abohmra;Masood Ur Rehman;Qammer H. Abbasi;Muhammad A. Imran;Lina Mohjazi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424330","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424330","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a single-element linearly polarized (LP) patch antenna characterized by a wide impedance bandwidth and low profile, optimized for 5G V2X applications. By inserting air gaps into the LP patch antenna structure, a circularly polarized (CP) antenna is generated. Moreover, a cross-stubs technique is employed to generate CP from LP, thereby enhancing the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. In this work, we consider both linear and circular polarization patch antennas designed to operate suitable for V2X applications. The resonating structure for both antennas is designed on a 0.787 mm Rogers RT-duroid 5880 substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2. The proposed design demonstrates resonance within the frequency range of 24 to 34 GHz and an AR bandwidth from 26.4 to 32.1 GHz. Additionally, the proposed design achieves a realized gain of 5.5 dBi along with a radiation efficiency of 94%. To extend the antenna’s gain capabilities, the single-element CP antenna is transformed into a series-fed 9-element array, achieving a maximum realized gain reaching 15.2 dBi and sidelobe levels (SLL) exceeding -17 dB. All proposed antennas are simulated, followed by fabrication and measurements, with the results demonstrating a good level of agreement between simulation and measurement. The proposed antennas’ low profile, wideband performance, and fabrication simplicity position them as ideal candidates for enhancing connectivity in next-generation V2X communications within the millimeter wave (mmWave) band.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1580-1591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424309
Xiantao Yang;Ilkan Calisir;Lyuwei Chen;Elliot Leon Bennett;Jianliang Xiao;Yi Huang
This paper presents a novel technique for enhancing the slot antenna bandwidth using special dispersive materials for the first time. The dispersive material whose relative permittivity is inversely proportional to the frequency by the power of n is selected and exploited for antenna bandwidth enhancement and size reduction. The concept and theory behind this work are explored. A slot antenna loaded with the new material is proposed and it is shown that the bandwidth of slot antennas using the material with power ${n}{=}2$ can be significantly improved with more than 4 times larger than the traditional case ( ${n}{=}0$ ). The simulated and measured results show excellent properties for wideband improvement and miniaturization which further demonstrates that dispersive materials can open a new path for developing wideband devices and antennas for future wireless communication applications.
本文首次提出了一种利用特殊色散材料增强槽形天线带宽的新技术。本文选择并利用了相对介电常数与频率成反比、功率为 n 的色散材料来增强天线带宽并缩小尺寸。本文探讨了这项工作背后的概念和理论。结果表明，使用这种功率为 ${n}{=}2$ 的材料的槽形天线的带宽可以显著提高，比传统情况下（${n}{=}0$）提高 4 倍以上。模拟和测量结果表明，该材料在宽带改善和小型化方面具有卓越的性能，这进一步证明了色散材料可以为开发未来无线通信应用的宽带设备和天线开辟一条新的道路。
{"title":"A Study of Wideband and Compact Slot Antennas Utilizing Special Dispersive Materials","authors":"Xiantao Yang;Ilkan Calisir;Lyuwei Chen;Elliot Leon Bennett;Jianliang Xiao;Yi Huang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424309","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424309","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel technique for enhancing the slot antenna bandwidth using special dispersive materials for the first time. The dispersive material whose relative permittivity is inversely proportional to the frequency by the power of n is selected and exploited for antenna bandwidth enhancement and size reduction. The concept and theory behind this work are explored. A slot antenna loaded with the new material is proposed and it is shown that the bandwidth of slot antennas using the material with power \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${n}{=}2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 can be significantly improved with more than 4 times larger than the traditional case (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${n}{=}0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). The simulated and measured results show excellent properties for wideband improvement and miniaturization which further demonstrates that dispersive materials can open a new path for developing wideband devices and antennas for future wireless communication applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1414-1422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424209
Taeho Yu;Jin Myeong Heo;Cheolsun Park;Yong Ku Jeon;Gangil Byun
This paper proposes an ultra-wideband frequency-invariant beamforming (FIB) using a generalized nesting array. To implement ultra-wideband (9:1 bandwidth ratio) FIB with a reduced number of array elements, the target frequency band is divided into subbands. The subarrays have integer multiples of inter-element spacing of half-wavelength at the maximum frequency according to the bandwidth ratio of subbands. Due to this integer multiple relationships, the array elements of the subarrays are superimposed so that the total number of array elements is reduced while maintaining FIB performance over the target frequency band. Then, the FIB weights are derived based on the desired beam pattern using the inverse Fourier transform. A Bartlett beamformer is used to generate FIB patterns of the proposed nesting array. In addition, we investigate the interrelationship between the minimum required number of array elements and design parameters (target bandwidth, beamwidth, and side lobe level). For validation, 21 printed log-periodic dipole array antennas are fabricated and measured. The direction finding performance is evaluated and compared to that of a 35-element uniform linear array. The direction of arrival (DoA) estimation results of the proposed array show a root-mean-square error of less than 2.02° for an incident angle within ±50° when a signal-to-noise ratio is 10 dB. It is demonstrated that the proposed array exhibits ultra-wideband FIB performance similar to a conventional uniform linear array but with much fewer elements.
{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Frequency-Invariant Beamforming Using a Generalized Nesting Array","authors":"Taeho Yu;Jin Myeong Heo;Cheolsun Park;Yong Ku Jeon;Gangil Byun","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424209","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3424209","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an ultra-wideband frequency-invariant beamforming (FIB) using a generalized nesting array. To implement ultra-wideband (9:1 bandwidth ratio) FIB with a reduced number of array elements, the target frequency band is divided into subbands. The subarrays have integer multiples of inter-element spacing of half-wavelength at the maximum frequency according to the bandwidth ratio of subbands. Due to this integer multiple relationships, the array elements of the subarrays are superimposed so that the total number of array elements is reduced while maintaining FIB performance over the target frequency band. Then, the FIB weights are derived based on the desired beam pattern using the inverse Fourier transform. A Bartlett beamformer is used to generate FIB patterns of the proposed nesting array. In addition, we investigate the interrelationship between the minimum required number of array elements and design parameters (target bandwidth, beamwidth, and side lobe level). For validation, 21 printed log-periodic dipole array antennas are fabricated and measured. The direction finding performance is evaluated and compared to that of a 35-element uniform linear array. The direction of arrival (DoA) estimation results of the proposed array show a root-mean-square error of less than 2.02° for an incident angle within ±50° when a signal-to-noise ratio is 10 dB. It is demonstrated that the proposed array exhibits ultra-wideband FIB performance similar to a conventional uniform linear array but with much fewer elements.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1403-1413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141572451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3422426
Hans Herdian;Chun Wang;Takeshi Inoue;Atsushi Shirane;Kenichi Okada
As the CMOS transceiver reaches the sub-millimeter wave operating frequency, its circuit area cannot keep up with the shrinkage of the $0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ area limit for the typical 2-dimensional (2D) tile-based phased array topology. This article proposes an end-fire on-chip Vivaldi antenna on a standard 65-nm CMOS process for the 300 GHz band operation. The Vivaldi architecture was chosen for its broadband and end-fire radiation characteristics. End-fire antenna is required for slat array topology, which enables 2 D array implementation for transceivers with circuit area above $0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ . The antenna length was shortened to maximize beamwidth and reduce area. Additionally, comb-shaped slots were added to suppress side lobes and back radiation caused by the short length. To prevent higher mode surface waves from distorting the antenna radiation pattern and reducing efficiency, the substrate was thinned to $50 mu mathrm{m}$ . A dual-layer proton irradiation process increases the substrate resistivity to $1 mathrm{k} Omega$ -cm, allowing high-efficiency on-chip antenna implementation on low-cost CMOS processes. The manufactured on-chip Vivaldi antenna has an area of $0.45 lambda_0 times 0.45 lambda_0$ , with measurement results showing 6 dBi gain with 1 dB flatness from 220 GHz to 320 GHz (37% bandwidth) and 76° E-plane beamwidth at 270 GHz with 87% efficiency. A $1 times 4$ slat array implementation using the proposed on-chip Vivaldi antenna has been demonstrated, with measurement results showing a 56° beam steering range across the E-plane.
随着CMOS收发器的工作频率达到亚毫米波，其电路面积无法跟上典型二维（2D）瓦片式相控阵拓扑的0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ 面积限制的缩减。本文提出了一种端射片上 Vivaldi 天线，采用标准 65-nm CMOS 工艺，适用于 300 GHz 频段工作。之所以选择 Vivaldi 架构，是因为它具有宽带和端射辐射特性。板条阵列拓扑需要端射天线，这使得电路面积超过 0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ 的收发器能够实现 2 D 阵列。天线长度被缩短，以最大限度地提高波束宽度并减小面积。此外，还增加了梳状槽，以抑制因长度过短而产生的侧叶和背辐射。为了防止高模表面波扭曲天线辐射模式并降低效率，基板被减薄到 50 mu mathrm{m}$ 。双层质子辐照工艺将衬底电阻率提高到 1 mathrm{k}$ 。Omega$ -cm，从而可以在低成本 CMOS 工艺上实现高效片上天线。制造的片上 Vivaldi 天线面积为 0.45 lambda_0 times 0.45 lambda_0$ ，测量结果显示 220 GHz 至 320 GHz 范围内具有 6 dBi 增益和 1 dB 平整度（37% 带宽），270 GHz 时具有 76° E 平面波束宽度，效率为 87%。使用所提出的片上 Vivaldi 天线实现了 1 times 4$ 的板条阵列，测量结果显示整个 E 平面的波束转向范围为 56°。
{"title":"A Proton Irradiated CMOS On-Chip Vivaldi Antenna for 300 GHz Band Slat Array Implementation","authors":"Hans Herdian;Chun Wang;Takeshi Inoue;Atsushi Shirane;Kenichi Okada","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3422426","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3422426","url":null,"abstract":"As the CMOS transceiver reaches the sub-millimeter wave operating frequency, its circuit area cannot keep up with the shrinkage of the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 area limit for the typical 2-dimensional (2D) tile-based phased array topology. This article proposes an end-fire on-chip Vivaldi antenna on a standard 65-nm CMOS process for the 300 GHz band operation. The Vivaldi architecture was chosen for its broadband and end-fire radiation characteristics. End-fire antenna is required for slat array topology, which enables 2 D array implementation for transceivers with circuit area above \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5 lambda_0 times 0.5 lambda_0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The antenna length was shortened to maximize beamwidth and reduce area. Additionally, comb-shaped slots were added to suppress side lobes and back radiation caused by the short length. To prevent higher mode surface waves from distorting the antenna radiation pattern and reducing efficiency, the substrate was thinned to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. A dual-layer proton irradiation process increases the substrate resistivity to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 mathrm{k} Omega$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-cm, allowing high-efficiency on-chip antenna implementation on low-cost CMOS processes. The manufactured on-chip Vivaldi antenna has an area of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.45 lambda_0 times 0.45 lambda_0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, with measurement results showing 6 dBi gain with 1 dB flatness from 220 GHz to 320 GHz (37% bandwidth) and 76° E-plane beamwidth at 270 GHz with 87% efficiency. A \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 slat array implementation using the proposed on-chip Vivaldi antenna has been demonstrated, with measurement results showing a 56° beam steering range across the E-plane.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1390-1402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the applicability conditions of the Physical Optics (PO) approximation and investigates its predictive power for far-field diffraction patterns of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) based on binary metasurfaces (BMSs). We compare the PO model with the approximation of socalled Reflection Locality (RL). Although these two approximations are conceptually different, in the case of BMSs, RL turns out to be a prerequisite of the applicability of the PO. If RL holds for such RISs, PO adequately predicts the diffraction pattern only in the case of large periods, which restricts the applicability of the PO to rather small deflection angles. Recently, it was shown that the RL approximation and the popular approximation of so-called angular stability for periodically non-uniform reflecting metasurfaces are equivalent. Therefore, we conclude that BMSs with angular stability can be successfully designed using the PO approximation if the required deflection angles are restricted. In the absence of angular stability, the accuracy of PO is very poor. This finding highlights the importance of considering both the angular stability and the electromagnetic dimensions in RISs designs.
本文讨论了物理光学（PO）近似的适用条件，并研究了其对基于二元元表面（BMS）的可重构智能表面（RIS）远场衍射图样的预测能力。我们将 PO 模型与所谓的反射位置（RL）近似进行了比较。虽然这两种近似方法在概念上有所不同，但就 BMS 而言，RL 是 PO 适用性的先决条件。如果 RL 在此类 RIS 中成立，那么 PO 只能在大周期的情况下充分预测衍射图样，这就限制了 PO 在较小偏转角情况下的适用性。最近的研究表明，对于周期性非均匀反射元面，RL 近似值和流行的所谓角度稳定性近似值是等价的。因此，我们得出结论，如果所需的偏转角受到限制，使用 PO 近似值可以成功设计出具有角度稳定性的 BMS。在没有角度稳定性的情况下，PO 的精确度很低。这一发现强调了在 RIS 设计中同时考虑角度稳定性和电磁尺寸的重要性。
{"title":"Physical Optics and Reflection Locality in Designing Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Javad Shabanpour;Yongming Li;Sergei Tretyakov;Constantin Simovski","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3422681","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3422681","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the applicability conditions of the Physical Optics (PO) approximation and investigates its predictive power for far-field diffraction patterns of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) based on binary metasurfaces (BMSs). We compare the PO model with the approximation of socalled Reflection Locality (RL). Although these two approximations are conceptually different, in the case of BMSs, RL turns out to be a prerequisite of the applicability of the PO. If RL holds for such RISs, PO adequately predicts the diffraction pattern only in the case of large periods, which restricts the applicability of the PO to rather small deflection angles. Recently, it was shown that the RL approximation and the popular approximation of so-called angular stability for periodically non-uniform reflecting metasurfaces are equivalent. Therefore, we conclude that BMSs with angular stability can be successfully designed using the PO approximation if the required deflection angles are restricted. In the absence of angular stability, the accuracy of PO is very poor. This finding highlights the importance of considering both the angular stability and the electromagnetic dimensions in RISs designs.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1571-1579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421923
Mingxiang Gao;Sujith Raman;Zvonimir Sipus;Anja K. Skrivervik
Implantable wireless bioelectronic devices enable communication and/or power transfer through RF wireless connections with external nodes. These devices encounter notable design challenges due to the lossy nature of the host body, which significantly diminishes the radiation efficiency of the implanted antenna and tightens the wireless link budget. Prior research has yielded closed-form approximate expressions for estimating losses occurring within the lossy host body, known as the in-body path loss. To assess the total path loss between the implanted transmitter and external receiver, this paper focuses on the free-space path loss of the implanted antenna, from the body-air interface to the external node. This is not trivial, as in addition to the inherent radial spreading of spherical electromagnetic waves common to all antennas, implanted antennas confront additional losses arising from electromagnetic scattering at the interface between the host body and air. Employing analytical modeling, we propose closed-form approximate expressions for estimating this free-space path loss. The approximation is formulated as a function of the free-space distance, the curvature radius of the body-air interface, the depth of the implanted antenna, and the permittivity of the lossy medium. This proposed method undergoes thorough validation through numerical calculations, simulations, and measurements for different implanted antenna scenarios. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the path loss in implanted antennas and provides a reliable analytical framework for their efficient design and performance evaluation.
{"title":"Analytic Approximation of Free-Space Path Loss for Implanted Antennas","authors":"Mingxiang Gao;Sujith Raman;Zvonimir Sipus;Anja K. Skrivervik","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421923","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421923","url":null,"abstract":"Implantable wireless bioelectronic devices enable communication and/or power transfer through RF wireless connections with external nodes. These devices encounter notable design challenges due to the lossy nature of the host body, which significantly diminishes the radiation efficiency of the implanted antenna and tightens the wireless link budget. Prior research has yielded closed-form approximate expressions for estimating losses occurring within the lossy host body, known as the in-body path loss. To assess the total path loss between the implanted transmitter and external receiver, this paper focuses on the free-space path loss of the implanted antenna, from the body-air interface to the external node. This is not trivial, as in addition to the inherent radial spreading of spherical electromagnetic waves common to all antennas, implanted antennas confront additional losses arising from electromagnetic scattering at the interface between the host body and air. Employing analytical modeling, we propose closed-form approximate expressions for estimating this free-space path loss. The approximation is formulated as a function of the free-space distance, the curvature radius of the body-air interface, the depth of the implanted antenna, and the permittivity of the lossy medium. This proposed method undergoes thorough validation through numerical calculations, simulations, and measurements for different implanted antenna scenarios. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the path loss in implanted antennas and provides a reliable analytical framework for their efficient design and performance evaluation.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1551-1562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10580930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932
Vahid Sharbati;Xiulong Bao;John J. Healy;Nan Zhang;Khatereh Nadali;Max J. Ammann
This article introduces an innovative reconfigurable antenna (RA) designed for circular polarization on the dual WiMAX frequency bands (3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz) utilizing liquid metal switching capabilities. The antenna achieves circular polarization reconfiguration by employing a liquid metal switch connecting the parasitic element (R2) to the feed line. Notably, the liquid metal switch offers distinct advantages, including power savings in the ON state and precise control of liquid metal movement through applied voltage. The dynamic manipulation of Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) within microfluidic channels enables efficient displacement, resulting in a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of (2.5–3.7 GHz) in the OFF state and (5.45–6 GHz) in the ON state. For the first time, the concept of liquid metal switches introduces a novel capability: the ability to maintain the “ON” state without the need for a continuous voltage supply. The proposed reconfigurable antenna demonstrates notable improvements in switching performance, with observed effectiveness in RF switching.
{"title":"Circularly Polarized Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Liquid Metal Switching for Dual WiMAX Bands","authors":"Vahid Sharbati;Xiulong Bao;John J. Healy;Nan Zhang;Khatereh Nadali;Max J. Ammann","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an innovative reconfigurable antenna (RA) designed for circular polarization on the dual WiMAX frequency bands (3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz) utilizing liquid metal switching capabilities. The antenna achieves circular polarization reconfiguration by employing a liquid metal switch connecting the parasitic element (R2) to the feed line. Notably, the liquid metal switch offers distinct advantages, including power savings in the ON state and precise control of liquid metal movement through applied voltage. The dynamic manipulation of Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) within microfluidic channels enables efficient displacement, resulting in a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of (2.5–3.7 GHz) in the OFF state and (5.45–6 GHz) in the ON state. For the first time, the concept of liquid metal switches introduces a novel capability: the ability to maintain the “ON” state without the need for a continuous voltage supply. The proposed reconfigurable antenna demonstrates notable improvements in switching performance, with observed effectiveness in RF switching.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1563-1570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10580923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764
Prabhat Khanal;Jian Yang
This paper presents a rigorous new analytical derivation of the theorem on the embedded element radiation function of ideally infinite planar array antennas, along with a formula for accurately calculating the main beam direction of finite-sized array antennas based on the theorem. It validates the previously established formula of the embedded element radiation function, where the amplitude is proportional to $sqrt {cos theta }$ , based on the intuitive reasoning that the effective area of an element should be proportional to its projected area in the direction of interest angle $theta $ , provided that the array antenna has no grating lobes for the full scan, no surface waves, no losses, and active impedance matched. More importantly, the new analytical derivation can accurately predict the embedded element radiation function in cases where there are grating lobes for the array antenna with the full scan, which the intuitive area projection reasoning cannot provide. The theorem concludes that the array’s active element reflection coefficient and inter-element spacing fully determine the embedded element radiation function in all cases. Utilizing this theorem, a new formula for the element phase progression is derived to accurately steer the main beam in the desired direction of the array with a finite number of elements. Several verification cases of wide-scanning array antennas are presented, and the comparisons between numerical simulations, measurements, theoretical results, and some interesting conclusions are discussed in the paper.
{"title":"On Embedded Element Radiation Function and Beam Direction of Wide-Scanning Array Antennas","authors":"Prabhat Khanal;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a rigorous new analytical derivation of the theorem on the embedded element radiation function of ideally infinite planar array antennas, along with a formula for accurately calculating the main beam direction of finite-sized array antennas based on the theorem. It validates the previously established formula of the embedded element radiation function, where the amplitude is proportional to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {cos theta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, based on the intuitive reasoning that the effective area of an element should be proportional to its projected area in the direction of interest angle \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, provided that the array antenna has no grating lobes for the full scan, no surface waves, no losses, and active impedance matched. More importantly, the new analytical derivation can accurately predict the embedded element radiation function in cases where there are grating lobes for the array antenna with the full scan, which the intuitive area projection reasoning cannot provide. The theorem concludes that the array’s active element reflection coefficient and inter-element spacing fully determine the embedded element radiation function in all cases. Utilizing this theorem, a new formula for the element phase progression is derived to accurately steer the main beam in the desired direction of the array with a finite number of elements. Several verification cases of wide-scanning array antennas are presented, and the comparisons between numerical simulations, measurements, theoretical results, and some interesting conclusions are discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1377-1389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318
Li Wang;Fenggan Zhang;Banghuan Hou
To optimize the antenna performance in a sparse linear array (SLA) subject to specific constraints of the antenna aperture, number of elements and element spacing, this paper proposes an improved Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm integrating the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy. The initial value of the algorithm is generated through the chaotic Piecewise map, while the scaling factor is adjusted dynamically in line with the iterations and fitness values. When the algorithm indicates signs of premature convergence, the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy is applied to the population to escape local optima, so as to produce the global optimal solution. Standard function tests validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, proving its excellent accuracy and global search performance. Three diverse antenna-based simulation instances show that the improved algorithm can effectively reduce the peak sidelobe level (PSLL), thus elevating the antenna performance.
{"title":"Optimal Design of Low Sidelobe Sparse Linear Arrays","authors":"Li Wang;Fenggan Zhang;Banghuan Hou","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318","url":null,"abstract":"To optimize the antenna performance in a sparse linear array (SLA) subject to specific constraints of the antenna aperture, number of elements and element spacing, this paper proposes an improved Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm integrating the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy. The initial value of the algorithm is generated through the chaotic Piecewise map, while the scaling factor is adjusted dynamically in line with the iterations and fitness values. When the algorithm indicates signs of premature convergence, the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy is applied to the population to escape local optima, so as to produce the global optimal solution. Standard function tests validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, proving its excellent accuracy and global search performance. Three diverse antenna-based simulation instances show that the improved algorithm can effectively reduce the peak sidelobe level (PSLL), thus elevating the antenna performance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1365-1376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10565854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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