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Significance of homogeneous conductive network in layered oxide-based cathode for high-rate capability of electric vehicle batteries 层状氧化物正极中的均匀导电网络对提高电动汽车电池的高倍率性能的重要意义
IF 15 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100345
Qiao Hu , Li Wang , Jinli Liu , Guangming Han , Jiaying Liao , Dongsheng Ren , Jianfeng Yao , Zonghai Chen , Xiangming He

The trade-off between battery energy density and power performance is the core problem that puzzles the development of electric vehicles (EVs). Although intensive researches are performed to explore active materials with good dynamics, the heterogeneous reactivity has been identified as an important cause for inferior capability and early death, especially for electrodes characterized with high areal loading and high compacted density. Herein, the heterogeneity and its origination of layered oxide-based (LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2, NCM) electrodes at high C-rate are investigated through operando X-ray diffraction and ex-situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry probe. By introducing Li3V2(PO4)3@G composite as a mixed conductor additive, the heterogeneous reactivity intro-particles are successfully mitigated, enabling NCM electrodes with both high rate capability, high energy density and high cyclability. In detail, the capacity retention at 20C is increased by 2.3 times, and the capacity retention at 0.5C after 160 full cycles is increased by 1.6 times, without electrolyte additive or material modification. This study demonstrates the significance of the homogeneous electronic/ionic transportation network to the rate capability and lifetime of an electrode, and discloses the design strategy of multifunctional additives to enhance the power density of a battery by maximizing the utility of the active particles.

电池能量密度与动力性能之间的权衡是困扰电动汽车(EV)发展的核心问题。尽管人们一直在深入研究具有良好动态性能的活性材料,但异质反应性已被认为是导致电池性能低下和早期死亡的重要原因,尤其是对于具有高面积负载和高密度压缩特征的电极而言。本文通过操作X射线衍射和原位飞行时间二次离子质谱探针研究了高C速率下层状氧化物基(LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2,NCM)电极的异质性及其起源。通过引入 Li3V2(PO4)3@G 复合材料作为混合导体添加剂,成功地减轻了异质反应导入粒子的影响,从而使 NCM 电极同时具有高速率能力、高能量密度和高循环性。具体而言,在不添加电解质或不改变材料的情况下,20℃ 时的容量保持率提高了 2.3 倍,160 个完整循环后 0.5℃ 时的容量保持率提高了 1.6 倍。这项研究证明了均质电子/离子传输网络对电极的速率能力和寿命的重要意义,并揭示了多功能添加剂的设计策略,通过最大限度地发挥活性颗粒的效用来提高电池的功率密度。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-effective sizing method of Vehicle-to-Building chargers and energy storage systems during the planning stage of smart micro-grid 智能微电网规划阶段车辆到建筑物充电器和储能系统的成本效益确定方法
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100343
Ziliang Wei, Yang Geng, Hao Tang, Yang Zhao, Borong Lin

Demand side management (DSM) is a great challenge for new power systems based on renewable energy. Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are two important and effective tools. However, existing studies lack the sizing method of bidirectional chargers and ESSs. This study has proposed a cost-effective sizing method of V2B chargers and ESSs during the planning stage. By developing a linear model that clusters electric vehicle users based on mobility patterns and employing mixed integer linear programming for day-ahead control strategies, the method minimizes the dynamic payback period of initial investments. Tested in an office park featuring photovoltaic generation, the optimal configuration of 50% V2B chargers and 1 ESS significantly reduces cumulative peak-hour load and peak power by 51.3% and 42.4%, respectively. The price and rated power of EV chargers on the optimal sizing result are also investigated, providing guidance for the design and operation of micro-grid systems. Furthermore, the study suggests further exploration into actual data acquisition, real-time control strategy enhancement, and comprehensive user behavior for broader application.

需求侧管理(DSM)是基于可再生能源的新型电力系统面临的巨大挑战。车对楼(V2B)和储能系统(ESS)是两个重要而有效的工具。然而,现有研究缺乏双向充电器和 ESS 的选型方法。本研究提出了一种在规划阶段对 V2B 充电器和 ESS 进行成本效益评估的方法。通过建立一个线性模型,根据移动模式对电动汽车用户进行聚类,并采用混合整数线性规划来制定日前控制策略,该方法最大限度地缩短了初始投资的动态投资回收期。在一个采用光伏发电的办公园区内进行的测试显示,50% V2B 充电器和 1 个 ESS 的最佳配置可将累计高峰小时负荷和峰值功率分别显著降低 51.3% 和 42.4%。研究还探讨了电动汽车充电器的价格和额定功率对最佳规模结果的影响,为微电网系统的设计和运行提供了指导。此外,该研究还建议进一步探索实际数据采集、实时控制策略增强和综合用户行为等方面,以实现更广泛的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study on air-cooled fuel cell stacks with metal and graphite bipolar plate designs for unmanned aerial vehicles 采用金属和石墨双极板设计的无人驾驶飞行器空气冷却燃料电池堆比较研究
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100344
Cong Yin , Shiyang Hua , Wei Nie , Haiyu Yang , Hao Tang

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power source is a promising solution for the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to extend the flight endurance. However, the light weighted PEMFC stack design with improved performance remains a critical challenge for the UAVs applications. In this study, two air-cooled PEMFC stacks based on metal and graphite bipolar plates are designed respectively to optimize the fuel cell power density with comparative tests and simulations under varied operating conditions. The designed metal and graphite stacks could reach the power densities of 1189 W/kg and 792 W/kg, of which the graphite one is integrated in a hybrid power system for the UAVs and operated for a flight test with ∼45 min. Validated by the experiment, a three-dimensional coupled model is developed to comparatively study the internal performance and thermal behaviors of the two stacks. Compared with the graphite stack, the metal one outputs higher voltage by 4 %, weighs lighter by 31 % and improves air forced thermal dissipation with enhanced water retention ability. The proposed model and comparative analysis reveal the mechanisms of stack performance variation under different designs and operations, which are beneficial for the optimization of UAVs fuel cell power system.

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电源是无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)延长飞行续航时间的一种有前途的解决方案。然而,如何设计出重量轻、性能更好的质子交换膜燃料电池堆仍然是无人飞行器应用领域面临的一项重大挑战。本研究分别设计了基于金属和石墨双极板的两种空气冷却 PEMFC 电堆,通过在不同工作条件下进行比较试验和模拟,优化燃料电池的功率密度。所设计的金属和石墨电池堆的功率密度分别达到 1189 W/kg 和 792 W/kg,其中石墨电池堆被集成到无人机的混合动力系统中,并进行了∼45 分钟的飞行测试。通过实验验证,建立了一个三维耦合模型,以比较研究两种堆栈的内部性能和热行为。与石墨叠层相比,金属叠层的电压输出提高了 4%,重量减轻了 31%,并且改善了空气强制散热,提高了保水能力。所提出的模型和对比分析揭示了不同设计和操作下电堆性能变化的机理,有利于无人机燃料电池动力系统的优化。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal performance and preliminary parameter matching for hydrogen fuel cell powertrain system of electric aircraft 电动飞机氢燃料电池动力系统的最佳性能和初步参数匹配
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100342
Yuanyuan Li, Zunyan Hu, Yifu Zhang, Jianqiu Li, Liangfei Xu, Minggao Ouyang

Fuel cells are true net-zero carbon emission power sources for aircraft, which is highly sensitive to weight. In the initial phase of adapting hydrogen fuel cell systems for aircraft powertrains, preliminary design parameter matching remains premature. An explicit method for the performance optimization of aircraft hydrogen fuel cell powertrain systems and a process of preliminary parameter matching are proposed to address this problem. Performance and weight models of the fuel cell stack and its auxiliaries, the cathode air compressor subsystem, and the cooling subsystem are designed, and system performance at various altitudes and power output levels is calculated. The aircraft flight mission performance is synthesized and considered in the optimization process. The optimization result of system performance and the corresponding design parameters are then graphically illustrated as tern plots. Unlike the traditional iterative preliminary system parameter matching and optimization method, which explores the design space non-directionally and converges to a single local optimal point, the proposed explicit method sweeps the design space globally and obtains a group of design points with acceptable optimality. The system design process is boosted by a compact iterative loop. In the optimization practice, the cruise powertrain specific energy is improved by 6.5%. The relationship between specific system design parameters and system performance is displayed globally by the resulting tern plots. Multiple design guidelines are observed and proposed, and design scenarios are directly obtained from the graphs for further engineering processes.

燃料电池是飞机真正的净零碳排放动力源,对重量非常敏感。在将氢燃料电池系统应用于飞机动力系统的初始阶段,初步设计参数匹配的时机尚不成熟。针对这一问题,提出了飞机氢燃料电池动力总成系统性能优化的明确方法和初步参数匹配过程。设计了燃料电池堆及其辅助设备、阴极空气压缩机子系统和冷却子系统的性能和重量模型,并计算了不同高度和功率输出水平下的系统性能。在优化过程中综合考虑了飞机的飞行任务性能。系统性能的优化结果和相应的设计参数将以三线图的形式显示出来。与传统的迭代初步系统参数匹配和优化方法非定向地探索设计空间并收敛到单个局部最优点不同,所提出的显式方法对设计空间进行全局扫描,并获得一组可接受的最优化设计点。紧凑的迭代循环促进了系统设计过程。在优化实践中,巡航动力系统比能量提高了 6.5%。具体系统设计参数与系统性能之间的关系通过所产生的三元图全面展示。观察并提出了多种设计准则,并从图表中直接获得了设计方案,以用于进一步的工程流程。
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引用次数: 0
Electric-thermal collaborative control and multimode energy flow analysis of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles in low-temperature regions 低温区域燃料电池混合动力电动汽车的电热协同控制和多模式能量流分析
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100341
Xiao Yu , Cheng Lin , Peng Xie , Yu Tian , Haopeng Chen , Kai Liu , Huimin Liu

The energy flow distribution characteristics of electric vehicles operating in various propulsion modes and all climatic scenarios have not been thoroughly explored. To achieve effective electric-thermal collaborative energy management, intelligent control methods must be applied considering various climatic conditions to alleviate mileage anxiety. In this study, we developed a novel electric–thermal collaborative energy management strategy based on an improved deep neural network and energy quantification model to increase the global energy conversion efficiency. The complete energy consumption distribution characteristics are summarized under various strategies and propulsion modes based on an experiment data collected by the vehicle control unit that involves battery self-heating, cabin heating, acceleration consumption, and fuel consumption in the temperature range of −10°C-35 °C. Our findings indicate that, for a fuel cell hybrid bus in the cycle including the initial cabin heating process, the heating consumption in the pure electric mode was 9.9 kWh/cycle and 13 kWh/cycle when the ambient temperature is −2 °C and −10 °C, respectively, accounting for 33 % and 42 % of the total consumption, respectively. After using the waste heat from the fuel cell, the consumption of electric heating under the same conditions is only 3.7 kWh/cycle. In the high-temperature scenario, the cabin cooling consumption is 3.26 kWh/cycle, accounting for only 18 % of the total energy consumption. Finally, in low-temperature scenarios, the electric–thermal collaborative strategy reduced the cost by 14.7 % and 9.2 % in the pure electric and hybrid modes, respectively. Thus, our approach significantly improves energy utilization and conversion efficiency, especially at low temperatures.

电动汽车在各种推进模式和各种气候条件下运行时的能量流分布特征尚未得到深入探讨。要实现有效的电热协同能源管理,必须考虑各种气候条件,采用智能控制方法来缓解里程焦虑。在本研究中,我们基于改进的深度神经网络和能量量化模型,开发了一种新型电热协同能源管理策略,以提高全局能量转换效率。根据车辆控制单元收集的实验数据,总结了在-10°C-35°C温度范围内,各种策略和推进模式下的完整能耗分布特征,包括电池自加热、座舱加热、加速消耗和燃油消耗。我们的研究结果表明,对于燃料电池混合动力客车,在包括初始车厢加热过程的循环中,当环境温度为-2 ℃和-10 ℃时,纯电动模式下的加热消耗分别为 9.9 kWh/循环和 13 kWh/循环,分别占总消耗的 33% 和 42%。在使用燃料电池的余热后,相同条件下的电加热消耗仅为 3.7 千瓦时/周期。在高温情况下,车厢制冷消耗为 3.26 千瓦时/周期,仅占总能耗的 18%。最后,在低温情况下,电热协同战略在纯电动和混合动力模式下分别降低了 14.7% 和 9.2% 的成本。因此,我们的方法大大提高了能源利用率和转换效率,尤其是在低温条件下。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic and kinetic degradation of LTO batteries: Impact of different SOC intervals and discharge voltages in electric train applications LTO 电池的热力学和动力学降解:电动列车应用中不同 SOC 间隔和放电电压的影响
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100340
Haoze Chen , Ahmed Chahbaz , Sijia Yang , Weige Zhang , Dirk Uwe Sauer , Weihan Li

Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) based lithium-ion batteries show promise for longer lifespan, higher power capability, and lower life cycle cost for energy storage and electric transportation applications than graphite-based counterparts. However, the degradation mechanisms of LTO-based cells in the high and low state-of-charge (SOC) intervals and different discharge cut-off voltages are not clearly investigated. In this study, the application-related lifetime performance of high-power Li4Ti5O12/LiCoO2 batteries is investigated at five independent SOC intervals with 20 % depth-of-discharge (DOD) and three discharge cut-off voltages. Our results show that degradation increases significantly when the batteries are cycled within lower SOC intervals or with lower cut-off voltages. Additionally, thermodynamic degradation is more significant when cycled at 20 % DOD, while kinetic degradation dominates at 100 % DOD. For thermodynamic degradation, the determining degradation mode is shown to be the loss of active material in the negative electrode, while the active material loss at the cathode has a greater impact on the equilibrium voltage curve. The kinetic degradation is mainly due to the slower charge transfer process and diffusion process at the cathode, which increases polarization impedance.

与基于石墨的锂离子电池相比,基于钛酸锂(LTO)的锂离子电池具有更长的使用寿命、更高的功率能力和更低的生命周期成本,可用于储能和电动交通应用。然而,LTO 电池在高低充电状态(SOC)区间和不同放电截止电压下的降解机制尚未得到明确研究。本研究调查了高功率锂 4Ti5O12/LiCoO2 电池在五个独立的 SOC 间隔、20% 的放电深度 (DOD) 和三种放电截止电压下与应用相关的寿命性能。结果表明,当电池在较低的 SOC 间隔内循环或使用较低的截止电压时,降解率会显著增加。此外,在 20% DOD 循环时,热力学降解更为显著,而在 100% DOD 循环时,动力学降解占主导地位。就热力学降解而言,决定性的降解模式是负极活性材料的损耗,而阴极活性材料的损耗对平衡电压曲线的影响更大。动力学降解主要是由于阴极的电荷转移过程和扩散过程较慢,从而增加了极化阻抗。
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引用次数: 0
Towards real-world state of health estimation, Part 1: Cell-level method using lithium-ion battery laboratory data 实现真实世界的健康状况评估:第 1 部分:使用锂离子电池实验室数据的电池级方法
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100338
Yufang Lu , Jiazhen Lin , Dongxu Guo , Jingzhao Zhang , Chen Wang , Guannan He , Minggao Ouyang

Accurate and rapid state of health (SOH) estimation is crucial for battery management systems (BMS) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Given the variability in battery types and operating conditions, along with limited data samples, conventional data-driven methods are inadequate to meet the requirements, especially in real-world applications, e.g., electric vehicles and energy storage systems. To this end, we develop a meta-learning-based method with a Gated Convolutional Neural Networks-Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (GCNNs-MAML) model to seek proper initial parameters that can rapidly adapt to new given teat samples with few-shot training. It uses multiple existing historical datasets for meta-training, and then the initial parameters of the trained model are used for meta-testing on new small-scale data. With only random 800 s charging segments from 5% of the cycling data employed for training, the GCNNs-MAML model yields a SOH estimation with a mean RMSE of 1.8% and a minimal RMSE of 1.3% on the remaining 95% testing samples. The results indicate that it remarkably outperforms the feature-based and learning-based methods. The meta-learning-based method exhibits high precision, robustness, and strong generalization capacity, implying its enormous potential for real-world applications and few-shot conditions.

对于锂离子电池(LIB)的电池管理系统(BMS)来说,准确而快速的健康状态(SOH)估算至关重要。鉴于电池类型和工作条件的多变性以及有限的数据样本,传统的数据驱动方法无法满足要求,尤其是在电动汽车和储能系统等实际应用中。为此,我们开发了一种基于元学习的方法,使用门控卷积神经网络-模型诊断元学习(GCNNs-MAML)模型来寻找合适的初始参数,通过少量训练就能快速适应新的给定乳头样本。它使用多个现有历史数据集进行元训练,然后使用训练模型的初始参数在新的小规模数据上进行元测试。GCNNs-MAML 模型仅从 5% 的骑行数据中随机抽取 800 秒的充电片段进行训练,在剩余 95% 的测试样本中,其 SOH 估计的平均有效误差率为 1.8%,最小有效误差率为 1.3%。结果表明,它明显优于基于特征和基于学习的方法。基于元学习的方法表现出高精度、鲁棒性和强大的泛化能力,这意味着它在现实世界的应用和少量样本条件下具有巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Implanted potential sensing separator enables smart battery internal state monitor and safety alert 植入式电位感应隔板可实现智能电池内部状态监控和安全警报
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100339
Anyu Su , Shuoyuan Mao , Languang Lu , Xuebing Han , Minggao Ouyang

The current battery management system is limited to testing external characteristics, leaving the battery's internal status as a “black box”. Advanced characterization techniques and battery sensing technologies are needed to assess the battery's internal state. However, due to their short lifespan, low sensitivity, invasive nature, and high cost, these technologies face challenges in practical applications and commercialization. Here, we propose a smart battery implanted with a potential sensor for in-situ measurement of anode potential, enabling the recognition of severe side reactions and abnormal Li plating behavior. Specifically, the potential sensing material is directly integrated into the battery separator, which provides a reliable potential reference and serves as a sensing terminal. The porous structure of the separator facilitates lithium-ion transport while simultaneously enabling high-accuracy monitoring with non-destructive implantation. Additionally, the potential sensing separator can detect pre-existing or latent defects in the battery at an early stage, which are difficult to discern from the battery's external characteristics in a timely manner. Furthermore, we have developed a multi-point potential sensor monitoring system that can not only monitor the distribution of anode potential but also pinpoint the location of battery defects.

目前的电池管理系统仅限于测试外部特性,而电池的内部状态则是一个 "黑盒子"。评估电池内部状态需要先进的表征技术和电池传感技术。然而,由于其寿命短、灵敏度低、侵入性强和成本高昂,这些技术在实际应用和商业化方面面临着挑战。在这里,我们提出了一种植入电位传感器的智能电池,用于原位测量阳极电位,从而识别严重的副反应和异常的锂电镀行为。具体来说,电位传感材料直接集成到电池隔膜中,隔膜可提供可靠的电位参考,并充当传感终端。隔膜的多孔结构有利于锂离子传输,同时通过无损植入实现高精度监测。此外,电位传感隔膜还能在早期检测出电池中存在的或潜在的缺陷,而这些缺陷很难从电池的外部特征中及时发现。此外,我们还开发了一种多点电位传感器监测系统,不仅能监测阳极电位的分布,还能精确定位电池缺陷的位置。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing control disorder and implementing V2X-Based suppression methods for electric vehicle CO2 thermal management systems 增强电动汽车二氧化碳热管理系统的控制紊乱和实施基于 V2X 的抑制方法
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100336
Fan Jia , Xiang Yin , Feng Cao , Ce Cui , Jianmin Fang , Xiaolin Wang

In recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) thermal management systems has underscored the crucial role in ensuring driving safety and optimizing driving range has become increasingly prominent. However, the inherent dynamic complexity of EV operation coupled with automatic control systems, can sometimes lead to unstable behavior, resulting in performance degradation and safety risks for compressors and batteries. To effectively address this issue, an evaluation was conducted on the dynamic control characteristics of an EV thermal management system utilizing CO2 as the refrigerant in this study. Through mathematical modeling and experimental analysis, the erratic nature of the dynamic thermal process was first identified. The underlying reasons were elucidated, focusing on system control characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms. It was found that control disorder could induce abnormal actions in thermal management system components like compressors and expansion valve, leading to significant performance decline and issues such as liquid carryover in compressor suction. Furthermore, specific control disorder regions of CO2 heat pumps for EVs were delineated, providing a framework for assessing the likelihood of system control disorder. Notably, control disorder was more likely to occur under conditions of low indoor air flow rate, high ambient temperature, and low supply air temperature. Given the widespread nature of this issue and the lack of suitable solutions, two control disorder suppression schemes were developed using V2X technology and validated through simulation. Results showed that adoption of V2X communication technology prevented an average of 70.1 % COP degradation, ensuring stability and safety of compressors and batteries under various operating conditions. The research provides useful information for exploring the dynamic characteristics of CO2 thermal management systems, offering a novel approach to enhance the system stability and efficiency.

近年来,电动汽车(EV)热管理系统的发展凸显了其在确保驾驶安全和优化行驶里程方面的重要作用。然而,电动汽车运行固有的动态复杂性加上自动控制系统,有时会导致行为不稳定,从而造成压缩机和电池性能下降并带来安全风险。为了有效解决这一问题,本研究对使用二氧化碳作为制冷剂的电动汽车热管理系统的动态控制特性进行了评估。通过数学建模和实验分析,首先确定了动态热过程的不稳定性。研究重点从系统控制特性和内在机制入手,阐明了其根本原因。研究发现,控制失调会诱发压缩机和膨胀阀等热管理系统组件的异常动作,从而导致性能显著下降,并引发压缩机吸入液体携带等问题。此外,还划定了电动汽车二氧化碳热泵的特定控制失调区域,为评估系统控制失调的可能性提供了一个框架。值得注意的是,在室内空气流速低、环境温度高和供气温度低的条件下,更容易出现控制失调。鉴于这一问题的普遍性和缺乏合适的解决方案,我们利用 V2X 技术开发了两种控制失调抑制方案,并通过模拟进行了验证。结果表明,采用 V2X 通信技术平均防止了 70.1% 的 COP 下降,确保了压缩机和电池在各种运行条件下的稳定性和安全性。这项研究为探索二氧化碳热管理系统的动态特性提供了有用信息,为提高系统稳定性和效率提供了一种新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of thermal runaway for a lithium-ion battery through multiphysics-informed DeepONet with virtual data 通过虚拟数据的多物理信息 DeepONet 预测锂离子电池的热失控现象
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100337
Jinho Jeong , Eunji Kwak , Jun-hyeong Kim , Ki-Yong Oh

A surrogate model that predicts thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) fast and accurately is essential, yet complex phenomena of TR present significant challenges to achieving adequate performance in both aspects, particularly as traditional finite element models (FEMs) incur significant time and cost. This study proposes a multiphysics-informed deep operator network (MPI-DeepONet) with encoders to address these issues. This proposed neural network aims to predict TR under various thermal abuse conditions, offering a fast and accurate TR prediction surrogate model. In this study, MPI-DeepONet with encoders is trained with virtual data from a multiphysics FEM to overcome the scarcity of actual TR data. The architecture of DeepONet solves interpolation and extrapolation problems, allowing predictions across multiple thermal abuse conditions once trained. The neural network is further enhanced by the supervision of energy balance and chemical reaction equations, ensuring accurate and robust predictions despite limited data by effectively capturing the complex phenomena of TR. Quantitative analysis, compared against actual experiments and ablation studies, confirms the effectiveness of the proposed neural network. Notably, MPI-DeepONet achieves a mean RMSE of 13.2 °C for temperature predictions in the test set, significantly outperforming the 25.4 °C RMSE of purely data-driven DeepONet. This improvement highlights the importance of integrating multiphysics constraints into the neural network. The generality of the proposed neural network is further evidenced by accurate TR prediction in both LFP and NMC cells. The features deployed on the proposed neural network enable real-time quantification of internal temperature distribution and dimensionless concentration of the key components in LIBs, which are challenging to measure directly, achieving speeds at least 10,000 times faster than FEM. The proposed neural network provides comprehensive information for advanced battery management systems to ensure safety and reliability in LIBs, accelerating the digital twin of electric transportation systems through artificial intelligence transformation.

快速准确地预测锂离子电池(LIB)热失控(TR)的替代模型至关重要,然而复杂的热失控现象给实现这两方面的充分性能带来了巨大挑战,尤其是传统的有限元模型(FEM)需要耗费大量的时间和成本。本研究提出了一种带有编码器的多物理信息深度算子网络(MPI-DeepONet)来解决这些问题。该建议的神经网络旨在预测各种热滥用条件下的 TR,提供快速准确的 TR 预测替代模型。在本研究中,带有编码器的 MPI-DeepONet 使用多物理场有限元的虚拟数据进行训练,以克服实际 TR 数据稀缺的问题。DeepONet 的结构可以解决内插法和外推法问题,一旦训练完成,就可以对多种热滥用条件进行预测。能量平衡和化学反应方程的监督进一步增强了神经网络,通过有效捕捉 TR 的复杂现象,确保在数据有限的情况下仍能进行准确、稳健的预测。根据实际实验和烧蚀研究进行的定量分析证实了所建议的神经网络的有效性。值得注意的是,MPI-DeepONet 对测试集中温度预测的平均 RMSE 为 13.2 °C,明显优于纯数据驱动 DeepONet 的 25.4 °C。这一改进凸显了将多物理约束整合到神经网络中的重要性。对 LFP 和 NMC 电池的 TR 预测准确,进一步证明了所提出的神经网络的通用性。所提出的神经网络所具有的特征能够实时量化锂电池中关键成分的内部温度分布和无量纲浓度,而直接测量这些成分是具有挑战性的,其速度比有限元分析至少快 10,000 倍。拟议的神经网络为先进的电池管理系统提供了全面的信息,以确保锂电池组的安全性和可靠性,通过人工智能转型加速电动交通系统的数字孪生。
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