Optical triangulation (Figure 1.) as a non-destructive test method extensively proved its usefulness on the dimensional and topographic inspection of a large range of objects and surfaces.
光学三角测量法(图1)作为一种无损检测方法，在大范围物体和表面的尺寸和形貌检测中得到了广泛的应用。
{"title":"Topographic Inspection of RPG Contact Lenses by Laser Triangulation","authors":"Manuel F. M. Costa","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.otuc.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.otuc.2","url":null,"abstract":"Optical triangulation (Figure 1.) as a non-destructive test method extensively proved its usefulness on the dimensional and topographic inspection of a large range of objects and surfaces.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126360368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are two sides to the bright coin of mirror quality: One is specification -- the determination of acceptable level of errors in the shape and finish of the mirror surface -- and the second is testing -- the procedure for measuring those errors to ensure compliance with the specifications.
{"title":"The role of sampling errors in the specification and testing of EUV mirror surfaces","authors":"E. Church, P. Takacs","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owf.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owf.4","url":null,"abstract":"There are two sides to the bright coin of mirror quality: One is specification -- the determination of acceptable level of errors in the shape and finish of the mirror surface -- and the second is testing -- the procedure for measuring those errors to ensure compliance with the specifications.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124106986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We discuss superpolishing of a-cut sapphire which leads to a residual roughness less then 0.05 nm rms. There remains no damage layer. Polishing time is typically 15 to 30 minutes. The flatness is determined mainly by prepolishing. Curved surfaces can also be polished by this method. The lowest roughness is achieved, if removal rates are low, i.e. about 10 nm/min which corresponds to about half an atomic layer per second.
{"title":"Superpolishing Sapphire","authors":"O. Weis, B. Hader","doi":"10.1364/oft.1990.jtua4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1990.jtua4","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss superpolishing of a-cut sapphire which leads to a residual roughness less then 0.05 nm rms. There remains no damage layer. Polishing time is typically 15 to 30 minutes. The flatness is determined mainly by prepolishing. Curved surfaces can also be polished by this method. The lowest roughness is achieved, if removal rates are low, i.e. about 10 nm/min which corresponds to about half an atomic layer per second.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124199505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A high-resolution incremental angle encoder based on optical interferometry is described. The basic concept employs a Michelson configuration where one arm of the interferometer is directed tangentially to a reflector moving about the axis of rotation. The resulting optical path difference encodes angular motion as a linear translation of the interferometer fringe pattern, which can be detected and processed by conventional electronics. This instrument possesses a large angular range and very high angular precision which can be adjusted through the length of the lever arm. Design parameters and tradeoffs, error sources, limitations, and results of performance measurements are presented.
{"title":"Rotational Interferometry for High-Resolution Angle Measurement","authors":"Timothy L. Howard","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.thb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.thb4","url":null,"abstract":"A high-resolution incremental angle encoder based on optical interferometry is described. The basic concept employs a Michelson configuration where one arm of the interferometer is directed tangentially to a reflector moving about the axis of rotation. The resulting optical path difference encodes angular motion as a linear translation of the interferometer fringe pattern, which can be detected and processed by conventional electronics. This instrument possesses a large angular range and very high angular precision which can be adjusted through the length of the lever arm. Design parameters and tradeoffs, error sources, limitations, and results of performance measurements are presented.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125461610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. A. Richardson, Jennifer McKinley, A. Clare, Adam Ott
Optical glasses have traditionally been selected for use in optical systems based solely on their optical properties, specifically refractive index and dispersion. Ideally, one would like to select an optical material with desired optical properties and the knowledge that it can be easily fabricated using conventional or advanced fabrication techniques with good figure accuracy, low microroughness and subsurface damage. These three criteria have been identified by researcher’s at the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) as a benchmark to assess workpiece quality following fabrication using the Opticam family of machine tools. The commercially available machine tools developed at COM with the American Precision Optics Manufacturer’s Association (APOMA), are currently used in industry to fabricate a wide range of optical materials in spherical, aspheric, plano and most recently micro geometries. Research in the science of optic manufacturing has addressed numerous material and tool related questions, including why under identical machine and tool processing conditions, some glass types grind to a high quality finish, while others reproducibly yield high roughness, high damage surfaces. It is our response to this question which forms the basis of this paper.
{"title":"Progress towards improving glass grindability: a glass chemistry approach","authors":"K. A. Richardson, Jennifer McKinley, A. Clare, Adam Ott","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.otha.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.otha.2","url":null,"abstract":"Optical glasses have traditionally been selected for use in optical systems based solely on their optical properties, specifically refractive index and dispersion. Ideally, one would like to select an optical material with desired optical properties and the knowledge that it can be easily fabricated using conventional or advanced fabrication techniques with good figure accuracy, low microroughness and subsurface damage. These three criteria have been identified by researcher’s at the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) as a benchmark to assess workpiece quality following fabrication using the Opticam family of machine tools. The commercially available machine tools developed at COM with the American Precision Optics Manufacturer’s Association (APOMA), are currently used in industry to fabricate a wide range of optical materials in spherical, aspheric, plano and most recently micro geometries. Research in the science of optic manufacturing has addressed numerous material and tool related questions, including why under identical machine and tool processing conditions, some glass types grind to a high quality finish, while others reproducibly yield high roughness, high damage surfaces. It is our response to this question which forms the basis of this paper.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125489757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurement of the roof-angle error of prisms is a traditional task in optical measurement. Some established measuring devices, such as interferometers1) and autocollimators, are commonly used. Interferometers are expensive equipments. The autocollimator is simple to use, but it takes time to measure and is not suitable for automatic analysis.
{"title":"Roof-Angle Error Measurement Using an Imaging Method","authors":"Takamasa Suzuki, J. Greivenkamp","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.owb.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.owb.4","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement of the roof-angle error of prisms is a traditional task in optical measurement. Some established measuring devices, such as interferometers1) and autocollimators, are commonly used. Interferometers are expensive equipments. The autocollimator is simple to use, but it takes time to measure and is not suitable for automatic analysis.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116580954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is no question that foreign competition has been successful in taking over the optical production market. In 1984, 63.5% of high technology laser optics were made in North America, with 17.5% produced through off-shore facilities. It has been predicted that by the end of 1988 that the North American share will drop to 45% and the Asian share, alone, will increase to 40.0%.
{"title":"Competitiveness in the US Optics Industry","authors":"James W. Phelps","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"There is no question that foreign competition has been successful in taking over the optical production market. In 1984, 63.5% of high technology laser optics were made in North America, with 17.5% produced through off-shore facilities. It has been predicted that by the end of 1988 that the North American share will drop to 45% and the Asian share, alone, will increase to 40.0%.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129799936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obscure methods for optical polishing will be described, including magnetic field-assisted polishing, dry ice "snow" polishing, and high pressure etching/polishing.
晦涩的光学抛光方法将被描述，包括磁场辅助抛光、干冰“雪”抛光和高压蚀刻/抛光。
{"title":"Unconventional Polishing","authors":"S. Jacobs","doi":"10.1364/oft.1990.jtua1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1990.jtua1","url":null,"abstract":"Obscure methods for optical polishing will be described, including magnetic field-assisted polishing, dry ice \"snow\" polishing, and high pressure etching/polishing.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125743843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rigid spherical lap and rigid part in extended contact can only be spheres coincident to within the dimension of the intervening abrasive. Their only motion with respect to each while maintaining contact are their individual rotations. If the axes of these two rotations are noncoincident, they define a plane. If the axes are moving with respect to each other, this movement can be regarded as a rotational vector in a direction orthogonal to the plane defined by the two axes above, and this vector can be added to either of the two rotations described above or apportioned between them to define a reference frame. This demonstrates that at any moment there are actually only two independent rotations. For those familiar with vector algebra, the velocity of either sphere at any point on its surface can be described as the vector or cross product of its rotational vector with the radius vector of the point, i.e. V→=ω→×R→. This discussion of the changing relationship between the rotational axes is also a precise description of a part stroked across a lap.
{"title":"Calculations of Relative Velocity in Abrasive Wear Systems Employing Laps of Constant Radius of Curvature","authors":"N. J. Brown, John S. Taylor","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.othb.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.othb.1","url":null,"abstract":"A rigid spherical lap and rigid part in extended contact can only be spheres coincident to within the dimension of the intervening abrasive. Their only motion with respect to each while maintaining contact are their individual rotations. If the axes of these two rotations are noncoincident, they define a plane. If the axes are moving with respect to each other, this movement can be regarded as a rotational vector in a direction orthogonal to the plane defined by the two axes above, and this vector can be added to either of the two rotations described above or apportioned between them to define a reference frame. This demonstrates that at any moment there are actually only two independent rotations. For those familiar with vector algebra, the velocity of either sphere at any point on its surface can be described as the vector or cross product of its rotational vector with the radius vector of the point, i.e. \u0000V→=ω→×R→. This discussion of the changing relationship between the rotational axes is also a precise description of a part stroked across a lap.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134139679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to perform high-quality, shear-mode grinding of brittle materials such as glass critically depends on an adequate flow of coolant through the contact zone between the tool and the workpiece. A long contact zone limits the induction of coolant and thereby promotes high temperatures in the contact zone where heat is generated. For workpiece materials like glass, the high temperature and subsequent quenching causes surface and subsurface damage. High temperature of the wheel also tends to promote faster wheel wear. In contrast, short contact lengths tend to reduce the temperature of both the workpiece and the wheel. For some grinding geometries, where a long contact length is difficult to avoid, an alternative is to excite the wheel at ultrasonic frequency, which also admits coolant between wheel and workpiece. Results are shown of grinding force with and without ultrasonic excitation and the analyses of the resultant surfaces.
{"title":"Speculation on Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding with an Engineered Wheel","authors":"H. Hashimoto, K. Imai, D. Dornfeld, K. Blaedel","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.omb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.omb.3","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to perform high-quality, shear-mode grinding of brittle materials such as glass critically depends on an adequate flow of coolant through the contact zone between the tool and the workpiece. A long contact zone limits the induction of coolant and thereby promotes high temperatures in the contact zone where heat is generated. For workpiece materials like glass, the high temperature and subsequent quenching causes surface and subsurface damage. High temperature of the wheel also tends to promote faster wheel wear. In contrast, short contact lengths tend to reduce the temperature of both the workpiece and the wheel. For some grinding geometries, where a long contact length is difficult to avoid, an alternative is to excite the wheel at ultrasonic frequency, which also admits coolant between wheel and workpiece. Results are shown of grinding force with and without ultrasonic excitation and the analyses of the resultant surfaces.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131988875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：