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Optimising ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for maximising phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in hog plum peel and seed: A response surface methodology approach 优化超声波辅助萃取条件以最大限度提高猪李果皮和种子中的酚类、类黄酮含量及抗氧化活性:一种响应面方法学方法
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101312

This study optimised ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) temperature, time, and ethanol concentration to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay) from hog plum peel and seed. Optimisation used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) of three factors at three levels. The variables for both peel and seed were temperature (40–60 °C), time (30–60 min), and ethanol concentrations (40–80 %). Fifteen experimental runs were conducted, using a second-order polynomial model (quadratic) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to predict the responses and validate the model. The results revealed that the moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, and carbohydrate content of hog plum seed and peel differences in their nutrient content. Additionally, peel contains a TPC of 95–104 mg GAE/100 g DM, DPPH activity of 68–92 %, and TFC of 1.622–2.312 mg QE/g DM, while TPC varies between 97 and 110 mg GAE/100 g DM, DPPH activity ranges from 71 to 95 %, and TFC of 1–22 mg QE/g DM for seed. The R2 value of both peel and seed for TPC, TFC, and DPPH activity was 0.99, indicating that the quadratic model is satisfactory for analysing interactions between response and independent variables. Furthermore, RSM analysis identified the optimal extraction conditions of both peel and seed for maximising TPC, TFC, and DPPH activity at a temperature of 59.82 °C, a time of 41.08 min, and 76.64 % ethanol concentration. Under the optimal settings, the observed values were 108.34 ± 7.23 (peel) and 101.45 ± 3.65 mg GAE/100 g DM (seed) for TPC, 2.98 ± 2.10 (peel), and 3.98 ± 1.34 mg QE/g DM (seed) for TFC, and 85.13 ± 5.43 (peel), and 84.35 ± 4.10 % (seed) for DPPH activity. This study establishes a framework for further investigation into UAE parameters and extraction solvents to enhance the extraction efficiency of hog plum seed and peel.

本研究优化了超声辅助萃取(UAE)的温度、时间和乙醇浓度,以研究猪李果皮和种子中的总酚含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)和抗氧化活性(DPPH 自由基清除活性测定)。优化采用了响应面方法(RSM),即由三个水平的三个因子组成的箱-贝肯设计(BBD)。果皮和种子的变量分别为温度(40-60 °C)、时间(30-60 分钟)和乙醇浓度(40-80%)。采用二阶多项式模型(二次方)和方差分析预测反应并验证模型,共进行了 15 次实验。结果表明,猪李子和果皮的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分和碳水化合物含量在营养成分上存在差异。此外,果皮的 TPC 含量为 95-104 mg GAE/100 g DM,DPPH 活性为 68-92 %,TFC 为 1.622-2.312 mg QE/g DM,而种子的 TPC 变化范围为 97-110 mg GAE/100 g DM,DPPH 活性为 71-95 %,TFC 为 1-22 mg QE/g DM。果皮和种子的 TPC、TFC 和 DPPH 活性的 R2 值均为 0.99,这表明二次模型在分析响应和自变量之间的交互作用方面是令人满意的。此外,RSM 分析确定了果皮和种子的最佳提取条件,即温度为 59.82 °C、时间为 41.08 分钟、乙醇浓度为 76.64 %,从而最大限度地提高 TPC、TFC 和 DPPH 活性。在最佳设置下,TPC 的观测值为 108.34 ± 7.23(果皮)和 101.45 ± 3.65 mg GAE/100 g DM(种子),TFC 为 2.98 ± 2.10(果皮)和 3.98 ± 1.34 mg QE/g DM(种子),DPPH 活性为 85.13 ± 5.43(果皮)和 84.35 ± 4.10 %(种子)。这项研究为进一步研究 UAE 参数和萃取溶剂以提高猪李种子和果皮的萃取效率建立了框架。
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引用次数: 0
Variability of antioxidant compounds and capacities in four wild fruits collected in different years and locations in Mozambique 在莫桑比克不同年份和地点采集的四种野果中抗氧化化合物和抗氧化能力的变异性
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101315

This study investigated the variability of antioxidant compounds and capacity of four wild edible fruits from Mozambique: Adansonia digitata (AD), Dialium schlechteri (DS), Garcinia livingstonei (GL), and Syzygium cordatum (SC), collected over three consecutive years from seven locations. Antioxidant compounds including total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and vitamin C, as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by three methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Results in dry basis for TPC ranged from 42.8 ± 1.05 to 65.4 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g, TFC from 8.6 ± 0.03 to 66.7 ± 1.41 mg RE/g and, vitamin C from 1.7 ± 0.28 to 40.1 ± 0.35 mg/100 g. TAC-DPPH ranged from 53.5 ± 1.80 to 88.3 ± 0.29 μmol TE/g, TAC-ABTS from 52.8 ± 0.50 to 136.7 ± 0.97, μmol TE/g, and TAC-FRAP from 12.4 ± 0.79 to 75.0 ± 2.32 μmol TE/g. AD exhibited the highest TPC and vitamin C, indicating higher antioxidant capacity. Notably, yearly variations had a more pronounced impact on antioxidant compounds than locations. It was found a yearly variation of about 30 % for TFC in SC and vitamin C in AD. Despite these variations, these underutilized fruits hold potential nutritional and health benefits and can be used in food product development.

本研究调查了莫桑比克四种野生食用水果的抗氧化化合物和抗氧化能力的变化:Adansonia digitata (AD)、Dialium schlechteri (DS)、Garcinia livingstonei (GL) 和 Syzygium cordatum (SC)。采用分光光度法测定了抗氧化化合物,包括总多酚含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)和维生素 C,以及三种方法(DPPH、ABTS 和 FRAP)得出的总抗氧化能力(TAC)。以干基计,TPC 的结果范围为 42.8 ± 1.05 至 65.4 ± 0.51 毫克 GAE/克,TFC 为 8.6 ± 0.03 至 66.7 ± 1.41 毫克 RE/克,维生素 C 为 1.7 ± 0.28 至 40.1 ± 0.35 毫克/100 克。TAC-DPPH 为 53.5 ± 1.80 至 88.3 ± 0.29 μmol TE/g,TAC-ABTS 为 52.8 ± 0.50 至 136.7 ± 0.97 μmol TE/g,TAC-FRAP 为 12.4 ± 0.79 至 75.0 ± 2.32 μmol TE/g。AD 的 TPC 和维生素 C 含量最高,表明其抗氧化能力较强。值得注意的是,年变化对抗氧化化合物的影响比地点变化更明显。研究发现,南卡罗来纳州的全氯化物和亚得里亚海地区的维生素 C 的年变化率约为 30%。尽管存在这些差异,这些未充分利用的水果仍具有潜在的营养和健康益处,可用于食品开发。
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引用次数: 0
Addressing post-harvest losses through agro-processing for sustainable development in Ethiopia 通过农产品加工解决收获后损失问题,促进埃塞俄比亚的可持续发展
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101316

Agriculture is vital to Ethiopia's economy, yet postharvest losses persist, threatening food security and economic growth. The literature indicates that losses range from 15 to 45 %, highlighting the urgency of addressing this issue. Agro-processing offers a promising solution by adding value to raw products. This article examines Ethiopia's potential in agro-processing, aligning with existing agricultural policies. Techniques such as drying, canning, freezing, and packaging can optimize agricultural potential and minimize losses. Despite challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and limited financial resources, Ethiopia can leverage its market-oriented approach to establish integrated agro-processing systems. A holistic approach is necessary, requiring the Ethiopian government to develop an integrated policy framework with incentives for investment and technology adoption. Improving infrastructure, enforcing quality standards, and strengthening market linkages are essential. Climate-smart practices and information technologies can enhance long-term viability. Collaborative efforts can drive sustainable development and prosperity through agro-processing in Ethiopia.

农业对埃塞俄比亚的经济至关重要,但收获后损失依然存在,威胁着粮食安全和经济增长。文献表明,损失率在 15% 到 45% 之间,这凸显了解决这一问题的紧迫性。农产品加工通过增加原料产品的价值,提供了一个前景广阔的解决方案。本文结合现有的农业政策,探讨了埃塞俄比亚在农产品加工方面的潜力。干燥、罐装、冷冻和包装等技术可以优化农业潜力,最大限度地减少损失。尽管面临基础设施不足和财政资源有限等挑战,埃塞俄比亚仍可利用以市场为导向的方法建立综合农产品加工系统。有必要采取综合方法,要求埃塞俄比亚政府制定一个综合政策框架,激励投资和技术采用。改善基础设施、执行质量标准和加强市场联系至关重要。气候智能型做法和信息技术可以提高长期可行性。合作努力可以通过埃塞俄比亚的农业加工推动可持续发展和繁荣。
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引用次数: 0
Medium scale-up synthesis of nanomaghemite as an inhibitor of cadmium uptake in seedlings of Theobroma cacao L 介质放大合成作为可可豆幼苗镉吸收抑制剂的纳米镁石
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101295

The aim of this research was to show that the absorption of divalent cadmium ions (Cd2+) in Theobroma cacao L. seedlings can be controlled and adjusted by remediation with maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs), i.e., leading to the low tolerance limits established by the European Union (EU) in 2014 for Cd in products made from cocoa. The research had two stages; the first one involved the medium scale synthesis of 92 g of 15 nm γ-Fe2O3 NPs via room temperature chemical co-precipitation of ferrous salts and their characterizations using diverse physicochemical techniques. In the second stage, and for the first time, three doses of these γ-Fe2O3 NPs (1, 2, and 4 g) were applied to the substrate of cocoa seedlings of genotypes ICS 39, ICS 95, and CCN 51 for three months of exposure. A morphological analysis revealed non-significant toxic effects on the seedlings’ height, leaf area, and stem diameter among the genotypes and tested doses. The results of the atomic absorption analysis of the treatment with 4 g of γ-Fe2O3 NPs showed a concentration of 0.10 mg kg−1 of Cd2+, a limit lower than the control and the recommended value by the 2014 EU regulation. Thus, the transport and/or absorption of the Cd2+ toxic metal were significantly inhibited, since up to 74 % of Cd2+ uptake in the genotype ICS 95 was experimentally observed. Also, the environmental Fe-dynamics in the seedlings and soils demonstrated no transport of γ-Fe2O3 NPs to the seedlings. Thus, the study found that the Cd2+ adsorption in remediated soil using γ-Fe2O3 NPs involves three steps: electrostatic exchange, Fe-oxide adsorption, and substrate-γ-Fe2O3 NPs complexation and precipitation.

本研究的目的是证明可可树幼苗对二价镉离子(Cd2+)的吸收可以通过使用镁锰矿(γ-Fe2O3)纳米粒子(NPs)进行修复来控制和调节,即达到欧盟(EU)于2014年规定的可可制品中镉的低容忍限值。该研究分为两个阶段:第一阶段是通过亚铁盐的室温化学共沉淀法,中等规模合成 92 克 15 纳米的 γ-Fe2O3 NPs,并使用多种物理化学技术对其进行表征。在第二阶段,首次将三种剂量的 γ-Fe2O3 NPs(1 克、2 克和 4 克)施用于基因型为 ICS 39、ICS 95 和 CCN 51 的可可秧苗的基质上,暴露三个月。形态分析表明,不同基因型和测试剂量的可可对秧苗的高度、叶面积和茎直径的毒性影响不显著。对 4 克γ-Fe2O3 NPs 的原子吸收分析结果显示,Cd2+ 的浓度为 0.10 mg kg-1,低于对照组和 2014 年欧盟法规的建议值。因此,Cd2+ 有毒金属的运输和/或吸收受到了显著抑制,因为实验观察到基因型 ICS 95 对 Cd2+ 的吸收率高达 74%。此外,秧苗和土壤中的环境铁动力学也表明,γ-Fe2O3 NPs 没有向秧苗迁移。因此,该研究发现,利用γ-Fe2O3 NPs 在修复土壤中吸附 Cd2+ 包括三个步骤:静电交换、Fe-氧化物吸附以及基质-γ-Fe2O3 NPs 复合和沉淀。
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引用次数: 0
Value of direct seeding mulch-based cropping system to field crop farmers in Quebec 直接播种地膜覆盖种植系统对魁北克大田作物农民的价值
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101311

Direct seeding mulch-based cropping system (DMC) is often touted for providing diverse ecosystem services, but its implementation may impose private costs that often limit its adoption by farmers. This study uses a contingent valuation method and a double hurdle model to estimate Quebec farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for adopting DMC and to analyze the underlying factors associated with WTA. Results show that farmers would demand, on average, 161 Canadian dollars per hectare as compensation for adopting DMC. Our results also indicate that farmers are willing to convert only 25.5 % of their farm size to DMC. While the adoption of DMC is positively influenced by the ease of implementation and farmers’ perception of DMC yield, the WTA for adopting DMC increases with the perceived risk and yield, as well as farm size. Conversely, it decreases with the age of farmers and if the farmers know a DMC producer. The findings of the study suggest that compensating farmers for adopting DMC is encouraging, but compensation alone may not be sufficient to induce the conversion of entire farms to DMC. The study, therefore, calls for further research to investigate why farmers are willing to convert only a quarter of their farms to DMC.

以直接播种地膜为基础的种植系统(DMC)经常被吹捧为能提供多样化的生态系统服务,但其实施可能会带来私人成本,这往往会限制农民对其的采用。本研究采用或然估价法和双重障碍模型来估算魁北克农民采用 DMC 的补偿接受意愿 (WTA),并分析与 WTA 相关的基本因素。结果显示,农民平均每公顷需要 161 加元作为采用 DMC 的补偿。我们的结果还表明,农民只愿意将其农场面积的 25.5% 转换为 DMC。虽然采用 DMC 受实施难易程度和农民对 DMC 产量的认识的积极影响,但采用 DMC 的 WTA 会随着认识到的风险和产量以及农场规模的增加而增加。相反,采用 DMC 的 WTA 会随着农民的年龄和是否认识 DMC 生产商而降低。研究结果表明,对采用 DMC 的农民进行补偿是令人鼓舞的,但仅靠补偿可能不足以促使整个农场转用 DMC。因此,该研究呼吁进一步研究农民为什么只愿意将其农场的四分之一转用 DMC。
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引用次数: 0
Potentials of Mahachanok mango peel pectin in modulating glycaemic index in simulated in vitro carbohydrate digestion of meat product 玛哈查诺克芒果皮果胶在模拟肉制品碳水化合物体外消化中调节血糖指数的潜力
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101304

Pectin derived from mango peel biomass offers a noteworthy alternative to starch in food products, potentially assisting in controlling hyperglycaemia by impacting starch digestion. Consequently, this study evaluates the potential of Mahachanok mango peel (MHMP) pectin in glycaemic index (GI) reduction of meat products using simulated in vitro carbohydrate digestion. The physicochemical characteristics of MHMP pectin (MHMPP) were assessed using both FTIR and titration techniques, with microarray polymer profiling employed to analyse the glycan profile. In vitro simulations of carbohydrate digestion were carried out to assess its efficacy. Additionally, meatballs fortified with MHMPP were formulated, and the glycaemic index of the resultant products was ascertained. Microarray polymer profiling revealed distinct glycans in different fractions, including galactose, xyloglucan, and glycoprotein. Microwave extraction of pectin yielded 19.04 % MHMPP content with specific characteristics: L* (58.04), a* (12.80), b* (23.50), 6.81 % moisture content, and 78.63 % solubility. The degree of esterification at 55.73 %, an equivalent weight of 789.26 mg/moL, and a methoxyl content of 8.39 %, evidently identified MHMPP as high-methoxyl pectin. In a simulated system of MHMPP, content correlates with reduced digestion, supported by lowered values across the hydrolysis index (HI), rapidly available glucose (RAG), slowly available glucose (SAG), and expected glycaemic index (eGI). Higher MHMPP levels consistently exhibit a decreased impact on these digestive factors. In a simulated meat product system, increased MHMPP content corresponded to slower digestion rates, indicating its potential to retard digestion, as supported by HI, RAG, SAG, and eGI. The supplementation of 25 % pectin to meatballs is the most successful treatment, as it results in eGI, RAG, and SAG values of 8.71 (mg/gsample), 6.65 (mg/gsample), and 1.85 (mg/gsample), respectively. This study highlights the advantage of MHMP-derived dietary fibre in product development from industrial byproducts, aligning with sustainable development goals by reducing reliance on non-renewable materials.

从芒果皮生物质中提取的果胶为食品中的淀粉提供了一种值得注意的替代品,有可能通过影响淀粉消化来帮助控制高血糖。因此,本研究使用模拟体外碳水化合物消化法评估了马哈恰诺克芒果皮果胶(MHMP)在降低肉制品血糖指数(GI)方面的潜力。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱和滴定技术评估了马哈恰诺克芒果皮果胶(MHMPP)的理化特性,并利用微阵列聚合物谱分析了糖谱。还进行了体外模拟碳水化合物消化,以评估其功效。此外,还配制了添加了 MHMPP 的肉丸,并确定了所得产品的血糖指数。微阵列聚合物图谱分析表明,不同的馏分中含有不同的聚糖,包括半乳糖、木聚糖和糖蛋白。微波萃取果胶可获得 19.04 % 的 MHMPP 含量,并具有特定的特征:L* (58.04),a* (12.80),b* (23.50),含水量 6.81 %,溶解度 78.63 %。酯化度为 55.73 %,等效重量为 789.26 mg/moL,甲氧基含量为 8.39 %,这显然表明 MHMPP 属于高甲氧基果胶。在 MHMPP 的模拟系统中,其含量与消化率的降低有关,水解指数(HI)、快速可用葡萄糖(RAG)、缓慢可用葡萄糖(SAG)和预期血糖指数(eGI)的降低值都证明了这一点。MHMPP 水平越高,对这些消化因素的影响就越小。在模拟肉制品系统中,MHMPP 含量的增加与消化率的降低相对应,表明其具有延缓消化的潜力,HI、RAG、SAG 和 eGI 也证明了这一点。在肉丸中添加 25% 的果胶是最成功的处理方法,因为它导致 eGI、RAG 和 SAG 值分别为 8.71(毫克/克样品)、6.65(毫克/克样品)和 1.85(毫克/克样品)。这项研究强调了 MHMP 衍生膳食纤维在利用工业副产品进行产品开发方面的优势,通过减少对不可再生材料的依赖,实现了可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 0
High-fiber and low-glycemic index egg-roll cookies made from non-itchy taro (Colocasia esculenta var. Febi521) 用不发痒的芋头(Colocasia esculenta var.)
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101308

Indigenous taro is a notable carbohydrate-rich food ingredient with significant dietary fiber. However, its natural itchiness has limited its widespread use. A new non-itchy variant, Febi521, was developed through in-vitro soma-clonal induction. This study aimed to create a high-fiber snack, specifically egg-roll cookies, using non-itchy taro (Colocasia esculenta var. Febi521). The cookies underwent comprehensive evaluation for their physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics, including polyphenol content, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL). By fully substituting taro Febi521 flour in the recipe, we produced egg-roll cookies that were sensorially preferred, high in fiber (19.2 % wet basis), and had a low GI (39) and low GL (3). This formulation also met nutritional requirements for claims related to total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. Substituting taro flour increased fiber content threefold compared to wheat flour-based egg-roll cookies. This research highlights the potential of indigenous taro for diverse product development aimed at enhancing fiber intake among the population.

土生土长的芋头是一种显著的富含碳水化合物和大量膳食纤维的食材。然而,芋头的天然瘙痒性限制了它的广泛使用。通过体外体细胞克隆诱导,一种新的不痒变体Febi521诞生了。这项研究的目的是利用不发痒的芋头(Colocasia esculenta var.Febi521)制作一种高纤维点心,特别是蛋卷饼干。对饼干的物理、化学和营养特性进行了全面评估,包括多酚含量、血糖生成指数(GI)和血糖生成负荷(GL)。通过在配方中完全替代芋头 Febi521 面粉,我们生产出了感官偏好、高纤维(湿基 19.2%)、低 GI(39)和低 GL(3)的蛋卷饼干。这种配方还符合与总脂肪、饱和脂肪、钠和胆固醇相关的营养要求。与以小麦粉为基础的蛋卷饼干相比,用芋头粉替代纤维含量增加了三倍。这项研究强调了本土芋头在开发多样化产品方面的潜力,旨在提高人们的纤维摄入量。
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引用次数: 0
An overview of cultured meat and stem cell bioprinting: How to make it, challenges and prospects, environmental effects, society's culture and the influence of religions 养殖肉类和干细胞生物打印概述:如何制作、挑战和前景、环境影响、社会文化和宗教影响
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101307

Meat is the main and important source of protein, minerals, and vitamins and plays a crucial role in human nutrition. Based on projections, the consumption of it is expected to increase twofold by 2050 as a result of population growth. Conversely, this surge in meat production gives rise to issues such as the indiscriminate slaughter of animals, the escalation in methane gas production and subsequent exacerbation of the global warming phenomenon, the heightened risk of shared diseases between humans and animals, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens, as well as excessive water usage. There will be a significant amount, therefore, it is imperative to explore novel approaches, such as employing lab-grown meat. Current research in this field is primarily centered around the production of cultured meat. These meats offer numerous benefits, such as their eco-friendliness and their ability to mitigate animal-borne illnesses. In the process of cultivating meat, stem or satellite cells are extracted from the animal's muscle tissue without causing harm to the animal. These cells are then placed in a culture medium containing fetal bovine serum. Subsequently, they employ either edible or non-edible scaffolds as a means of facilitating cell proliferation, which is then introduced into a bioreactor to induce the growth of tissue. Under optimal growth conditions, including appropriate temperature, oxygen levels, nutrient availability, and growth factors, it typically takes approximately 3–5 weeks for a thin piece of meat to develop. Presently, the feasibility of adopting cultured meat production is severely limited by its exorbitant cost, substandard colour and taste, and the lack of acceptance by various religious groups. Enhancing the colour of the meat can be achieved by incorporating edible colour compounds like red beetroot and saffron, while its taste can be enhanced by incorporating fatty acids, fats, and protein. It is important to acknowledge that this technology is still in its initial phases and in order to achieve widespread production, it is imperative to attain a satisfactory level of consumer approval. Furthermore, the adoption of this technology may potentially lead to a decrease in the income of livestock breeders. However, given the inherent risks associated with the livestock industry, it is imperative to proceed in this direction. Also, 3D printing is an advancing digital technology that has a vast market potential in the field of food and nutrition technology. It offers a platform for creating distinctive food products that have improved sensory and nutritional qualities, specifically tailored for a particular consumer. 3D printing has the potential to provide distinct solutions for the crucial challenges in cultured meat production, specifically in controlling the protein, fat, and other nutritional composition, as well as creating a lifelike texture. The main man-made materials used in tissue engineering

肉类是蛋白质、矿物质和维生素的主要和重要来源,在人类营养中发挥着至关重要的作用。根据预测,随着人口的增长,到 2050 年,肉类消费量预计将增加两倍。与此相反,肉类生产的激增也带来了一些问题,如滥杀动物、甲烷气体生产的增加和随之而来的全球变暖现象的加剧、人畜共患病风险的增加、抗生素耐药病菌株的出现以及水资源的过度使用。因此,当务之急是探索新的方法,如采用实验室培育的肉类。目前这一领域的研究主要围绕养殖肉类的生产。这些肉类有很多好处,比如有利于生态环境,能减少动物传染病。在培养肉的过程中,从动物的肌肉组织中提取干细胞或卫星细胞,不会对动物造成伤害。然后将这些细胞放入含有胎牛血清的培养基中。随后,他们采用可食用或不可食用的支架作为促进细胞增殖的手段,然后将其引入生物反应器,诱导组织生长。在最佳的生长条件下,包括适当的温度、氧气水平、营养供应和生长因子,一般需要大约 3-5 周的时间才能长出一块薄肉。目前,养殖肉类生产成本高昂、色泽和口感不达标,而且不被各种宗教团体接受,这严重限制了养殖肉类生产的可行性。可以通过添加红甜菜根和藏红花等可食用色素化合物来改善肉的颜色,而通过添加脂肪酸、脂肪和蛋白质来改善肉的口感。必须承认的是,这项技术仍处于初始阶段,为了实现广泛生产,必须获得消费者的满意认可。此外,采用这项技术可能会导致牲畜饲养者的收入减少。但是,考虑到畜牧业固有的风险,必须朝着这个方向发展。此外,3D 打印技术是一种先进的数字技术,在食品和营养技术领域具有巨大的市场潜力。它为创造与众不同的食品提供了一个平台,这些食品具有更好的感官和营养品质,专为特定消费者量身定制。三维打印有可能为养殖肉类生产中的关键挑战提供独特的解决方案,特别是在控制蛋白质、脂肪和其他营养成分以及创造逼真质感方面。组织工程中使用的人造材料主要有聚苯乙烯、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙二醇酸(PGA)以及一种名为 PLGA 的聚乳酸和聚乙二醇酸混合物。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of drying techniques on the stability of volatile compounds and antioxidative activities of dried Thai fermented black soybean (thua nao) 干燥技术对泰国干发酵黑大豆(thua nao)挥发性化合物稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101305

Thua nao, a traditional fermented soybean product in Thailand, is widely consumed as a plant-based food or a condiment due to its distinct flavor, taste, and nutritional benefits. In this research, thua nao samples were produced from black soybeans. After fermentation, various drying methods, including sun drying (SUN), hot air drying (HOT), microwave vacuum drying (MIC), and vacuum drying (VAC) were employed to produce dried thua nao. The dried samples were stored under ambient conditions for 8 months. Results revealed lipid oxidation and the Maillard reaction occurred during storage, leading to a decline in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. Volatile aroma compounds were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while principal component analysis (PCA) evaluated aroma profile changes during storage. PCA indicated that HOT, MIC, and VAC -treated samples remained stable for up to 4 months, while SUN-treated samples changed after 2 months. It was found that SUN treatment prominently promoted the formation of oxidized volatile compounds associated with fatty-waxy and green attributes. The HOT treatment contributed more to aroma volatile compounds associated with nutty-roasted, floral, woody-smoky, and sweet attributes. While, both MIC and VAC treatments showed a noticeable loss of aroma volatile compounds, they retained higher level of bioactive compounds compared to the other treatments. This information aids in selecting suitable drying techniques for thua nao products and enhances understanding of chemical transformations induced by drying.

Thua nao 是泰国的一种传统发酵大豆产品,因其独特的风味、口感和营养价值,被广泛用作植物性食品或调味品。在这项研究中,Thua nao 样品由黑大豆制成。发酵后,采用各种干燥方法,包括日光干燥法(SUN)、热空气干燥法(HOT)、微波真空干燥法(MIC)和真空干燥法(VAC),制得干豆豉。干燥后的样品在环境条件下储存 8 个月。结果表明,在贮藏过程中会发生脂质氧化和马氏反应,导致生物活性化合物和抗氧化活性下降。采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了挥发性香气化合物,并通过主成分分析(PCA)评估了贮藏期间香气特征的变化。主成分分析表明,经 HOT、MIC 和 VAC 处理的样品在 4 个月内保持稳定,而经 SUN 处理的样品在 2 个月后发生了变化。研究发现,SUN 处理显著促进了与脂肪蜡质和绿色属性相关的氧化挥发性化合物的形成。热处理更有助于形成与坚果烘烤、花香、木质烟熏和甜味相关的芳香挥发性化合物。虽然 MIC 和 VAC 处理显示出香气挥发性化合物的明显损失,但与其他处理相比,它们保留了更高水平的生物活性化合物。这些信息有助于为花胶产品选择合适的干燥技术,并加深对干燥引起的化学变化的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Blueberries in focus: Exploring the phytochemical potentials and therapeutic applications 聚焦蓝莓:探索植物化学潜力和治疗应用
IF 4.8 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101300

Blueberries, which belong to the Vaccinium spp. Genus, have attracted considerable interest because of their abundant phytochemical composition and potential for medicinal uses. The present study examines the many phytochemicals found in blueberries, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes, as well as their biological activities contributing to the health benefits of blueberries. Anthocyanins, the primary pigments that give blueberries their unique color, are renowned for their powerful antioxidant capabilities. These substances counteract oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, decreasing the likelihood of developing chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological disorders. Furthermore, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids in blueberries contributes to their ability to reduce inflammation, prevent cancer, and protect the brain, improving their potential for therapeutic use. This study delves into the bioavailability and metabolism of these phytochemicals, specifically examining the impact of factors like food composition, gut microorganisms, and individual metabolic variations on their effectiveness. Both clinical and preclinical studies provide strong evidence for the beneficial effects of blueberries on multiple health factors, such as enhanced cognitive function, lowered blood pressure, and improved insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that blueberries may play a significant role in managing conditions like Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Moreover, this study examines the synergistic impacts of blueberry phytochemicals, suggesting that the health advantages of blueberries arise not alone from individual substances but also from their collective interactions. Proposed future study areas include the advancement of functional foods and nutraceuticals derived from blueberries, as well as the need for standardized clinical studies to determine appropriate dose guidelines and ensure long-term safety. Overall, the significant variety of phytochemicals in blueberries and their potential for therapeutic use make them a promising functional food. Further research into these substances' mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses will clarify their function in enhancing human health and avoiding illness.

蓝莓属于越橘属,因其丰富的植物化学成分和药用潜力而备受关注。本研究探讨了蓝莓中发现的多种植物化学物质,如花青素、类黄酮、酚酸和二苯乙烯,以及它们对蓝莓健康益处的生物活性。花青素是赋予蓝莓独特颜色的主要色素,因其强大的抗氧化能力而闻名。这些物质通过中和自由基来抵消氧化压力,降低患心血管疾病、癌症和神经系统疾病等慢性疾病的可能性。此外,蓝莓中含有的类黄酮和酚酸也有助于减少炎症、预防癌症和保护大脑,从而提高其治疗用途的潜力。本研究深入探讨了这些植物化学物质的生物利用率和新陈代谢,特别是研究了食物成分、肠道微生物和个体新陈代谢变化等因素对其有效性的影响。临床和临床前研究都有力地证明了蓝莓对多种健康因素的有益影响,如增强认知功能、降低血压和改善胰岛素敏感性。这些研究结果表明,蓝莓可在控制阿尔茨海默病、高血压和糖尿病等疾病方面发挥重要作用。此外,本研究还探讨了蓝莓植物化学物质的协同作用,表明蓝莓的健康优势不仅来自于单个物质,还来自于它们的集体相互作用。建议的未来研究领域包括开发蓝莓衍生的功能食品和营养保健品,以及开展标准化临床研究以确定适当剂量指南并确保长期安全性的必要性。总之,蓝莓中种类繁多的植物化学物质及其潜在的治疗用途使其成为一种前景广阔的功能性食品。对这些物质的作用机制和治疗用途的进一步研究将明确它们在增进人类健康和避免疾病方面的功能。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
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