Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100520
Zixuan Wang , Linhao Fan , Chasen Tongsh , Siyuan Wu , Zhengguo Qin , Qing Du , Kui Jiao
The pursuit of high-durable low-Pt proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is fundamentally limited by insufficient understanding of carbon corrosion mechanisms and associated secondary degradation pathways. Here, we employ a coupled operando-ex situ diagnostic approach to deconvolute degradation mechanisms in low-Pt PEMFCs under simulated startup-shutdown conditions. Synchronised monitoring of polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that charge transfer impedance is the primary factor constraining electrochemical activity and overall cell performance. The fractional contributions of key degradation mechanisms (carbon corrosion, ionomer degradation, Ostwald ripening, and catalyst loss) to electrochemical surface area (ECSA) degradation are quantitatively decoupled. Quantitative mechanistic partitioning reveals ionomer degradation accounts for ∼44.59 % of ECSA loss, surpassing carbon corrosion contributions (∼32.97 %) and overshadowing Ostwald ripening/catalyst loss effects in low-Pt PEMFC. In contrast, carbon corrosion (∼41.56 %) dominated degradation in conventional high-Pt PEMFCs, highlighting a shift in degradation hierarchy as Pt loading is reduced. Advanced scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elucidate that spatially uniform ionomer degradation across the low-Pt catalyst layer geometrically amplifies its detrimental impact on the active site. This work highlights the degradation hierarchy in low-Pt PEMFCs, which can provide new references for the design of durable low-Pt electrodes.
{"title":"Homogeneous ionomer degradation dominates electrochemical surface area loss in low-Pt PEMFCs under carbon corrosion conditions","authors":"Zixuan Wang , Linhao Fan , Chasen Tongsh , Siyuan Wu , Zhengguo Qin , Qing Du , Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of high-durable low-Pt proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is fundamentally limited by insufficient understanding of carbon corrosion mechanisms and associated secondary degradation pathways. Here, we employ a coupled operando-ex situ diagnostic approach to deconvolute degradation mechanisms in low-Pt PEMFCs under simulated startup-shutdown conditions. Synchronised monitoring of polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that charge transfer impedance is the primary factor constraining electrochemical activity and overall cell performance. The fractional contributions of key degradation mechanisms (carbon corrosion, ionomer degradation, Ostwald ripening, and catalyst loss) to electrochemical surface area (ECSA) degradation are quantitatively decoupled. Quantitative mechanistic partitioning reveals ionomer degradation accounts for ∼44.59 % of ECSA loss, surpassing carbon corrosion contributions (∼32.97 %) and overshadowing Ostwald ripening/catalyst loss effects in low-Pt PEMFC. In contrast, carbon corrosion (∼41.56 %) dominated degradation in conventional high-Pt PEMFCs, highlighting a shift in degradation hierarchy as Pt loading is reduced. Advanced scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elucidate that spatially uniform ionomer degradation across the low-Pt catalyst layer geometrically amplifies its detrimental impact on the active site. This work highlights the degradation hierarchy in low-Pt PEMFCs, which can provide new references for the design of durable low-Pt electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100520"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533
Wenqiang Xu , Yalun Li , Hewu Wang , Languang Lu , Minggao Ouyang
Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF6 in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.
{"title":"Study of the arc generation mechanism induced by liquid electrolyte in battery energy storage systems","authors":"Wenqiang Xu , Yalun Li , Hewu Wang , Languang Lu , Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF<sub>6</sub> in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-time monitoring and estimation of temperature distribution are crucial for the safe operation of batteries. Conventional temperature monitoring techniques, such as thermocouples and infrared thermography, typically provide point-based measurements. In contrast, distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFSs) enable continuous and high-resolution spatial monitoring. Additionally, current model-based temperature estimation often assumes uniform surface convection coefficients and relies on sparse temperature data for validation. These limitations lead to significant inaccuracies in characterizing the inherent non-uniform and asymmetric temperature distributions of large-format batteries. To address these challenges, this study presents an S-shaped DOFS layout for in-situ monitoring of an 81.4 Ah pouch lithium-ion battery at 0.5C–1.5C rates, with a 1.28 mm spatial resolution. Furthermore, a multi-domain thermal boundary modeling framework is proposed, which accounts for localized heat convection variations. Experimental validation confirms the model's accuracy, achieving a maximum root mean square error of 0.47 °C. Though validated only on a single-cell, this work offers a sensing-modeling-estimation framework for battery thermal management in electric vehicle packs and energy storage systems.
{"title":"In-situ analysis and estimation of temperature distribution for large-format lithium-ion batteries based on distributed optical fiber sensors","authors":"Xiaoqiang Zhang, Yuhao Zhu, Linfei Hou, Jingyu Hu, Yunlong Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time monitoring and estimation of temperature distribution are crucial for the safe operation of batteries. Conventional temperature monitoring techniques, such as thermocouples and infrared thermography, typically provide point-based measurements. In contrast, distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFSs) enable continuous and high-resolution spatial monitoring. Additionally, current model-based temperature estimation often assumes uniform surface convection coefficients and relies on sparse temperature data for validation. These limitations lead to significant inaccuracies in characterizing the inherent non-uniform and asymmetric temperature distributions of large-format batteries. To address these challenges, this study presents an S-shaped DOFS layout for in-situ monitoring of an 81.4 Ah pouch lithium-ion battery at 0.5C–1.5C rates, with a 1.28 mm spatial resolution. Furthermore, a multi-domain thermal boundary modeling framework is proposed, which accounts for localized heat convection variations. Experimental validation confirms the model's accuracy, achieving a maximum root mean square error of 0.47 °C. Though validated only on a single-cell, this work offers a sensing-modeling-estimation framework for battery thermal management in electric vehicle packs and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100519
Christian Allgäuer, Johannes Huber, Kareem Abo Gamra, Markus Schreiber, Cristina Grosu, Markus Lienkamp
Fast charging is key to increase the convenience and acceptance of battery electric vehicles. However, there are challenges at the battery system level that are not yet sufficiently understood. Due to performance limitations of the vehicle’s thermal management system, thermal gradients occur between the individual battery cells. Since the current distribution between parallel-connected cells cannot be actively controlled, avoiding overload and accelerated degradation is challenging, especially at high currents. In this study, a thermally homogeneous module consisting of two parallel-connected cells and a second module with a 10 °C temperature gradient are tested for 1200 fast charging cycles applying a model-based fast charging protocol. A thermal battery test bench is used to heat and cool the cells before, during, and after the fast charging event according to state-of-the-art thermal management strategies. Cycle life results reveal that the warmer cell in the module with gradient experiences a higher current load at the beginning of life (BoL), with convergent behavior over lifetime. The warmer cell exhibits a higher capacity fade and resistance increase than the other cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows an increase of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) resistance, with the first dominating. Differential voltage analysis (DVA) reveals accelerated cathode degradation for the cell at elevated temperatures. Therefore, reducing thermal gradients and paying closer attention to the cathode when developing future fast-charging protocols is crucial.
{"title":"Model-based fast charging of lithium-ion batteries: Impact of thermal gradients on the degradation of parallel-connected cells","authors":"Christian Allgäuer, Johannes Huber, Kareem Abo Gamra, Markus Schreiber, Cristina Grosu, Markus Lienkamp","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast charging is key to increase the convenience and acceptance of battery electric vehicles. However, there are challenges at the battery system level that are not yet sufficiently understood. Due to performance limitations of the vehicle’s thermal management system, thermal gradients occur between the individual battery cells. Since the current distribution between parallel-connected cells cannot be actively controlled, avoiding overload and accelerated degradation is challenging, especially at high currents. In this study, a thermally homogeneous module consisting of two parallel-connected cells and a second module with a 10<!--> <!-->°C temperature gradient are tested for 1200 fast charging cycles applying a model-based fast charging protocol. A thermal battery test bench is used to heat and cool the cells before, during, and after the fast charging event according to state-of-the-art thermal management strategies. Cycle life results reveal that the warmer cell in the module with gradient experiences a higher current load at the beginning of life (BoL), with convergent behavior over lifetime. The warmer cell exhibits a higher capacity fade and resistance increase than the other cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows an increase of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) resistance, with the first dominating. Differential voltage analysis (DVA) reveals accelerated cathode degradation for the cell at elevated temperatures. Therefore, reducing thermal gradients and paying closer attention to the cathode when developing future fast-charging protocols is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100519"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529
Xiwang Xiang , Tianduo Peng , Ershun Du , Chenjun Hou , Qin Wang
Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO2) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO2 in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO2 (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.
{"title":"Assessing decarbonization benefits of transport electrification: A provincial perspective in China","authors":"Xiwang Xiang , Tianduo Peng , Ershun Du , Chenjun Hou , Qin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO<sub>2</sub>) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO<sub>2</sub> in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO<sub>2</sub> (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530
Dong Guk Kang , Kihun An , Yen Hai Thi Tran , Min-Geun Oh , Dung Tien Tuan Vu , Han Bao Nguyen , Do Youb Kim , Koeun Kim , Yoon Sung Lee , Seung-Wan Song
Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF6 salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.
高能密度锂离子电池（LIBs）中含硅阳极和高镍阴极的电解液和界面设计是一个重大挑战，因为它们的界面反应性高，导致性能下降，并且存在安全隐患。利用现有的传统电解液提高电池的安全性依赖于磷腈类阻燃添加剂，但往往牺牲了性能，这迫切需要同时满足性能和安全性的创新电解液解决方案。本文报道了一种为硅基和高镍基lib定制的不燃电解质（NF EL）配方，该配方由甲基（2,2,2-三氟乙基）碳酸酯（FEMC）、1 M LiPF6盐和少量FEC添加剂组成。该电解质配方同时增强了富f物质的固体电解质间相（SEI）和阴极电解质间相（CEI）的稳定性，减少了电池膨胀，抑制了裂缝，并在工业1.2 Ah袋状电池中实现了卓越的长期稳定性，在恶劣条件下（1C, 4.35 V, 45°C） 500次循环后，其容量保持率达到82%。电池的安全性得到了显著提高，热箱测试和抑制中具有优异的热稳定性，加速量热法（ARC）结果中热失控的显著延迟得到了验证。这项工作为安全和高性能的锂离子电池、电动汽车和电动汽车的电解质和界面工程提供了见解。
{"title":"Tuning the electrolyte formulation from flame-retarding to nonflammable for safe and high-performance SiO and high nickel-based cells","authors":"Dong Guk Kang , Kihun An , Yen Hai Thi Tran , Min-Geun Oh , Dung Tien Tuan Vu , Han Bao Nguyen , Do Youb Kim , Koeun Kim , Yoon Sung Lee , Seung-Wan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF<sub>6</sub> salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100530"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100521
Waqas ur Rehman , Siyuan Wang , Liheng Lv , Jonathan W. Kimball , Rui Bo
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and transportation electrification is encumbered by two chief barriers: i) the limited driving range of EVs in the market today and ii) inadequate charging infrastructure support. This paper aims to address the latter bottleneck and proposes a strategic multi-period coordinated planning model to optimally site and size battery energy storage system (BESS) assisted extreme fast charging stations in a highway transportation network and solar systems in a power distribution network. The proposed approach accounts for pre-existing charging stations, the increasing EV penetration levels, decreasing technology costs, and technological advancements in the future and postponing some of the investments. Through the modeling of the spatiotemporal EV charging demand, the transportation and power distribution network coupling, demand charge cost and the integration into mixed integer linear programming framework, this approach optimizes site selection and port sizing across three planning periods. The proposed multi-period planning approach can significantly outperform the conventional forward-myopic method that sequentially solves three separate single-period planning problems. Comprehensive case studies show the proposed planning approach can yield 19 % annual savings in comparison to the benchmark and offer insights to planners regarding the tradeoff between reliability and economics, importance of demand charges reduction, and influence of pre-existing charging stations.
{"title":"Multi-period coordinated planning of XFCS in coupled TN-PDN networks: Integrating demand charge reduction and pre-existing infrastructure","authors":"Waqas ur Rehman , Siyuan Wang , Liheng Lv , Jonathan W. Kimball , Rui Bo","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and transportation electrification is encumbered by two chief barriers: i) the limited driving range of EVs in the market today and ii) inadequate charging infrastructure support. This paper aims to address the latter bottleneck and proposes a strategic multi-period coordinated planning model to optimally site and size battery energy storage system (BESS) assisted extreme fast charging stations in a highway transportation network and solar systems in a power distribution network. The proposed approach accounts for pre-existing charging stations, the increasing EV penetration levels, decreasing technology costs, and technological advancements in the future and postponing some of the investments. Through the modeling of the spatiotemporal EV charging demand, the transportation and power distribution network coupling, demand charge cost and the integration into mixed integer linear programming framework, this approach optimizes site selection and port sizing across three planning periods. The proposed multi-period planning approach can significantly outperform the conventional forward-myopic method that sequentially solves three separate single-period planning problems. Comprehensive case studies show the proposed planning approach can yield 19 % annual savings in comparison to the benchmark and offer insights to planners regarding the tradeoff between reliability and economics, importance of demand charges reduction, and influence of pre-existing charging stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100521"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100534
Yun Wang , YanFeng Hai , Kathryn Coletti , Michael Pien , Zheng Guan , Tianyu Zhang
Unitized reversible fuel cells (RFCs) are superior to individual water electrolyzer and hydrogen fuel cell in terms of cost, space, and volume, which require further advancement for high round-trip efficiency (RTE) in energy storage applications. In this study, we report an RFC based on patterned amphiphilic porous materials, dual-layered cathode catalyst layer, and proton exchange membranes (PEM), which achieves a high RTE that beats the US DOE 2020 status. The amphiphilic porous transport layer (PTL) contains patterned hydrophilic and hydrophobic micro-pathways for liquid water and oxygen transport, respectively, which is fabricated based on sintered Titanium powders using advanced laser patterning. The RFC achieves a record RTE of 52.8 % for fuel cell (FC) mode of power generation under 0.5 A/cm2 and electrolysis cell (EC) mode of hydrogen production under 1 A/cm2. A three-dimensional (3D) RFC model that treats PTL as two distinct domains is established to examine detailed liquid water distribution, showing a low (<15 %) and high (>85 %) liquid water saturation in the PTL in the FC and EC modes under 0.5 and 1 A/cm2, respectively. This study makes major contributions to novel PTL materials, CL fabrication, and RFC modeling for high RTEs.
组合式可逆燃料电池（rfc）在成本、空间和体积上都优于单体水电解槽和氢燃料电池，但在储能应用中要实现高往返效率（RTE）还需进一步发展。在这项研究中，我们报告了一种基于图案化两亲性多孔材料、双层阴极催化剂层和质子交换膜（PEM）的RFC，该RTE达到了超过美国DOE 2020标准的高RTE。两亲性多孔输运层（PTL）分别包含液态水和液态氧输运的亲水和疏水微通道。在0.5 a /cm2的燃料电池（FC）发电模式和1 a /cm2的电解电池（EC）制氢模式下，RFC实现了创纪录的52.8%的RTE。建立了一个三维（3D） RFC模型，将PTL作为两个不同的域来研究详细的液态水分布，显示在0.5和1 A/cm2的FC和EC模式下，PTL中液态水饱和度分别为低（< 15%）和高（> 85%）。本研究对新型PTL材料、CL制造和高rte的RFC建模做出了重大贡献。
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Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100511
Christoph Wellmann , Pekka Rahkola , Sai Santhosh Tota , Mikko Pihlatie , Abdul Rahman Khaleel , Christopher Marx , Akshay Sharma , Markus Eisenbarth , Jakob Andert
Driven by global regulations and the urgent need for a sustainable transition to zero-emission fleets in the transport sector, revolutionizing powertrain systems and their respective development processes have become more and more prevalent. Ambitious goals have been established for the latest public-funded research projects, such as ESCALATE (Powering European Union Net Zero Future by Escalating Zero Emission Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV) and Logistic Intelligence), to increase the efficiency of the powertrain by up to 10% and thus maximize the operational range above 750 km. All of this will be achieved by introducing cost-effective, modular, and scalable electric powertrain components combined with advanced system control algorithms, targeting a broad market coverage with flexible vehicle architectures. In this context, the paper presents a completely virtual frontloading strategy to create a modular and highly integrated e-Axle system, leveraging a dual permanent magnet synchronous machine configuration to improve multiple performance indicators. These are the performance output, in terms of power and torque, system efficiency, and noise-vibration-harshness (NVH) criteria. To allow for an holistic system parametrization, a combined electric machine and transmission synthesis, using an active learning-based, multi-layer nested optimization approach together with a model predictive control strategy for motion and thermal domain has been employed. This development framework is integrating electric machine dimensions and transmission gear ratios as design parameters, as well as thermal actuation and torque as control parameters, to ensure a system right-sizing in a given use-case environment. By including monetary considerations with genetic algorithms, an extension for a powertrain family identification to a complete HDV fleet is facilitated. To demonstrate the feasibility of this framework, a concept assessment and validation has been carried out. The key achievements include a close matching of the defined KPIs, namely the peak wheel torque of 56150 Nm and continuous power of 381 kW – about 2%, respectively 0.2% above the target – and an enhanced peak power capability of 536 kW. In terms of energy efficiency, the multi-stage gear boxes support a well optimized operation in the VECTO long haul cycle, indicating a 40-ton vehicle energy consumption of around 109.7 kWh per 100 km, while the 76-ton variant consumes approximately 204.6 kWh per 100 km. Further the predictive cruise control strategy led to a consumption reduction of about 2.6%–3.4%.
{"title":"Machine-learning integrated multi-domain co-optimization for electrified heavy duty fleets","authors":"Christoph Wellmann , Pekka Rahkola , Sai Santhosh Tota , Mikko Pihlatie , Abdul Rahman Khaleel , Christopher Marx , Akshay Sharma , Markus Eisenbarth , Jakob Andert","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by global regulations and the urgent need for a sustainable transition to zero-emission fleets in the transport sector, revolutionizing powertrain systems and their respective development processes have become more and more prevalent. Ambitious goals have been established for the latest public-funded research projects, such as ESCALATE (Powering European Union Net Zero Future by Escalating Zero Emission Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV) and Logistic Intelligence), to increase the efficiency of the powertrain by up to 10% and thus maximize the operational range above 750 km. All of this will be achieved by introducing cost-effective, modular, and scalable electric powertrain components combined with advanced system control algorithms, targeting a broad market coverage with flexible vehicle architectures. In this context, the paper presents a completely virtual frontloading strategy to create a modular and highly integrated e-Axle system, leveraging a dual permanent magnet synchronous machine configuration to improve multiple performance indicators. These are the performance output, in terms of power and torque, system efficiency, and noise-vibration-harshness (NVH) criteria. To allow for an holistic system parametrization, a combined electric machine and transmission synthesis, using an active learning-based, multi-layer nested optimization approach together with a model predictive control strategy for motion and thermal domain has been employed. This development framework is integrating electric machine dimensions and transmission gear ratios as design parameters, as well as thermal actuation and torque as control parameters, to ensure a system right-sizing in a given use-case environment. By including monetary considerations with genetic algorithms, an extension for a powertrain family identification to a complete HDV fleet is facilitated. To demonstrate the feasibility of this framework, a concept assessment and validation has been carried out. The key achievements include a close matching of the defined KPIs, namely the peak wheel torque of 56150 Nm and continuous power of 381 kW – about 2%, respectively 0.2% above the target – and an enhanced peak power capability of 536 kW. In terms of energy efficiency, the multi-stage gear boxes support a well optimized operation in the VECTO long haul cycle, indicating a 40-ton vehicle energy consumption of around 109.7 kWh per 100 km, while the 76-ton variant consumes approximately 204.6 kWh per 100 km. Further the predictive cruise control strategy led to a consumption reduction of about 2.6%–3.4%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145537511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525
Shengyu Tao, Changfu Zou
Internal battery failures often unfold silently, long before any surface signal gives them away, which remains a limitation that has constrained safety engineering for decades. Chen et al.’s recent Nature study breaks this impasse by embedding wireless, ultra-thin sensors directly inside commercial lithium-ion cells, capturing strain and thermal precursors that typically remain invisible until it is too late. In this Commentary, we argue that this work marks a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive battery safety intelligence by enabling autonomous awareness, alert and action. It compels a rethinking of battery management across four dimensions: the need for adaptive data interpretation to handle signal heterogeneity (resulted from different chemistries and operation conditions); the transition of BMS from passive monitoring to proactive maintenance before critical failure onsets; the evolution toward digitalized, distributed, cyber-physical BMS architectures; and the pursuit of other novel silent signals (such as gas signals) for deeper battery degradation insights. Ultimately, the widespread impact of the proposed wireless internal sensing hinges on cost-effective integration at scale and further integration of multiplex internal information fusion and decoupling, paving the way for intrinsically safer, self-aware battery systems in the electrified future.
{"title":"Listening to silent signals: Wireless internal sensing redefines battery safety intelligence","authors":"Shengyu Tao, Changfu Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal battery failures often unfold silently, long before any surface signal gives them away, which remains a limitation that has constrained safety engineering for decades. Chen et al.’s recent Nature study breaks this impasse by embedding wireless, ultra-thin sensors directly inside commercial lithium-ion cells, capturing strain and thermal precursors that typically remain invisible until it is too late. In this Commentary, we argue that this work marks a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive battery safety intelligence by enabling autonomous awareness, alert and action. It compels a rethinking of battery management across four dimensions: the need for adaptive data interpretation to handle signal heterogeneity (resulted from different chemistries and operation conditions); the transition of BMS from passive monitoring to proactive maintenance before critical failure onsets; the evolution toward digitalized, distributed, cyber-physical BMS architectures; and the pursuit of other novel silent signals (such as gas signals) for deeper battery degradation insights. Ultimately, the widespread impact of the proposed wireless internal sensing hinges on cost-effective integration at scale and further integration of multiplex internal information fusion and decoupling, paving the way for intrinsically safer, self-aware battery systems in the electrified future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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