By international standards, Germany maintains oversized bed capacities that are spread across too many hospitals that are often also too small. It is the job of the federal states to adjust the current structure. However, they shy away from the political resistance of those directly affected, believing it is easier to let things run their course. In order to cover the costs of maintenance, hospitals often provide more treatment than is medically necessary. Federal Minister Lauterbach seeks to remedy this shortcoming, which has its true roots in inadequate planning incentives, by reforming the remuneration of hospital services. The articles shows that the goals of the reform cannot be achieved in the proposed way.
{"title":"Über neue und alte (Fehl)Anreize in der Reform der Vergütung von Krankenhausleistungen","authors":"W. Richter","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 By international standards, Germany maintains oversized bed capacities that are spread across too many hospitals that are often also too small. It is the job of the federal states to adjust the current structure. However, they shy away from the political resistance of those directly affected, believing it is easier to let things run their course. In order to cover the costs of maintenance, hospitals often provide more treatment than is medically necessary. Federal Minister Lauterbach seeks to remedy this shortcoming, which has its true roots in inadequate planning incentives, by reforming the remuneration of hospital services. The articles shows that the goals of the reform cannot be achieved in the proposed way.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germany faces complex challenges in ensuring adequate pensions and the financial sustainability of its pension system amid demographic aging, necessitating comprehensive reforms. The Focus Group on Private Pensions has proposed measures to reform the private Riester pension scheme, advocating, for example, the enhancement of simplicity, transparency and flexibility. Additionally, it has debated the introduction of a state-mandated fund. The German Council of Economic Experts has also proposed a state-mandated fund with automatic enrollment and an opt-out option. However, the proposal faces skepticism and is widely debated. Despite this, the discussion on a state-mandated fund remains relevant, with political party initiatives even considering mandatory funded pensions.
{"title":"Aktuelle Diskussionen zum Ausbau kapitalgedeckter Altersvorsorge als Ergänzung des Rentensystems","authors":"M. Haupt","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Germany faces complex challenges in ensuring adequate pensions and the financial sustainability of its pension system amid demographic aging, necessitating comprehensive reforms. The Focus Group on Private Pensions has proposed measures to reform the private Riester pension scheme, advocating, for example, the enhancement of simplicity, transparency and flexibility. Additionally, it has debated the introduction of a state-mandated fund. The German Council of Economic Experts has also proposed a state-mandated fund with automatic enrollment and an opt-out option. However, the proposal faces skepticism and is widely debated. Despite this, the discussion on a state-mandated fund remains relevant, with political party initiatives even considering mandatory funded pensions.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140466067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The formal relationships between the contribution rate of workers and the pension level are modelled in the pay-as-you-go system. The average pensioner has paid contributions over 36 years and currently receives EUR 1,246.67 as a monthly pension. The “standard pensioner” contributed over 45 years and receives a “standard pension” of EUR 1,692. The real pension level is 42.6% and thus falls short of the 48% target level. In the pay-as-you-go system, the monthly pension would only amount to EUR 1,203.66. Higher contributions reduce average wages relatively less than they increase the pension benefits. A redistribution within the pool of insured people should compensate for the shorter payment periods of below-average pensions.
{"title":"Das Umlageverfahren: Idee und Wirklichkeit","authors":"Fritz Helmedag","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The formal relationships between the contribution rate of workers and the pension level are modelled in the pay-as-you-go system. The average pensioner has paid contributions over 36 years and currently receives EUR 1,246.67 as a monthly pension. The “standard pensioner” contributed over 45 years and receives a “standard pension” of EUR 1,692. The real pension level is 42.6% and thus falls short of the 48% target level. In the pay-as-you-go system, the monthly pension would only amount to EUR 1,203.66. Higher contributions reduce average wages relatively less than they increase the pension benefits. A redistribution within the pool of insured people should compensate for the shorter payment periods of below-average pensions.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lieferketten: Geoökonomie im Roten Meer","authors":"Katrin Kamin, J. Hinz","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since its introduction, minimum wage has led to greater increases in average hourly wages and monthly earnings for women than for men. The effects of minimum wage on the hourly wages of women and men affected by the minimum wage have been similar on average. However, women are more frequently employed in the minimum wage sector than men and therefore benefit from it more often. Reductions in working hours due to the introduction of minimum wage were lower for women than for men in the short term. Minimum wage did not have a significant effect on employment for women or men and therefore contributes to reducing pay inequality by gender.
{"title":"Gesetzlicher Mindestlohn: Auswirkungen auf Frauen und Männer","authors":"Clemens Ohlert","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since its introduction, minimum wage has led to greater increases in average hourly wages and monthly earnings for women than for men. The effects of minimum wage on the hourly wages of women and men affected by the minimum wage have been similar on average. However, women are more frequently employed in the minimum wage sector than men and therefore benefit from it more often. Reductions in working hours due to the introduction of minimum wage were lower for women than for men in the short term. Minimum wage did not have a significant effect on employment for women or men and therefore contributes to reducing pay inequality by gender.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
German pension policy faces a dilemma. If it is too generous, it harms contributors, disincentivises labour supply, and crowds out education and infrastructure investment needed to pay for social protection. If it is too frugal, it harms those with social and health issues. Thus, smart compromises are required rather than maximum demands. We propose a policy mix with five elements: 1) determine the pension level in a sustainable and generation-appropriate way; 2) link retirement age to life expectancy; 3) limit early retirement to those in poor health; 4) abolish mandatory retirement; 5) encourage a mix of pay-as-you-go and funded occupational pensions.
{"title":"Rentenpolitik nach dem Haushaltsurteil: keine Maximalforderungen","authors":"Axel Börsch-Supan","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 German pension policy faces a dilemma. If it is too generous, it harms contributors, disincentivises labour supply, and crowds out education and infrastructure investment needed to pay for social protection. If it is too frugal, it harms those with social and health issues. Thus, smart compromises are required rather than maximum demands. We propose a policy mix with five elements: 1) determine the pension level in a sustainable and generation-appropriate way; 2) link retirement age to life expectancy; 3) limit early retirement to those in poor health; 4) abolish mandatory retirement; 5) encourage a mix of pay-as-you-go and funded occupational pensions.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140468836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Demographic change and thus the ageing of the population is progressing rapidly in Germany. A reform of the statutory pension insurance (GRV) is therefore becoming increasingly urgent, with the German government already promising in its 2021 coalition agreement that “pensions must be reliable and adequate”. Most recently, the German Council of Economic Experts presented several reform options in its annual report, which are intended to ensure adequate old-age provisions with sustainable nancial viability. However, these proposals were not without objections within the Council. The question therefore arises as to how the statutory pension scheme can be reformed to ensure that adequate and a ordable pensions are nanced in a stable and sustainable manner.
{"title":"Reformoptionen der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung","authors":"","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Demographic change and thus the ageing of the population is progressing rapidly in Germany. A reform of the statutory pension insurance (GRV) is therefore becoming increasingly urgent, with the German government already promising in its 2021 coalition agreement that “pensions must be reliable and adequate”. Most recently, the German Council of Economic Experts presented several reform options in its annual report, which are intended to ensure adequate old-age provisions with sustainable nancial viability. However, these proposals were not without objections within the Council. The question therefore arises as to how the statutory pension scheme can be reformed to ensure that adequate and a ordable pensions are nanced in a stable and sustainable manner.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140463905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his latest article in this journal “No growth is no solution either – a critique of degrowth and post-growth approaches”, Fabian Lindner takes up an important debate: Can the goals of the Paris climate conference – limiting global warming to no more than +1.5 °C compared to the pre-industrial age – be reconciled with continued economic growth or does it require a shift away from economic growth, as suggested by the post-growth approach? Some further considerations are presented here for discussion.
{"title":"Green Growth oder Postwachstum – einige Anmerkungen zum Beitrag von Fabian Lindner","authors":"A. Heise","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In his latest article in this journal “No growth is no solution either – a critique of degrowth and post-growth approaches”, Fabian Lindner takes up an important debate: Can the goals of the Paris climate conference – limiting global warming to no more than +1.5 °C compared to the pre-industrial age – be reconciled with continued economic growth or does it require a shift away from economic growth, as suggested by the post-growth approach? Some further considerations are presented here for discussion.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140467566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with the present collective bargaining conflict at the railway. First, we summarize the development and legal preconditions. Next, we focus on different demands (wages, especially inflation compensation bonus, weekly working hours) and some possible solutions of the conflict. Then, we deal with strikes and their consequences. Finally, we identify the foundation of a new temporary employment agency as a potential cause for future conflicts.
{"title":"Alle Jahre wieder: zum aktuellen Tarifkonflikt bei der Bahn","authors":"Berndt Keller","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper deals with the present collective bargaining conflict at the railway. First, we summarize the development and legal preconditions. Next, we focus on different demands (wages, especially inflation compensation bonus, weekly working hours) and some possible solutions of the conflict. Then, we deal with strikes and their consequences. Finally, we identify the foundation of a new temporary employment agency as a potential cause for future conflicts.","PeriodicalId":35890,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140463558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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