Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407658
Nabanita Saha;Erik Pineda Alvarez;Ifana Mahbub
In a phased array-based radio-frequency (RF) wireless power transfer system, the power transfer efficiency can be determined from the transmitted and received power density levels of the individual elements of the array antenna. In this paper, a novel theoretical model to calculate the received power from individual elements of the transmitter array antenna and estimate the received power, specifically in the near-field region is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally validated. The proposed WPT technology utilizes a 2.4 GHz radiative near-field (Fresnel region) power transmission scheme. The calculated results using this analysis have been verified using a complete phased array antenna-based wireless power transfer system. The proposed WPT system consists of a unidirectional $4times 4$ transmitter array antenna of $2.12~lambda _{o}times 2.09~lambda _{o}$ dimension and a bi-directional receiver antenna of $0.25~lambda _{o}times 0.3~lambda _{o}$ dimension. The proposed methodology is capable of accurately calculating the transmitted and received powers in both Fresnel and Reactive near-field zones, compared to traditional approaches (for example, the Friis path loss model and Goubau equation). This proposed uniform theoretical approach is highly applicable as a tool to calculate the Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) effectively and reliably in the near-field region.
{"title":"A Novel Theoretical Modeling of the Received Power for Phased Array-Based Wireless Power Transfer System in the Near-Field Region","authors":"Nabanita Saha;Erik Pineda Alvarez;Ifana Mahbub","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407658","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407658","url":null,"abstract":"In a phased array-based radio-frequency (RF) wireless power transfer system, the power transfer efficiency can be determined from the transmitted and received power density levels of the individual elements of the array antenna. In this paper, a novel theoretical model to calculate the received power from individual elements of the transmitter array antenna and estimate the received power, specifically in the near-field region is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally validated. The proposed WPT technology utilizes a 2.4 GHz radiative near-field (Fresnel region) power transmission scheme. The calculated results using this analysis have been verified using a complete phased array antenna-based wireless power transfer system. The proposed WPT system consists of a unidirectional \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 transmitter array antenna of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.12~lambda _{o}times 2.09~lambda _{o}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 dimension and a bi-directional receiver antenna of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.25~lambda _{o}times 0.3~lambda _{o}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 dimension. The proposed methodology is capable of accurately calculating the transmitted and received powers in both Fresnel and Reactive near-field zones, compared to traditional approaches (for example, the Friis path loss model and Goubau equation). This proposed uniform theoretical approach is highly applicable as a tool to calculate the Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) effectively and reliably in the near-field region.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1476-1488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10542319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407050
Khatereh Nadali;Neeraj Kumar Maurya;Patrick McEvoy;Max J. Ammann
The growing prevalence of IoT devices has heightened the focus on minimizing energy consumption in low-power electronic systems. Ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting allows self-sustaining electronic devices to operate in IoT networks without cables, batteries, or allocated energy sources. This paper presents an innovative printed dual-band dual-polarized antenna designed for ambient RF energy harvesting in IoT applications. The proposed antenna targets efficient RF energy conversion from the most prevalent cellular frequency bands (sub-1 GHz and 1800 MHz) and sub-700 MHz Digital Terrestrial Television. This antenna is a significant advancement in the field, boasting a wide circularly polarized 610-968 MHz bandwidth and a linearly polarized bandwidth covering the GSM/4G 1800 MHz band. The antenna’s integration with a rectifier circuit demonstrates its ability to convert ambient RF energy into electrical power, regardless of the source antenna orientation. This integrated antenna development significantly reduces battery dependency in low-power IoT devices, paving the way for more sustainable and versatile wireless networks. Specifically, this antenna is crafted to achieve broad CP and adequate impedance bandwidths across targeted frequencies, crucial for the diverse requirements of ambient RF energy harvesting. Such a design meets our primary objectives of capturing RF energy effectively, with its omnidirectional pattern enabling it to collect ambient RF signals from different polarizations and directions.
{"title":"A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Antenna for Harvesting in Cellular and Digital Terrestrial Television Bands","authors":"Khatereh Nadali;Neeraj Kumar Maurya;Patrick McEvoy;Max J. Ammann","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407050","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407050","url":null,"abstract":"The growing prevalence of IoT devices has heightened the focus on minimizing energy consumption in low-power electronic systems. Ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting allows self-sustaining electronic devices to operate in IoT networks without cables, batteries, or allocated energy sources. This paper presents an innovative printed dual-band dual-polarized antenna designed for ambient RF energy harvesting in IoT applications. The proposed antenna targets efficient RF energy conversion from the most prevalent cellular frequency bands (sub-1 GHz and 1800 MHz) and sub-700 MHz Digital Terrestrial Television. This antenna is a significant advancement in the field, boasting a wide circularly polarized 610-968 MHz bandwidth and a linearly polarized bandwidth covering the GSM/4G 1800 MHz band. The antenna’s integration with a rectifier circuit demonstrates its ability to convert ambient RF energy into electrical power, regardless of the source antenna orientation. This integrated antenna development significantly reduces battery dependency in low-power IoT devices, paving the way for more sustainable and versatile wireless networks. Specifically, this antenna is crafted to achieve broad CP and adequate impedance bandwidths across targeted frequencies, crucial for the diverse requirements of ambient RF energy harvesting. Such a design meets our primary objectives of capturing RF energy effectively, with its omnidirectional pattern enabling it to collect ambient RF signals from different polarizations and directions.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1489-1498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10542345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetic (EM) body models predict the impact of human presence and motions on the Radio-Frequency (RF) field originated from wireless devices nearby. Despite their accuracy, EM models are time-consuming methods which prevent their adoption in strict real-time computational imaging and estimation problems, such as passive localization, RF tomography, and holography. Physicsinformed Generative Neural Network (GNN) models have recently attracted a lot of attention thanks to their potential to reproduce a process by incorporating relevant physical laws and constraints. They can be used to simulate or reconstruct missing data or samples, reproduce EM propagation effects, approximated EM fields, and learn a physics-informed data distribution, i.e., the Bayesian prior. Generative machine learning represents a multidisciplinary research area weaving together physical/EM modelling, signal processing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper discusses two popular techniques, namely Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and their adaptations to incorporate relevant EM body diffraction methods. The proposed EM-informed GNN models are verified against classical EM tools driven by diffraction theory, and validated on real data. The paper explores emerging opportunities of GNN tools targeting real-time passive RF sensing in communication systems with dense antenna arrays. Proposed tools are also designed, implemented, and verified on resource constrained wireless devices. Simulated and experimental analysis reveal that GNNs can limit the use of time-consuming and privacy-sensitive training stages as well as intensive EM computations. On the other hand, they require hyper-parameter tuning to achieve a good compromise between accuracy and generalization.
{"title":"Electromagnetic-Informed Generative Models for Passive RF Sensing and Perception of Body Motions","authors":"Stefano Savazzi;Federica Fieramosca;Sanaz Kianoush;Michele D’Amico;Vittorio Rampa","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407199","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407199","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic (EM) body models predict the impact of human presence and motions on the Radio-Frequency (RF) field originated from wireless devices nearby. Despite their accuracy, EM models are time-consuming methods which prevent their adoption in strict real-time computational imaging and estimation problems, such as passive localization, RF tomography, and holography. Physicsinformed Generative Neural Network (GNN) models have recently attracted a lot of attention thanks to their potential to reproduce a process by incorporating relevant physical laws and constraints. They can be used to simulate or reconstruct missing data or samples, reproduce EM propagation effects, approximated EM fields, and learn a physics-informed data distribution, i.e., the Bayesian prior. Generative machine learning represents a multidisciplinary research area weaving together physical/EM modelling, signal processing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper discusses two popular techniques, namely Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and their adaptations to incorporate relevant EM body diffraction methods. The proposed EM-informed GNN models are verified against classical EM tools driven by diffraction theory, and validated on real data. The paper explores emerging opportunities of GNN tools targeting real-time passive RF sensing in communication systems with dense antenna arrays. Proposed tools are also designed, implemented, and verified on resource constrained wireless devices. Simulated and experimental analysis reveal that GNNs can limit the use of time-consuming and privacy-sensitive training stages as well as intensive EM computations. On the other hand, they require hyper-parameter tuning to achieve a good compromise between accuracy and generalization.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"958-973"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10542343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053
Samar I. Farghaly;Mostafa M. Fouda;Manal M. Emara
Pattern synthesis is widely used in many radar and communication systems and received great interest. So, this paper proposes a new beamforming strategy based on a hybrid combination between grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with ${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ -norm called proposed GWO. This approach is applied to synthesized uniform linear arrays (ULA), Chebyshav arrays, and shaped pattern arrays. Moreover, it is utilized for side lobe level (SLL) and size reduction of antenna elements. In this strategy, the GWO is utilized to optimize the element spacing to adjust the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) to save it the same as desired pattern. Furthermore, the excitations of the antenna elements are optimized via the ${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ -norm minimization problem. The proposed GWO has low complexity (fewer iterations and computing time) compared to other algorithms. In addition, it has a very accurate approximation of the original radiation pattern. As well, the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave package is utilized to achieve the practical validation of the proposed methodologies. As an application of the proposed GWO, it is employed to create a proposed hybrid beamforming (PHB) structure for Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) systems. Consequently, the BS transmitting antennas are synthesized for gain maximization while utilizing the current amount of antenna elements. This results in considerable savings in antenna components and associated radio frequency (RF) chains which reduces system complexity. Furthermore, array gain maximization will increase the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the SLL reduction scenario will decrease the interference from undesired users which in turn will also increase SNR. Hence, the performance of the system in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization will be improved.
{"title":"Beamforming of Transmit Antennas Using Grey Wolf Optimization and L2-Norm for Performance Enhancement of Beyond 5G Communications","authors":"Samar I. Farghaly;Mostafa M. Fouda;Manal M. Emara","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053","url":null,"abstract":"Pattern synthesis is widely used in many radar and communication systems and received great interest. So, this paper proposes a new beamforming strategy based on a hybrid combination between grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-norm called proposed GWO. This approach is applied to synthesized uniform linear arrays (ULA), Chebyshav arrays, and shaped pattern arrays. Moreover, it is utilized for side lobe level (SLL) and size reduction of antenna elements. In this strategy, the GWO is utilized to optimize the element spacing to adjust the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) to save it the same as desired pattern. Furthermore, the excitations of the antenna elements are optimized via the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-norm minimization problem. The proposed GWO has low complexity (fewer iterations and computing time) compared to other algorithms. In addition, it has a very accurate approximation of the original radiation pattern. As well, the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave package is utilized to achieve the practical validation of the proposed methodologies. As an application of the proposed GWO, it is employed to create a proposed hybrid beamforming (PHB) structure for Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) systems. Consequently, the BS transmitting antennas are synthesized for gain maximization while utilizing the current amount of antenna elements. This results in considerable savings in antenna components and associated radio frequency (RF) chains which reduces system complexity. Furthermore, array gain maximization will increase the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the SLL reduction scenario will decrease the interference from undesired users which in turn will also increase SNR. Hence, the performance of the system in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization will be improved.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1041-1060"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136
Ying C. Zheng;L. Zhu;C. Ni;J. Ding;K. Cao;B. Liu
A dual-band sleeve monopole antenna with the substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology is proposed in this paper. Both the radiation structure and the feeding network are modified from the SICL structure. The antenna provides dual-band operation for LoRa (Long Range Radio) applications covering 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. This antenna operates as a quarter-wavelength monopole with practical omnidirectional radiation performance for each band. The antenna exhibits a gain of 2.0 dBi at 433 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency, and a gain of 1.7 dBi at 868 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are from $393 sim 450$ MHz and $826 sim 931$ MHz, respectively. A good agreement is observed between the measured and the simulated results, which demonstrates that the proposed scheme can be a possible candidate for LoRa applications.
{"title":"Design of a Dual-Band Planar Sleeve Monopole Antenna With the Substrate-Integrated Coaxial Line Technology","authors":"Ying C. Zheng;L. Zhu;C. Ni;J. Ding;K. Cao;B. Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-band sleeve monopole antenna with the substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology is proposed in this paper. Both the radiation structure and the feeding network are modified from the SICL structure. The antenna provides dual-band operation for LoRa (Long Range Radio) applications covering 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. This antenna operates as a quarter-wavelength monopole with practical omnidirectional radiation performance for each band. The antenna exhibits a gain of 2.0 dBi at 433 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency, and a gain of 1.7 dBi at 868 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$393 sim 450$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 MHz and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$826 sim 931$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 MHz, respectively. A good agreement is observed between the measured and the simulated results, which demonstrates that the proposed scheme can be a possible candidate for LoRa applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1108-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a miniaturized design of dual transmission frequency selective rasorber (FSR) with absorption-transmission-absorption-transmission (A-T-A-T) feature is proposed. Initially, lowfrequency resonators are incorporated on the square ring shaped lossy resistive layer for expanding the broad absorption towards the lower spectrum of frequency. Then the dual bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) with transmission bands lying within the absorption spectrum is integrated with the resistive layer. Further, a cross-loop resonator is integrated inside the square ring of the resistive layer due to which a dual transmission pole is achieved through the resistive layer aligning with the dual operating frequencies of bandpass FSS. The proposed structure exhibits two broad absorption bands ranging from 3.7.10.5 GHz (95.7%) and 12.6.14.6 GHz (14.70%). The two transmission bands are at 10.7 GHz (8.62%) and 16.0 GHz (8.75%) with minimum insertion loss of 1.0 dB and 0.7 dB, respectively. The proposed FSR is polarization-insensitive and a compact design with an electrical size of $0.015lambda^{2}$ and a thickness of $0.08lambda$ along with a wide angular stability up to 50o incidence. The working process of the proposed design is illustrated by studying an equivalent circuit model (ECM). Further, a prototype of 23 × 23 array is fabricated and the measurements are carried out for both normal and oblique incidences. The close resemblance observed between the measured and simulated response experimentally validates the proposed FSR design.
{"title":"Miniaturized Design of Dual Transmission Frequency Selective Rasorber With Wide Angular Stability","authors":"Mehran Manzoor Zargar;Archana Rajput;Kushmanda Saurav","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3382834","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3382834","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a miniaturized design of dual transmission frequency selective rasorber (FSR) with absorption-transmission-absorption-transmission (A-T-A-T) feature is proposed. Initially, lowfrequency resonators are incorporated on the square ring shaped lossy resistive layer for expanding the broad absorption towards the lower spectrum of frequency. Then the dual bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) with transmission bands lying within the absorption spectrum is integrated with the resistive layer. Further, a cross-loop resonator is integrated inside the square ring of the resistive layer due to which a dual transmission pole is achieved through the resistive layer aligning with the dual operating frequencies of bandpass FSS. The proposed structure exhibits two broad absorption bands ranging from 3.7.10.5 GHz (95.7%) and 12.6.14.6 GHz (14.70%). The two transmission bands are at 10.7 GHz (8.62%) and 16.0 GHz (8.75%) with minimum insertion loss of 1.0 dB and 0.7 dB, respectively. The proposed FSR is polarization-insensitive and a compact design with an electrical size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.015lambda^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and a thickness of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.08lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 along with a wide angular stability up to 50o incidence. The working process of the proposed design is illustrated by studying an equivalent circuit model (ECM). Further, a prototype of 23 × 23 array is fabricated and the measurements are carried out for both normal and oblique incidences. The close resemblance observed between the measured and simulated response experimentally validates the proposed FSR design.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"922-932"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10485190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406067
Aral Ertug Zorkun;Miguel A. Salas-Natera;Alvaro Araujo Pinto;Ramón Martínez Rodríguez-Osorio;Manuel Sierra Pérez
This paper proposes a mutual coupling based self-calibration method for transmit mode large scale antenna arrays. In accord with the proposed active antenna array model, gain/phase uncertainties, antenna element position errors and mutual coupling effects are reduced to an error matrix. The expansion of equations of the proposed calibration method are presented. The proposed calibration procedure is capable of compensating the error matrix while the system is operating and is suitable for off-line, on-site and online calibration procedures. The calibration procedure relies on the measurements of the error signal related to scan reflection coefficient while the system is operating, and the premeasured inter-element couplings. The calibration system takes pre-measured couplings, the geometry of the antenna array, the antenna weights and pointing direction as input, then, during the operation it combines input with the measured feedback signals to construct an array manifold. The coefficients of the error matrix are later estimated from the array manifold. The antenna weights are compensated by direct inversion of the estimated error matrix which involves division operator, yielding possible inaccurate coefficient estimation in hardware. Therefore, a globally convergent generalized inverse matrix approximation method is adopted. Simulation results with worst case errors and a simple experimental study are presented. The results show that with the proposed method, accurate calibration can be made with couplings only in the first and second order neighbors of an antenna element.
{"title":"A Mutual Coupling-Based Full Self-Online Calibration Method for Antenna Arrays in Uplink","authors":"Aral Ertug Zorkun;Miguel A. Salas-Natera;Alvaro Araujo Pinto;Ramón Martínez Rodríguez-Osorio;Manuel Sierra Pérez","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406067","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406067","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a mutual coupling based self-calibration method for transmit mode large scale antenna arrays. In accord with the proposed active antenna array model, gain/phase uncertainties, antenna element position errors and mutual coupling effects are reduced to an error matrix. The expansion of equations of the proposed calibration method are presented. The proposed calibration procedure is capable of compensating the error matrix while the system is operating and is suitable for off-line, on-site and online calibration procedures. The calibration procedure relies on the measurements of the error signal related to scan reflection coefficient while the system is operating, and the premeasured inter-element couplings. The calibration system takes pre-measured couplings, the geometry of the antenna array, the antenna weights and pointing direction as input, then, during the operation it combines input with the measured feedback signals to construct an array manifold. The coefficients of the error matrix are later estimated from the array manifold. The antenna weights are compensated by direct inversion of the estimated error matrix which involves division operator, yielding possible inaccurate coefficient estimation in hardware. Therefore, a globally convergent generalized inverse matrix approximation method is adopted. Simulation results with worst case errors and a simple experimental study are presented. The results show that with the proposed method, accurate calibration can be made with couplings only in the first and second order neighbors of an antenna element.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1026-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3382833
Albert Salmi;Anu Lehtovuori;Ville Viikari
This paper introduces a method for computing reactive terminations for scatterer elements in antenna arrays. With the fixed scatterer elements, we shape embedded element patterns of sparse arrays to focus the radiation into a grating-lobe-free limited field of view. The reactive terminations of the scatterer elements are determined by optimizing reflection coefficients on a Riemannian manifold. In addition, we show that widening the grating-lobe-free field of view is possible by tilting the field of view. We design both 5-element linear and 4-by-4-element planar reactively loaded antenna arrays with 1.4-wavelength inter-element distances. The terminations of the scatterer elements are optimized so that the arrays cover either the broadside-located or the tilted grating-lobe-free field of view. The results obtained from the linear array are validated through measurements of manufactured prototypes.
{"title":"Synthesis of Reactively Loaded Sparse Antenna Arrays Using Optimization on Riemannian Manifold","authors":"Albert Salmi;Anu Lehtovuori;Ville Viikari","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3382833","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3382833","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a method for computing reactive terminations for scatterer elements in antenna arrays. With the fixed scatterer elements, we shape embedded element patterns of sparse arrays to focus the radiation into a grating-lobe-free limited field of view. The reactive terminations of the scatterer elements are determined by optimizing reflection coefficients on a Riemannian manifold. In addition, we show that widening the grating-lobe-free field of view is possible by tilting the field of view. We design both 5-element linear and 4-by-4-element planar reactively loaded antenna arrays with 1.4-wavelength inter-element distances. The terminations of the scatterer elements are optimized so that the arrays cover either the broadside-located or the tilted grating-lobe-free field of view. The results obtained from the linear array are validated through measurements of manufactured prototypes.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 3","pages":"653-663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10485206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3405849
Elígia Simionato;Ivan Aldaya;José A. de Oliveira;Andre L. Jardini;Julian Avila;Guilherme S. da Rosa;Rafael A. Penchel
This work introduces a Ka-band coaxial horn antenna that incorporates a specialized dielectric supporting structure and a transition to a 2.4 mm connector. The inner and outer radii of the coaxial aperture were sized using an approximated model for an open-ended coaxial waveguide. The theory of small reflections was then used to account for the reflection coefficient resulting from an additional cascading cylindrical-conical section. A refined numerical model, representing more accurately a prototype, featured a transition region to standardized connectors and a dielectric structure that offers mechanical support for the inner conductor and impedance matching. Ansys HFSS full-wave electromagnetic finite-element method solver was used to compute the parameters of the antenna, and a genetic algorithm optimizer was employed to improve the performance of the complete coaxial horn. A prototype was fabricated using metal additive manufacturing for the inner and outer horn conductors, while the dielectric support was created using 3D polymer printing. Experimental measurements demonstrate that the prototyped antenna has an impedance bandwidth of above 79.36% (19–44 GHz), a peak realized gain of 11.53 dBi, and a maximum efficiency of 89.83%. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential impact of additive manufacturing imperfections and assembly errors on the antenna’s performance.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3374855
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