Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533
Wenqiang Xu , Yalun Li , Hewu Wang , Languang Lu , Minggao Ouyang
Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF6 in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.
{"title":"Study of the arc generation mechanism induced by liquid electrolyte in battery energy storage systems","authors":"Wenqiang Xu , Yalun Li , Hewu Wang , Languang Lu , Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF<sub>6</sub> in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100532
Baobao Hu , Zhiguo Qu , Jianfei Zhang , Pingwen Ming
The fuel cell/battery hybrid powertrain offers a promising solution for fuel cell vehicles by integrating the high energy density of hydrogen fuel cells with the high-power density of batteries. However, real-time energy management of such a multi-source system faces challenges in simultaneously achieving economic efficiency, durability, and adaptability. To address this, this study proposes an online energy management strategy called MOCR-SAC. It incorporates multi-objective constraint rules (including hydrogen consumption, fuel cell degradation, battery degradation, fuel cell optimal efficiency deviation, and battery optimal state of charge deviation) within a Soft Actor-Critic reinforcement learning framework, enabling adaptive and intelligent power allocation. Evaluated on a 12-m fuel cell bus under standard Chinese driving cycles, MOCR-SAC reduces hydrogen consumption by at least 4.28 % and operating costs by 7.32 % compared to conventional SAC (without constraints or using single rules). It also outperforms other online reinforcement learning methods in component degradation, cost, battery SOC regulation, and hydrogen economy. Compared to the global optimum obtained by dynamic programming, its operating cost deviation remains within 4.50 %, while hydrogen consumption is 5.63 % lower. Under both deterministic and uncertain driving cycles, the total operating cost deviates by less than 10 %, demonstrating strong robustness and adaptability. The proposed strategy can be pre-trained offline and deployed online with minimal computational overhead, meeting the real-time requirements of vehicle energy management. In summary, MOCR-SAC significantly enhances the performance, efficiency, and durability of fuel cell hybrid powertrains, offering a practical and scalable solution for sustainable transportation.
{"title":"Online energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid powertrain based on multi-objective constraint rules embedded in soft actor-critic learning","authors":"Baobao Hu , Zhiguo Qu , Jianfei Zhang , Pingwen Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fuel cell/battery hybrid powertrain offers a promising solution for fuel cell vehicles by integrating the high energy density of hydrogen fuel cells with the high-power density of batteries. However, real-time energy management of such a multi-source system faces challenges in simultaneously achieving economic efficiency, durability, and adaptability. To address this, this study proposes an online energy management strategy called MOCR-SAC. It incorporates multi-objective constraint rules (including hydrogen consumption, fuel cell degradation, battery degradation, fuel cell optimal efficiency deviation, and battery optimal state of charge deviation) within a Soft Actor-Critic reinforcement learning framework, enabling adaptive and intelligent power allocation. Evaluated on a 12-m fuel cell bus under standard Chinese driving cycles, MOCR-SAC reduces hydrogen consumption by at least 4.28 % and operating costs by 7.32 % compared to conventional SAC (without constraints or using single rules). It also outperforms other online reinforcement learning methods in component degradation, cost, battery <em>SOC</em> regulation, and hydrogen economy. Compared to the global optimum obtained by dynamic programming, its operating cost deviation remains within 4.50 %, while hydrogen consumption is 5.63 % lower. Under both deterministic and uncertain driving cycles, the total operating cost deviates by less than 10 %, demonstrating strong robustness and adaptability. The proposed strategy can be pre-trained offline and deployed online with minimal computational overhead, meeting the real-time requirements of vehicle energy management. In summary, MOCR-SAC significantly enhances the performance, efficiency, and durability of fuel cell hybrid powertrains, offering a practical and scalable solution for sustainable transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100532"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530
Dong Guk Kang , Kihun An , Yen Hai Thi Tran , Min-Geun Oh , Dung Tien Tuan Vu , Han Bao Nguyen , Do Youb Kim , Koeun Kim , Yoon Sung Lee , Seung-Wan Song
Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF6 salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.
高能密度锂离子电池（LIBs）中含硅阳极和高镍阴极的电解液和界面设计是一个重大挑战，因为它们的界面反应性高，导致性能下降，并且存在安全隐患。利用现有的传统电解液提高电池的安全性依赖于磷腈类阻燃添加剂，但往往牺牲了性能，这迫切需要同时满足性能和安全性的创新电解液解决方案。本文报道了一种为硅基和高镍基lib定制的不燃电解质（NF EL）配方，该配方由甲基（2,2,2-三氟乙基）碳酸酯（FEMC）、1 M LiPF6盐和少量FEC添加剂组成。该电解质配方同时增强了富f物质的固体电解质间相（SEI）和阴极电解质间相（CEI）的稳定性，减少了电池膨胀，抑制了裂缝，并在工业1.2 Ah袋状电池中实现了卓越的长期稳定性，在恶劣条件下（1C, 4.35 V, 45°C） 500次循环后，其容量保持率达到82%。电池的安全性得到了显著提高，热箱测试和抑制中具有优异的热稳定性，加速量热法（ARC）结果中热失控的显著延迟得到了验证。这项工作为安全和高性能的锂离子电池、电动汽车和电动汽车的电解质和界面工程提供了见解。
{"title":"Tuning the electrolyte formulation from flame-retarding to nonflammable for safe and high-performance SiO and high nickel-based cells","authors":"Dong Guk Kang , Kihun An , Yen Hai Thi Tran , Min-Geun Oh , Dung Tien Tuan Vu , Han Bao Nguyen , Do Youb Kim , Koeun Kim , Yoon Sung Lee , Seung-Wan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF<sub>6</sub> salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100530"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529
Xiwang Xiang , Tianduo Peng , Ershun Du , Chenjun Hou , Qin Wang
Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO2) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO2 in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO2 (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.
{"title":"Assessing decarbonization benefits of transport electrification: A provincial perspective in China","authors":"Xiwang Xiang , Tianduo Peng , Ershun Du , Chenjun Hou , Qin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO<sub>2</sub>) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO<sub>2</sub> in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO<sub>2</sub> (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100528
Mohammad Qasem, Jeff Stubblefield, Moath Qandil, Yazan Yassin, Mariana Haddadin, Mahesh Krishnamurthy
Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising approach for integrating multi-physics models in real-time to optimize the operation of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOLs), particularly in terms of battery performance. However, the mitigation of dynamic lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth during fast charging remains unaddressed in current studies. This paper proposes an AI-enabled digital twin that uses partial-discharge data, data from incomplete discharge cycles, for real-time battery-health estimation and couples this insight with an age-aware fast-charging controller that adaptively controls the charging current to mitigate lithium plating and SEI growth. The experimental results demonstrated the framework’s robustness across varying ambient temperatures and initial state of charge (SoC) conditions. A novel real-time estimation model within the framework achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.5% and 0.4% for both battery capacity and internal resistance. Additionally, the proposed framework preserved battery capacity of 87.6% at 25 ° compared to 81.4% and 64.3% for MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively, representing relative improvements of +7.6% and +36.2% over MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively. This approach helped mitigate battery side reactions during fast charging, while it reduced the time required to reach 80% SoC to less than 25 min, which was 28.6% faster than MCC-CV (35 min) and 35.9% faster than CC-CV (39 min) after 200 cycles. These results support practical deployment in embedded BMS and EV/eVTOL charging to enhance safety, reduce plating risk, and extend service life.
{"title":"Real-time AI-enabled digital twin for battery health estimation and fast charging using partial-discharge data","authors":"Mohammad Qasem, Jeff Stubblefield, Moath Qandil, Yazan Yassin, Mariana Haddadin, Mahesh Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising approach for integrating multi-physics models in real-time to optimize the operation of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOLs), particularly in terms of battery performance. However, the mitigation of dynamic lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth during fast charging remains unaddressed in current studies. This paper proposes an AI-enabled digital twin that uses partial-discharge data, data from incomplete discharge cycles, for real-time battery-health estimation and couples this insight with an age-aware fast-charging controller that adaptively controls the charging current to mitigate lithium plating and SEI growth. The experimental results demonstrated the framework’s robustness across varying ambient temperatures and initial state of charge (SoC) conditions. A novel real-time estimation model within the framework achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.5% and 0.4% for both battery capacity and internal resistance. Additionally, the proposed framework preserved battery capacity of 87.6% at 25 °<span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span> compared to 81.4% and 64.3% for MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively, representing relative improvements of +7.6% and +36.2% over MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively. This approach helped mitigate battery side reactions during fast charging, while it reduced the time required to reach 80% SoC to less than 25 min, which was 28.6% faster than MCC-CV (35 min) and 35.9% faster than CC-CV (39 min) after 200 cycles. These results support practical deployment in embedded BMS and EV/eVTOL charging to enhance safety, reduce plating risk, and extend service life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100528"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527
Chuanjie Wang , Jia Li , Xiaoke Li , Lei Zhang , Siao Zhang , Qinan Yin , Qinghao Zhang , Yongquan Wu , Kaifu Luo , Dengzhou Liu , Aidong Tan , Jianguo Liu
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating at elevated temperatures (>100 °C) hold promise for simplified water-thermal management compared to conventional 60–85 °C systems. However, the complex interplay of activation polarization, oxygen partial pressure and mass transfer at high temperatures remains unresolved, limiting their practical deployment. Herein, we decode a temperature-dependent trade-off. It governs PEMFCs performance across a wide temperature range (60–100 °C) through operando polarization decomposition, limit current method and a validated multiphysics coupling model, revealing that while rising temperatures reduce the intrinsic total mass transfer resistance (Rtotal) and activation overpotential, these benefits are negated by oxygen partial pressure drop due to accelerated water vaporization-induced gas dilution. To address this bottleneck, we propose an oxygen-enriched air control strategy that dynamically adjusts cathode gas composition, achieving 36 % increase in peak power and 90 mV improvement in voltage (@1.6 A/cm2) at 100 °C. Quantification via game-theoretic analysis shows 67 % performance gain from oxygen compensation and 33 % from activation polarization and Rtotal mitigation. Moreover, there is no sign of accelerated durability degradation compared to air under oxygen-enriched air conditions. This work decouples temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms and provides a transformative pathway for next-generation high-temperature PEMFCs systems.
{"title":"Temperature-dependent performance trade-offs in PEMFCs: A mechanistic study and oxygen-enriched compensation strategy","authors":"Chuanjie Wang , Jia Li , Xiaoke Li , Lei Zhang , Siao Zhang , Qinan Yin , Qinghao Zhang , Yongquan Wu , Kaifu Luo , Dengzhou Liu , Aidong Tan , Jianguo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating at elevated temperatures (>100 °C) hold promise for simplified water-thermal management compared to conventional 60–85 °C systems. However, the complex interplay of activation polarization, oxygen partial pressure and mass transfer at high temperatures remains unresolved, limiting their practical deployment. Herein, we decode a temperature-dependent trade-off. It governs PEMFCs performance across a wide temperature range (60–100 °C) through operando polarization decomposition, limit current method and a validated multiphysics coupling model, revealing that while rising temperatures reduce the intrinsic total mass transfer resistance (R<sub>total</sub>) and activation overpotential, these benefits are negated by oxygen partial pressure drop due to accelerated water vaporization-induced gas dilution. To address this bottleneck, we propose an oxygen-enriched air control strategy that dynamically adjusts cathode gas composition, achieving 36 % increase in peak power and 90 mV improvement in voltage (@1.6 A/cm<sup>2</sup>) at 100 °C. Quantification via game-theoretic analysis shows 67 % performance gain from oxygen compensation and 33 % from activation polarization and R<sub>total</sub> mitigation. Moreover, there is no sign of accelerated durability degradation compared to air under oxygen-enriched air conditions. This work decouples temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms and provides a transformative pathway for next-generation high-temperature PEMFCs systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100527"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526
Qi Li , Zequn Wang , Hanyu Lai , Chunlin Li , Yuchen Pu , Yang Yang , Yongchang Tao , Weirong Chen
The growing scarcity of resources and the prevalence of environmental contamination has led to increased demand for energy trading and transportation. While integrated energy system (IES), as a crucial component in multi-energy coupling and energy conservation and emission reduction, are confronted with significant challenges. In particular, hydrogen energy systems face difficulties in temporal and spatial coupling, wherein pricing mechanisms remain decoupled from geographical delivery constraints and transportation logistics, and supply–demand optimization operates within fragmented frameworks lacking coordinated decision-making. In light of the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes a trading method of IES considering hydrogen energy trading and transportation. First, this paper establishes an electricity-heat-hydrogen IES model and a transportation network based on the geographical information between IES and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). Then, considering that the hydrogen energy transaction between IES and HRSs is affected by hydrogen energy transportation time, distance and price, a two-stage optimization method based on non-cooperative game is proposed. In this game, both IES and HRSs engage in energy transactions with the objective of maximizing revenue. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the case studies. The results show that the optimal scheduling method considering hydrogen transport can achieve an economic hydrogen trading and transport solution to complete the hydrogen supply to HRSs. The multi-energy transaction was profitable at $1140.07. Compared to conventional fixed-pricing models, the integrated approach achieves significant improvements in system performance, with an 18.57 % reduction in operating costs, a 3.2 % increase in energy utilization efficiency, and up to 22.3 % enhancement in hydrogen trading revenue.
{"title":"Optimal scheduling method for integrated energy system considering hydrogen trading and transportation","authors":"Qi Li , Zequn Wang , Hanyu Lai , Chunlin Li , Yuchen Pu , Yang Yang , Yongchang Tao , Weirong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing scarcity of resources and the prevalence of environmental contamination has led to increased demand for energy trading and transportation. While integrated energy system (IES), as a crucial component in multi-energy coupling and energy conservation and emission reduction, are confronted with significant challenges. In particular, hydrogen energy systems face difficulties in temporal and spatial coupling, wherein pricing mechanisms remain decoupled from geographical delivery constraints and transportation logistics, and supply–demand optimization operates within fragmented frameworks lacking coordinated decision-making. In light of the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes a trading method of IES considering hydrogen energy trading and transportation. First, this paper establishes an electricity-heat-hydrogen IES model and a transportation network based on the geographical information between IES and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). Then, considering that the hydrogen energy transaction between IES and HRSs is affected by hydrogen energy transportation time, distance and price, a two-stage optimization method based on non-cooperative game is proposed. In this game, both IES and HRSs engage in energy transactions with the objective of maximizing revenue. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the case studies. The results show that the optimal scheduling method considering hydrogen transport can achieve an economic hydrogen trading and transport solution to complete the hydrogen supply to HRSs. The multi-energy transaction was profitable at $1140.07. Compared to conventional fixed-pricing models, the integrated approach achieves significant improvements in system performance, with an 18.57 % reduction in operating costs, a 3.2 % increase in energy utilization efficiency, and up to 22.3 % enhancement in hydrogen trading revenue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100524
Agnes Nakiganda , Martin Lindahl , Callum Henderson , Agustí Egea-Àlvarez , Lars Herre
This paper explores the quantification and forecasting of reserve capacity from electric trains for participation in power system ancillary service markets. We first map train electricity consumption – traction and non-traction – to suitable reserve products, considering operational and regulatory constraints. Using historical data from the Danish railway operator DSB, we estimate the available flexibility for frequency containment reserves, focusing on controllable non-traction loads such as heating and air conditioning. To support market participation, we develop a low-resolution stochastic forecasting model based on conformal prediction, capable of estimating reserve availability for both day-ahead and hour-ahead horizons. Results show that a fleet of approximately 60 active trains can provide up to 10 MW of downward regulation and 1.5 MW of upward regulation from non-traction loads. Additionally, traction power from 25 trains can provide up to 5 MW of upward reserve in certain time periods. The findings demonstrate a viable pathway for integrating electric trains into flexibility markets, offering new revenue opportunities for operators and enhancing grid stability.
{"title":"Quantification and forecasting of reserve capacity from electric trains","authors":"Agnes Nakiganda , Martin Lindahl , Callum Henderson , Agustí Egea-Àlvarez , Lars Herre","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the quantification and forecasting of reserve capacity from electric trains for participation in power system ancillary service markets. We first map train electricity consumption – traction and non-traction – to suitable reserve products, considering operational and regulatory constraints. Using historical data from the Danish railway operator DSB, we estimate the available flexibility for frequency containment reserves, focusing on controllable non-traction loads such as heating and air conditioning. To support market participation, we develop a low-resolution stochastic forecasting model based on conformal prediction, capable of estimating reserve availability for both day-ahead and hour-ahead horizons. Results show that a fleet of approximately 60 active trains can provide up to 10<!--> <!-->MW of downward regulation and 1.5<!--> <!-->MW of upward regulation from non-traction loads. Additionally, traction power from 25 trains can provide up to 5<!--> <!-->MW of upward reserve in certain time periods. The findings demonstrate a viable pathway for integrating electric trains into flexibility markets, offering new revenue opportunities for operators and enhancing grid stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100524"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522
Lan-Hao Lou , Xi-Tai Liang , Jiuchun Jiang , Tianjun Lu , Changhong Yu , Chao Chen , Jintao Shi , Feng Ning , Xue Li , Xiao-Guang Yang
Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries remains challenging due to their characteristically flat open-circuit voltage (OCV) profile and pronounced hysteresis effects. Though recent advances have explored mechanical signals to improve estimation accuracy, the inherent non-monotonic force–SOC relationship and thermal expansion effects introduce additional complexities that hinder practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose a SOC estimation framework that fuses an equivalent circuit model with an equivalent force model, explicitly accounting for both intercalation-induced and thermally induced stress. The proposed dual-model structure is integrated via a dual extended Kalman filter with adaptive weighting. This approach outperforms conventional methods under diverse operating conditions and demonstrates robustness against common error sources. Hardware-in-the-loop validation further confirms the real-time applicability of the proposed framework. This work offers a practical and accurate solution for SOC estimation in LFP batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
{"title":"A fused electrical-mechanical model with extended Kalman filter and adaptive weighting for state-of-charge estimation of lithium iron-phosphate batteries","authors":"Lan-Hao Lou , Xi-Tai Liang , Jiuchun Jiang , Tianjun Lu , Changhong Yu , Chao Chen , Jintao Shi , Feng Ning , Xue Li , Xiao-Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries remains challenging due to their characteristically flat open-circuit voltage (OCV) profile and pronounced hysteresis effects. Though recent advances have explored mechanical signals to improve estimation accuracy, the inherent non-monotonic force–SOC relationship and thermal expansion effects introduce additional complexities that hinder practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose a SOC estimation framework that fuses an equivalent circuit model with an equivalent force model, explicitly accounting for both intercalation-induced and thermally induced stress. The proposed dual-model structure is integrated via a dual extended Kalman filter with adaptive weighting. This approach outperforms conventional methods under diverse operating conditions and demonstrates robustness against common error sources. Hardware-in-the-loop validation further confirms the real-time applicability of the proposed framework. This work offers a practical and accurate solution for SOC estimation in LFP batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100522"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525
Shengyu Tao, Changfu Zou
Internal battery failures often unfold silently, long before any surface signal gives them away, which remains a limitation that has constrained safety engineering for decades. Chen et al.’s recent Nature study breaks this impasse by embedding wireless, ultra-thin sensors directly inside commercial lithium-ion cells, capturing strain and thermal precursors that typically remain invisible until it is too late. In this Commentary, we argue that this work marks a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive battery safety intelligence by enabling autonomous awareness, alert and action. It compels a rethinking of battery management across four dimensions: the need for adaptive data interpretation to handle signal heterogeneity (resulted from different chemistries and operation conditions); the transition of BMS from passive monitoring to proactive maintenance before critical failure onsets; the evolution toward digitalized, distributed, cyber-physical BMS architectures; and the pursuit of other novel silent signals (such as gas signals) for deeper battery degradation insights. Ultimately, the widespread impact of the proposed wireless internal sensing hinges on cost-effective integration at scale and further integration of multiplex internal information fusion and decoupling, paving the way for intrinsically safer, self-aware battery systems in the electrified future.
{"title":"Listening to silent signals: Wireless internal sensing redefines battery safety intelligence","authors":"Shengyu Tao, Changfu Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal battery failures often unfold silently, long before any surface signal gives them away, which remains a limitation that has constrained safety engineering for decades. Chen et al.’s recent Nature study breaks this impasse by embedding wireless, ultra-thin sensors directly inside commercial lithium-ion cells, capturing strain and thermal precursors that typically remain invisible until it is too late. In this Commentary, we argue that this work marks a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive battery safety intelligence by enabling autonomous awareness, alert and action. It compels a rethinking of battery management across four dimensions: the need for adaptive data interpretation to handle signal heterogeneity (resulted from different chemistries and operation conditions); the transition of BMS from passive monitoring to proactive maintenance before critical failure onsets; the evolution toward digitalized, distributed, cyber-physical BMS architectures; and the pursuit of other novel silent signals (such as gas signals) for deeper battery degradation insights. Ultimately, the widespread impact of the proposed wireless internal sensing hinges on cost-effective integration at scale and further integration of multiplex internal information fusion and decoupling, paving the way for intrinsically safer, self-aware battery systems in the electrified future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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