Etransportation最新文献_第7页

Component-level analysis for developing an energy consumption model for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in operation 基于组件级分析的纯电动汽车运行能耗模型开发

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100472

Dongmin Kim, Kitae Jang

In battery electric vehicles (BEV), energy originates in the battery and is transmitted to the wheels through a series of energy conversion processes involving the inverter and motor. Therefore, understanding the energy conversion mechanisms in both the inverter and motor is essential for accurately modeling energy consumption. However, in previous studies, real-world driving data are often limited, making it challenging to fully analyze the complex and nonlinear relationships within each conversion component. In this study, we collected input–output data from the inverters and motors of fifty-four BEVs, measured repeatedly over time. The data revealed a piecewise nonlinear relationship between input and output, prompting us to partition the models by different phases: propulsion, regeneration, and battery status. For each phase, we applied linear mixed-effects models to account for the hierarchical structure of the data, estimating coefficients separately for the inverter and motor using a randomly selected 75% of the dataset. Through this component-level modeling approach, the models not only capture component-level random-effect parameters but also effectively model the nonlinear energy conversion characteristics at the component level. The two models were then integrated to estimate the total driving energy consumption of the BEVs, and the results were validated against actual observations using the total driving energy from the remaining 25% of the dataset. Model performance was evaluated using the Total Consumption Estimation Rate (TCER) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The proposed model achieved at least 95.27% in TCER and 86.34% in MAPE, outperforming existing approaches with a 20% higher TCER and an MAPE approximately ten times lower on average. The comparison demonstrated that our model accurately estimates driving energy consumption, as it effectively captured the heterogeneous and nonlinear relationships between input and output energy for each component.

在纯电动汽车（BEV）中，能量来源于电池，并通过一系列涉及逆变器和电机的能量转换过程传递给车轮。因此，了解逆变器和电机的能量转换机制对于准确建模能量消耗至关重要。然而，在以往的研究中，真实驾驶数据往往是有限的，因此很难充分分析每个转换组件之间复杂的非线性关系。在这项研究中，我们收集了54辆纯电动汽车的逆变器和电机的输入输出数据，并在一段时间内反复测量。数据揭示了输入和输出之间的分段非线性关系，促使我们根据不同的阶段划分模型：推进，再生和电池状态。对于每个阶段，我们应用线性混合效应模型来解释数据的层次结构，使用随机选择的75%的数据集分别估计逆变器和电机的系数。通过构件级建模方法，模型不仅可以捕获构件级的随机效应参数，而且可以有效地模拟构件级的非线性能量转换特性。然后将这两个模型整合起来估算纯电动汽车的总驾驶能耗，并使用剩余25%的数据集中的总驾驶能耗对实际观测结果进行验证。使用总消耗估计率（TCER）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）评估模型性能。该模型的TCER和MAPE分别达到95.27%和86.34%，优于现有的TCER高20%、MAPE平均低约10倍的方法。比较表明，我们的模型准确地估计了驱动能量消耗，因为它有效地捕获了每个组件的输入和输出能量之间的异质性和非线性关系。

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引用次数: 0

Revealing the self-ignition mechanism of lithium iron phosphate battery modules: the coupling effect of battery inconsistency and BMS failure 揭示磷酸铁锂电池模块自燃机理：电池不一致性与BMS失效的耦合效应

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484

Yuxuan Li , Wenxin Mei , Yin Yu , Chaoshi Liu , Yue Zhang , Ping Zhuo , Ye Chen , Jinhua Sun , Kaiqiang Jin , Qingsong Wang , Qiangling Duan

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are widely used in energy storage stations (ESS) and electric vehicles owing to their intrinsic safety and long cycle life. While flame formation during thermal runaway (TR) is rarely observed at the single-cell level, module-level fires have been increasingly reported in operational ESS installations. In this study, we experimentally reproduced spontaneous ignition in LFP modules under conditions of BMS failure and state of charge (SOC) mismatch. Our results show that, although a single LFP cell does not self-ignite during TR, module-level thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can concentrate heat and accumulate electrolytes, thereby creating conditions favorable for ignition. Two primary ignition mechanisms were identified: (1) frictional sparks arising from safety valve ruptures, and (2) arc triggered by pooled electrolytes that cause external short circuits. Furthermore, TRP accelerates heat accumulation and mechanical expansion, forming a positive feedback loop that intensifies fire hazards. Notably, the TRP time interval between successive internal rolls was reduced by 85.5 % (from 241 s to 35 s) once ignition occurred, while the module expansion force increased by 136.3 % compared with the pre-TR state (from 167.4 kgf to 395.6 kgf). These findings challenge the conventional single-cell safety paradigm and highlight the urgent need for revised module-level safety strategies in the design of electrochemical ESS.

磷酸铁锂电池以其固有的安全性和较长的循环寿命被广泛应用于储能站和电动汽车中。虽然在单个电池级很少观察到热失控（TR）过程中火焰的形成，但在运行中的ESS装置中，模块级火灾的报道越来越多。在这项研究中，我们实验再现了LFP模块在BMS失效和荷电状态（SOC）不匹配条件下的自燃。我们的研究结果表明，尽管单个LFP电池在TR过程中不会自燃，但模块级热失控传播（TRP）可以集中热量并积累电解质，从而创造有利于点火的条件。确定了两种主要的点火机制：(1)安全阀破裂引起的摩擦火花；(2)由汇集的电解质引发的电弧导致外部短路。此外，TRP加速了热量积累和机械膨胀，形成了一个正反馈循环，加剧了火灾危险。值得注意的是，一旦发生点火，连续内辊之间的TRP时间间隔减少了85.5%（从241秒到35秒），而模块的膨胀力比tr前状态增加了136.3%（从167.4 kgf到395.6 kgf）。这些发现挑战了传统的单电池安全模式，并强调了在电化学ESS设计中修改模块级安全策略的迫切需要。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting battery degradation for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft: A comprehensive review of methods, challenges, and future trends 预测电动垂直起降（eVTOL）飞机电池退化：方法、挑战和未来趋势的综合回顾

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100477

Baoji Wang , Teng Xu , Bailin Zheng , Yue Kai , Kai Zhang

With the rapid development of intelligent technologies in aviation, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have emerged as key players in the low-altitude economy, their battery performance directly impacts safety and cost, making accurate prediction essential. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on battery degradation prediction methods for eVTOL aircraft, providing a brief overview on early modeling approaches and placing primary emphasis on recent advances in their applicability and limitations under unique operational scenarios of eVTOL, such as frequent takeoffs and landings, high power loads, and complex environmental conditions. Current prediction efforts primarily target key indicators including battery lifespan, health status, and capacity retention, employing a range of technical approaches such as electrochemical modeling, equivalent circuit modeling, data-driven algorithms like machine learning and deep learning, and hybrid physics-informed models that integrate domain knowledge with data analysis. The review systematically summarizes the main prediction methods and their evolution in different phases of the development of eVTOL technology. On this basis, we highlight existing technical bottlenecks and unresolved challenges, including the high demand for data and computational resources limiting real-time performance, poor accuracy of traditional models under high discharge rates and extreme conditions, challenges in accurately modeling complex multi-physics interactions and achieving a stable balance among prediction accuracy, interpretability, and real-time computational efficiency, as well as the scarcity of historical flight data affecting model reliability and generalization. This review also proposes future research directions to enhance the reliability and accuracy of battery degradation forecasting for eVTOL applications.

随着航空智能技术的快速发展，电动垂直起降飞机已成为低空经济领域的重要参与者，其电池性能直接影响到飞机的安全性和成本，因此准确的预测至关重要。本文全面回顾了eVTOL飞机电池退化预测方法的文献，简要概述了早期建模方法，并重点介绍了eVTOL在频繁起降、高功率负载和复杂环境条件等独特操作场景下的适用性和局限性。目前的预测工作主要针对关键指标，包括电池寿命、健康状态和容量保留，采用了一系列技术方法，如电化学建模、等效电路建模、数据驱动算法（如机器学习和深度学习），以及将领域知识与数据分析相结合的混合物理模型。本文系统地总结了eVTOL技术在不同发展阶段的主要预测方法及其演变。在此基础上，我们强调了现有的技术瓶颈和尚未解决的挑战，包括对数据和计算资源的高需求限制了实时性能，传统模型在高放电率和极端条件下的准确性较差，在准确建模复杂的多物理场相互作用以及实现预测精度，可解释性和实时计算效率之间的稳定平衡方面的挑战。历史飞行数据的稀缺性也影响了模型的可靠性和泛化。最后，提出了提高电池退化预测的可靠性和准确性的未来研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Grid-friendly operation of EV parking lots: Optimal load management under cluster power and phase unbalance constraints 电动汽车停车场的电网友好运行：集群功率和相位不平衡约束下的最优负荷管理

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458

Xihai Cao, Jan Engelhardt, Charalampos Ziras, Mattia Marinelli

The diversity of electric vehicles (EVs), each with distinct charging characteristics, necessitates the evolution of load management strategies. To ensure compliance with grid requirements, these strategies must account for each EV’s charging type (single- or three-phase) and power. This paper proposes an optimal load management method to distribute charging power among EVs in capacity-limited systems, while adhering to power and phase unbalance constraints. The algorithm is complemented with a charging type identification method that determines the characteristics of each EV upon connection. A case study based on real-world charging data from Athens, Greece, examines the impact of varying shares of single- and three-phase EVs and different phase unbalance limits. By utilizing the allowable unbalance level defined by grid regulations, the proposed method ensures grid-compliant operation of EV parking lots while maximizing user satisfaction—achieving an unbalance limit violation rate below 1% and an average energy fulfillment exceeding 98%.

电动汽车具有不同的充电特性，其多样性要求负载管理策略的发展。为了确保符合电网要求，这些策略必须考虑到每辆电动汽车的充电类型（单相或三相）和功率。本文提出了一种最优负载管理方法，在满足功率和相位不平衡约束的情况下，在容量有限的系统中分配充电功率。该算法辅以充电类型识别方法，该方法在连接时确定每辆电动汽车的特性。基于希腊雅典的真实充电数据的案例研究，研究了不同份额的单相和三相电动汽车以及不同的相位不平衡限制的影响。该方法利用电网规定的允许不平衡水平，在保证电动汽车停车场符合电网运行的同时，最大限度地提高用户满意度，使不平衡极限违规率低于1%，平均能量完成率超过98%。

引用次数: 0

Advancing the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Perspective on the affordable hydrogen production cost 推进质子交换膜电解：从可负担的制氢成本的角度

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100481

Junyu Zhang , Mingye Yang , Gongquan Wang , Jian Dang , Xu Hao , Depeng Kong , Fuyuan Yang , Minggao Ouyang

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis demonstrates critical advantages for renewable-integrated hydrogen production, including rapid dynamic response (<1s), high current density (>3 A cm⁻²), and pressurized output (≥350 bar) to reduce compression costs. However, high material costs (Ir-based catalysts, Ti bipolar plates, membranes) and durability challenges under harsh conditions (pH 2–4, 60–90 °C, O₂ saturation) hinder commercialization. Recent advances propose multi-level optimizations: 1) Material innovations (low-iridium catalysts, corrosion-resistant porous transport layers, etc.); 2) Interface engineering to enhance triple-phase boundaries and mitigate catalyst isolation; 3) Component integration (one-piece electrode assembly, artificial intelligence-driven optimized configuration). Techno-economic projections indicate 50–60 % cost reduction through scaled production and efficiency gains, potentially achieving <2.5 USD/kg H₂ by 2030. Through AI-driven configuration parameters of components and system control strategy optimization, the realization of inexpensive hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles can be further accelerated.

质子交换膜水电解在可再生集成制氢方面具有关键优势，包括快速动态响应（<1s）、高电流密度（>3 A cm - 2）和加压输出（≥350 bar），以降低压缩成本。然而，高昂的材料成本（ir基催化剂、Ti双极板、膜）和恶劣条件下（pH 2-4、60-90°C、O2饱和度）的耐久性挑战阻碍了商业化。最近的进展提出了多层次的优化：1)材料创新（低铱催化剂，耐腐蚀多孔传输层等）；2)界面工程，增强三相边界，减轻催化剂隔离；3)组件集成（一体式电极组装，人工智能驱动优化配置）。技术经济预测表明，通过规模化生产和提高效率，成本将降低50 - 60%，到2030年可能达到2.5美元/公斤氢气。通过人工智能驱动的部件配置参数和系统控制策略优化，可以进一步加快氢燃料电池汽车廉价化的实现。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal dispatch of an electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid for zero-carbon airport operations with electric and hydrogen aircraft 电力和氢飞机零碳机场运营的电-热-氢微电网优化调度

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100485

Bozheng Li , Jinning Zhang , Xin Zhang

Achieving net-zero aviation requires airport energy infrastructure that delivers an efficient, reliable, and diversified energy supply to support the parallel operations of emerging battery-electric, hybrid hydrogen-electric, and hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study assesses how airport energy systems can support the transition to zero-carbon aviation. We propose an integrated electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid that incorporates photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel cells, and multiple energy storage systems to reduce reliance on the power grid and external energy sources. Firstly, a refined statistical method utilizing surrogate models is developed to estimate aircraft charging and refuelling demands. A stochastic optimization model that exploits load shifting potential is then formulated to minimize total economic costs while reducing operational risks and enhancing grid support flexibility. The resulting optimal energy dispatch ensures that flight schedules and multi-energy demands are met across electricity, thermal, and hydrogen networks. Case studies based on real flight schedules from Manchester airport evaluate five energy dispatch scenarios with varying optimization priorities. The results demonstrate a 29.4 % increase in grid flexibility and a 63.2 % reduction in operational risks through the proposed multi-energy dispatch strategy. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses examine the impacts of electricity and hydrogen price fluctuations, as well as different aircraft integration ratios, identifying the optimal electricity-to-hydrogen energy demand ratio for efficient airport energy system operation. These findings provide practical insights for airport operators and policymakers in developing resilient and sustainable airport energy infrastructure, and in implementing effective energy strategies for zero-carbon airport operations.

实现净零航空需要机场能源基础设施提供高效、可靠和多样化的能源供应，以支持新兴的电池电动、混合氢电动和氢动力飞机的并行运行。本研究评估了机场能源系统如何支持向零碳航空的过渡。我们提出了一个集成了光伏、氢燃料电池和多种储能系统的电-热-氢微电网，以减少对电网和外部能源的依赖。首先，提出了一种利用代理模型的改进统计方法来估计飞机的充电和加油需求。然后制定了一个利用负荷转移潜力的随机优化模型，以最大限度地降低总经济成本，同时降低运营风险并增强电网支持的灵活性。由此产生的最佳能源调度确保了航班时刻表和多种能源需求在电力、热力和氢网络中得到满足。基于曼彻斯特机场真实航班时刻表的案例研究评估了具有不同优化优先级的五种能源调度方案。结果表明，通过提出的多能调度策略，电网的灵活性提高了29.4%，运行风险降低了63.2%。此外，敏感性分析考察了电力和氢价格波动以及不同飞机集成比的影响，确定了机场能源系统高效运行的最佳电力-氢能源需求比。这些研究结果为机场运营商和政策制定者提供了实用的见解，以发展有弹性和可持续的机场能源基础设施，并实施有效的能源战略，以实现零碳机场运营。

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引用次数: 0

Cathode with a temperature-switchable interlayer for thermally self-regulating smart lithium-ion batteries 具有温度可切换中间层的阴极，用于热自动调节智能锂离子电池

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100483

Kehan Le , Chunchun Sang , Qijun Luo , Hui Li , Yongjin Fang , Xinping Ai

Thermal safety is crucial for the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and energy storage stations. To boost thermal safety of LIBs, we propose herein a reversible temperature-responsive membrane (RTRM) and use this membrane as surface-modification layer of current collector to develop temperature-responsive cathodes. The RTRM is fabricated by uniformly dispersing conductive fillers of short-cut carbon fibers (CCFs) in a blended plastic matrix of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) through solution casting. Benefiting from the large thermal expansion provided by LDPE and good structural reproducibility given rise by the ultra-high melt viscosity of UHMWPE, the as-fabricated RTRM exhibits a strong and reversible positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect, with its resistivity increasing sharply by 7.1 orders of magnitude at 110–120 °C and returning to the initial value reversibly upon cooling down even after 30 thermal cycles. As a result, the LiFePO₄ cathode with the RTRM demonstrates a reversible temperature-switching behavior by spontaneously halting the electrode reaction at elevated temperatures and resuming the electrode reaction upon cooling, thereby providing reversible thermal protection for LIBs. Notably, such a temperature-switchable cathode maintains normal charge-discharge performance even after 28 thermal on/off cycles. This study offers a promising strategy for developing temperature-responsive cathode and thermally self-regulating smart LIBs.

热安全对于锂离子电池在电动汽车和储能站的大规模应用至关重要。为了提高锂离子电池的热安全性，我们提出了一种可逆的温度响应膜（RTRM），并将该膜作为集流器的表面修饰层来制备温度响应阴极。RTRM是在低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）和超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）混合塑料基体中均匀分散导电短切碳纤维（CCFs），通过溶液浇铸法制备的。得益于LDPE的大热膨胀和超高熔体粘度带来的良好结构再现性，制备的RTRM表现出强烈的可逆正温度系数（PTC）效应，其电阻率在110-120℃时急剧增加7.1个数量级，即使在30个热循环后冷却后也能可逆地恢复到初始值。结果表明，具有RTRM的LiFePO4阴极具有可逆的温度开关行为，在高温下自发停止电极反应，冷却后恢复电极反应，从而为锂离子电池提供可逆的热保护。值得注意的是，这种温度可切换阴极即使在28次热开/关循环后也能保持正常的充放电性能。该研究为开发温度响应阴极和热自调节智能锂离子电池提供了一种有前途的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Online generation of full-frequency electrochemical impedance spectra for Lithium-ion batteries using early-stage partial relaxation voltage curve 利用早期部分弛豫电压曲线在线生成锂离子电池全频率电化学阻抗谱

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100482

Jiajun Zhu , Xin Lai , Zhicheng Zhu , Penghui Ke , Yuejiu Zheng , Xiaopeng Tang , Xiang Li , Ye Yuan , Haoyu Chong , Chenhui Yan , Ying Wang , Yanke Lin , Xiaolei Zhou , Yingjie Chen

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) serves as a powerful non-destructive tool for lithium-ion battery state assessment, yet its real-time application faces significant challenges including expensive hardware requirements, time-consuming measurements, and stringent data quality demands. This study develops a hardware-free online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using only relaxation voltage, achieved through a physics-informed neural network (PINN) that predicts full-frequency EIS from early-stage partial relaxation curves. The proposed approach exhibits remarkable insensitivity to battery state of charge and state of health, as validated by a comprehensive dataset containing over 300 impedance spectra from four batteries under various aging conditions. Experimental results demonstrate accurate EIS prediction with relative errors (RE) below 5.6 % and mean absolute errors (MAE) below 1.12 mΩ when using complete relaxation curves. Crucially, the method maintains reliability under practical constraints, achieving maximum RE of 6.1 % and MAE of 1.29 mΩ even with limited sampling data and shortened relaxation curves. By enabling online full-frequency EIS acquisition through relaxation voltage signals without hardware requirements, this work establishes a new paradigm for real-time battery diagnostics, providing valuable insights for state estimation and fault detection in battery management systems.

电化学阻抗谱（EIS）是锂离子电池状态评估的一种强大的非破坏性工具，但其实时应用面临着巨大的挑战，包括昂贵的硬件要求、耗时的测量和严格的数据质量要求。本研究开发了一种仅使用弛豫电压的无硬件在线电化学阻抗谱，通过物理信息神经网络（PINN）实现，该网络可以从早期部分弛豫曲线预测全频率EIS。通过包含4个电池在不同老化条件下的300多个阻抗谱的综合数据集验证了该方法对电池充电状态和健康状态的不敏感性。实验结果表明，使用完全松弛曲线预测EIS的相对误差（RE）小于5.6%，平均绝对误差（MAE）小于1.12 mΩ。至关重要的是，该方法在实际约束下保持了可靠性，即使在有限的采样数据和缩短的松弛曲线下，也实现了最大的6.1%的RE和1.29 mΩ的MAE。通过在没有硬件要求的情况下通过松弛电压信号实现在线全频率EIS采集，这项工作为实时电池诊断建立了一个新的范例，为电池管理系统的状态估计和故障检测提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

A state-of-the-art review on eVTOL thermal management: system architectures, key components and emerging technologies eVTOL热管理的最新研究综述：系统架构、关键组件和新兴技术

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100480

Zhe Li , Peng Xie , Cheng Lin , Guoyu Liu

Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) represent a transformative solution for modern transportation, offering high speed, low noise, and operational flexibility. However, the performance of their powertrains is highly temperature-sensitive, and their operating scenarios and mission profiles differ significantly from those of ground-based electric vehicles (EVs). In addition, cabin thermal regulation significantly affects energy consumption, thereby influencing the flight range. Consequently, an efficient thermal management system (TMS) is essential for eVTOL applications. This paper first reviews eVTOL powertrain architectures, followed by a systematic examination of the corresponding TMS architectures, including their operating principles, characteristics, and limitations. The thermal management requirements of key powertrain components are then analyzed, along with the review of relevant thermal management technologies. Moreover, emerging technologies applicable to eVTOLs are discussed, with an emphasis on their potential to enhance system performance. Finally, current research gaps are identified, and directions for future investigation are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dedicated review of thermal management technologies for eVTOLs, aiming to clarify the state of the art, identify existing challenges, and provide valuable insights for researchers and industry practitioners.

电动垂直起降飞机（eVTOL）代表了现代交通运输的变革性解决方案，具有高速度、低噪音和操作灵活性。然而，它们的动力系统性能对温度高度敏感，并且它们的运行场景和任务剖面与地面电动汽车（ev）有很大不同。此外，客舱热调节显著影响能量消耗，从而影响飞行距离。因此，高效的热管理系统（TMS）对于eVTOL应用至关重要。本文首先回顾了eVTOL动力系统架构，然后系统地研究了相应的TMS架构，包括它们的工作原理、特点和局限性。然后分析了关键动力总成部件的热管理要求，并对相关热管理技术进行了综述。此外，还讨论了适用于evtol的新兴技术，重点是它们提高系统性能的潜力。最后，指出了当前研究的不足，并提出了未来研究的方向。据我们所知，这是eVTOLs热管理技术的第一次专门审查，旨在澄清最新技术，确定存在的挑战，并为研究人员和行业从业者提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional modeling with experimental validation of non-PGM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells 非pgm聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的三维建模与实验验证

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100479

Yiheng Pang , Rui Gao , Yujiang Song , Hui Xu , Yun Wang

High catalyst cost impedes PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) commercialization, making the development of high-performance non-platinum(Pt) group metal (PGM) cathode catalyst layers (CLs) critical for advancing fuel cell technology. CLs contribute to a major portion of PEMFCs cost due to the use of PGM catalysts. To reduce the cost, non-PGM catalysts offer a viable alternative to low-Pt loading. In this study, we develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model to investigate the reaction rate, oxygen, and liquid water distributions in PEMFCs with a focus on the non-PGM cathode catalyst layer, which provides unique insights into electrochemically coupled transport processes that cannot be resolved by reduced-dimension or experimental approaches. Experiments were conducted using two types of non-PGM catalysts, including Fe-N-C and Mn-N-C based materials, to validate the 3-D model predictions. It is shown that CL properties such as catalyst materials, porosity, and ionomer content can play important roles in PEMFCs voltage gain, highlighting the performance impact of non-PGM catalysts. Large variations in the liquid water and oxygen contents occur in the gas diffusion layer from the land to channel under 1 A/cm². The through-plane distributions under the channel show large spatial variations across the non-PGM CLs in oxygen and the electrolyte phase potential. Liquid water shows little change across the catalyst layer based on the 3-D model prediction. These findings advance PEMFC development by informing the design of durable, high-performance non-PGM CLs to reduce fuel cell cost for transportation applications.

高昂的催化剂成本阻碍了PEM燃料电池（PEMFC）的商业化，因此开发高性能的非铂族金属（Pt）阴极催化剂层（CLs）对于推进燃料电池技术至关重要。由于使用了PGM催化剂，CLs占了pemfc成本的很大一部分。为了降低成本，非pgm催化剂为低铂负载提供了可行的替代方案。在这项研究中，我们开发了一个三维（3-D）模型来研究pemfc中的反应速率、氧和液态水分布，重点研究了非pgm阴极催化剂层，这为电化学耦合输运过程提供了独特的见解，这些过程无法通过降维或实验方法来解决。实验使用了两种非pgm催化剂，包括Fe-N-C和Mn-N-C基材料，以验证三维模型的预测。结果表明，催化剂材料、孔隙度和离聚体含量等CL性质对pemfc的电压增益有重要影响，突出了非pgm催化剂对性能的影响。液态水和氧含量在1 A/cm2以下从陆地到通道的气体扩散层中发生较大变化。通道下的通平面分布在氧和电解质相电位中显示出较大的空间差异。根据三维模型预测，液态水在催化剂层上的变化不大。这些发现推动了PEMFC的发展，为设计耐用、高性能的非pgm CLs提供了信息，从而降低了运输应用中燃料电池的成本。

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引用次数: 0