Etransportation最新文献

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) have received much attention due to their excellent Li⁺ transference numbers, which can effectively reduce the concentration gradient and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, sulfonimide based SICPEs with superior ionic conductivity have become the most widely studied SICPEs by virtue of their highly delocalized anions and diverse molecular designability. In this review, the molecular design of sulfonimide based SICPEs is summarized in terms of anionic groups and polymer backbones of SICPEs. Then, the potential influence of SICPEs on battery safety is discussed from electrolyte level and interface level, respectively. It is believed that the battery safety and interface compatibility need to be given sufficient attention for SICPEs, in addition to the ion conductivity and Li⁺ transference number. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on SICPEs, which can pave a new pathway for the high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries.

To further boost electric vehicle adoption, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology, including Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, has gained prominence. However, a prevailing concern of owners pertains to the potential acceleration of battery aging associated with V2X deployments. In response to these concerns, this paper presents a systematic approach to quantify EV battery degradation across various charging strategies. We conduct meticulous battery aging experiments under designed conditions reflecting the characteristics of real-world driving and V2X applications. Furthermore, a comprehensive parameter study is carried out to explore the intricate relationships between V2X applications and battery degradation. Our experimental results show that the aging spread between all V2X and reference scenarios of 3.09% SOH after 20 months is lower than the spread caused by cell-to-cell manufacturing variation under identical conditions reported in the literature. The results of the parameter study reveal that adopting V2X applications, in addition to primary mobility prospects, does not significantly increase battery degradation and can even reduce capacity loss compared to the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy if properly configured.

All solid-state batteries are considered as the most promising battery technology due to their safety and high energy density. This study presents an advanced mathematical model that accurately simulates the complex behavior of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with composite positive electrodes. The partial differential equations of ionic transport and potential dynamics in the electrode and electrolyte are solved and reduced to a low-order system with Padé approximation. Moreover, the imperfect contact and the electrical double layers at the solid-solid interface are also taken into consideration. Subsequent experiments are conducted for the blocked cell and half-cells to extract parameters. Next, the parameterized model is validated with extensive experimental data from NCM811/LPSC/Li_4.4Si batteries, illustrating the superior capability of predicting cell voltage with an average RMSE of 19.5 mV for the discharging/charging phases and 2.8 mV for the end of relaxation under a total of 15 conditions. From the simulations, it can be concluded that the limiting factors for battery performance are overpotentials caused by concentration polarization within positive particles and interface reactions. Finally, through a parameter sensitivity analysis, we offer strategic guidelines for optimizing battery performance, thus enhancing the development efficiency of ASSBs.

Owing to their high energy density, wide operating temperature range, and excellent safety, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as ones of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. With the development of highly conductive solid-state electrolytes, ASSBs are no longer mainly limited by the Li-ion diffusion within the electrolyte, and instead, the current bottlenecks are their low coulombic efficiency (CE) and short cycling life, which are caused by the high resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The high chemical/electrochemical reactivity of the Li metal or the Si anodes and the large volume change during the charge-discharge cycle can exacerbate the physical and chemical instability of the interface. Here, we present the distinctive features of the typical high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces in ASSBs and summarize the recent works on identifying, probing, understanding, and engineering them. The complex but important characteristics of high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces are highlighted, namely the composition, mechanical, electronic, and ionic properties of the electrode particle-electrolyte particle and plate electrode-electrolyte particle interfaces. Additionally, the advanced characterization strategies for effective interfacial analysis are discussed. Finally, combining the electrode interface characteristics of different structures, the strategies for upgrading two different types of high-capacity anode/electrolyte interfaces are summarized, and some perspectives are provided for better understanding and design of the high-performance ASSBs.

Renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial technologies for achieving sustainable cities. However, intermittent power generation from renewable energy sources and increased peak load due to EV charging can pose technical challenges for the power systems. Improved load matching through energy system optimization can minimize these challenges. This paper assesses the optimal urban-scale energy matching potentials in a net-zero energy city powered by wind and solar energy, considering three EV charging scenarios: opportunistic charging, smart charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). A city on the west coast of Sweden is used as a case study. The smart charging and V2G schemes aim to minimize the mismatch between generation and load, and are formulated as quadratic programming problems. The simulation results show that the optimal load matching performance is achieved in a net-zero energy city with the V2G scheme and a wind-PV electricity production share of 70:30. The load matching performance in the optimal net-zero energy city is increased from 68% with opportunistic charging to 73% with smart charging and further to 84% with V2G. It is also shown that a 2.4 GWh EV battery participating in the V2G scheme equals 1.4 GWh stationary energy storage in improving urban-scale load matching performance. The findings indicate that EVs have a high potential to provide flexibility to urban energy systems.

Nissan Leaf was the first mass-produced electric vehicles (EV) using lithium-ion batteries (LiB). Most of the first generation (Gen 1) battery packs have been retired after approximately 10 years of operation, and some of them are repurposed to build battery energy storage systems (BESS). However, the health condition of the battery packs at the time of retirement, the battery aging trajectory, and the service life in second-life application are unclear. To answer these questions, this paper conducts a comprehensive study on the retired Nissan Leaf Gen 1 batteries. First, over 100 retired battery packs were investigated to evaluate their state of health (SOH). Secondly, a battery aging test was conducted on two battery cells which completed 7380 aging cycles. Lastly, the battery aging trajectory was analyzed. The result shows that although most retired Nissan Leaf Gen 1 battery packs have only 60 %–67 % remaining capacity, they can operate 12–20 years in second life. Whole-battery-pack utilization is preferable due to good battery consistency. A retired battery pack with a cost of $1000 can generate a $16,200 value in its second life, suggesting a good return on investment (ROI).

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with flame retardancy and good adaptability to lithium-metal anodes can have great potential in enabling high safety and high energy density lithium-metal batteries. In addition to optimize the composition/structure of current three main types of SSEs including inorganic SSEs, polymeric SSEs, and inorganic/polymer composite SSEs, massive efforts are under way to seek for new SSE formulations. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a type of crystalline inorganic–organic materials with the structural features of rich porous, ordered channels, tunable functionality, are emerging as a research hotspot in the field of SSEs, which have attracted tremendous efforts. Based on the latest investigations, in this paper, a systematic overview of the recent development in MOFs-based SSEs (MSSEs) for lithium-metal batteries is presented. Classification and compositions, development history, fabrication approaches, and recent progress of five main types of MSSEs are comprehensively reviewed, and the roles of MOFs in MSSEs including ionic conductors, ionic transport carriers, and added fillers are highlighted. Moreover, the main challenges are analyzed and the perspectives of MSSEs are also presented for their future research and development. This review not only contributes to the study of new systems of solid-state electrolytes, but also for further development of electrified transportation.

Warming up lithium-ion batteries from cold environments to room temperature rapidly and safely is the key to popularizing battery electric vehicles in cold regions. Pulse preheating technology is an effective internal heating method while facing challenges such as low heating rate, high energy consumption, and risk of over-charging or discharging. Here, for the first time, a multi-level electrochemical-thermal coupling model is developed on an open-source CFD platform. Based on this model, we perform comprehensive simulations for the pulse heating process with various parameters and strategies from plate level to cell level to module level. In addition, two innovative heating strategies, namely varied rate pulse and hybrid pulse, are proposed, where the latter integrates the pulse heating and electric heating. Our main results show that the proposed hybrid pulse strategy can provide cells with an over 2.5 times faster heating rate from −20 °C to 0 °C and save nearly 60 % energy consumption compared to the single pulse heating at 6 C-rate, exhibiting a great prospect in circumventing the low-temperature effect. Besides, the internal temperature difference can be controlled. A high pulse frequency is suggested to achieve better temperature consistency within cells and avoid noticeable changes in the cell internal physical fields.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have been widely considered as the most promising technology for next-generation energy storage systems. Among the anode candidates for SSBs, silicon (Si)-based materials have received extensive attention due to their advantages of low potential, high specific capacity and abundant resource. However, Si-based anodes undergo significant volume changes during repeated charging and discharging process, leading to irreversible degradation of electrode/electrolyte interface and rapid capacity fading of SSBs. Therefore, the development of Si-based SSBs is still limited to laboratory level. In this review, we systematically summarized the research advances of Si-based SSBs from the aspects of the design principle of electrodes structure, the selection of solid-state electrolytes and the corresponding interfacial optimization strategies, failure mechanisms of electrochemical performance and advanced interfacial characterization technologies. It is hoped that this review can provide help for the in-depth understanding of the fundamental scientific issues in Si-based SSBs, further promoting the practical applications of Si-based SSBs in the near future.

Diagnostics of battery health, which encompass evaluation metrics such as state of health, remaining useful lifetime, and end of life, are critical across various applications, from electric vehicles to emergency backup systems and grid-scale energy storage. Diagnostic evaluations not only inform about the state of the battery system but also help minimize downtime, leading to reduced maintenance costs and fewer safety hazards. Researchers have made significant advancements using lab data and sophisticated algorithms. Nonetheless, bridging the gap between academic findings and their industrial application remains a significant hurdle. Herein, we initially highlight the importance of diverse data sources for achieving the prediction task. We then discuss academic breakthroughs, separating them into categories like mechanistic models, data-driven machine learning, and multi-model fusion techniques. Inspired by these progressions, several studies focus on the real-world battery diagnostics using field data, which are subsequently analyzed and discussed. We emphasize the challenges associated with translating these lab-focused models into dependable, field-applicable predictions. Finally, we investigate the frontier of battery health diagnostics, shining a light on innovative methodologies designed for the ever-changing energy sector. It's crucial to harmonize tangible, real-world data with emerging technology, such as cloud-based big data, physics-integrated deep learning, immediate model verification, and continuous lifelong machine learning. Bridging the gap between laboratory research and field application is essential for genuine technological progress, ensuring that battery systems are effortlessly integrated into all-encompassing energy solutions.