首页 > 最新文献

Etransportation最新文献

英文 中文
High flame retardant composite phase change materials with triphenyl phosphate for thermal safety system of power battery module 用于动力电池模块热安全系统的磷酸三苯酯高阻燃复合相变材料
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100325
Wensheng Yang , Canbing Li , Xinxi Li , Hewu Wang , Jian Deng , Tieqiang Fu , Yunjun Luo , Yan Wang , Kunlong Xue , Guoqing Zhang , Dequan Zhou , Yaoxiang Du , Xuxiong Li

The thermal safety of battery pack has attracted much attention accompany with the growth in electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. Although various battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are investigated by many research, the thermal runaway propagation (TRP) of battery packs under extremely abused conditions is just at the level of structural design and theoretical model. How to explore an innovative technology to improve the integrated thermal safety including the BTMS and TRP is still a great challenge. In this study, a multifunctional flame-retardant paraffin (PA)/styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/expanded graphite (EG)/methylphenyl silicone resin (MPS)/triphenyl phosphate (TPP) composite phase change material (PSEMT) has successfully prepared. Besides, it has applied in 26650 ternary power battery modules. When the proportion of MPS and TPP is 1:2, the experimental results reveal that PSEMT possesses high thermal stability, and excellent flame-retardant properties owing to synergistic flame-retardant effect with phosphorus and silicon. Further, the cylindrical 26650 battery module with PSEMT exhibits optimum thermal management performance. Even at 2C discharge rate after ten cycles, the maximum operating temperature of battery module can still be maintained below 50 °C, and the maximum temperature difference is controlled within 4.6 °C. Additionally, it displays an excellent thermal runaway suppression through triggering by multiple heat sources. What's more, the battery with PSEMT can suppress the peak temperature and delay the occurrence time of thermal runaway. Therefore, it can be induced that the battery module with PSEMT can effectively avoid heat accumulation and significantly reduce its thermal safety risk. This study offers a new solution with promising prospects from the perspectives of energy storage and EVs, for balancing the temperature inconsistencies in batteries and suppressing thermal runaway in the battery packs.

近年来,随着电动汽车(EV)的发展,电池组的热安全问题备受关注。虽然各种电池热管理系统(BTMS)已被大量研究,但电池组在极端滥用条件下的热失控传播(TRP)问题还只是停留在结构设计和理论模型层面。如何探索一种创新技术来提高包括 BTMS 和 TRP 在内的综合热安全性,仍然是一个巨大的挑战。本研究成功制备了一种多功能阻燃石蜡(PA)/苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(SBS)/膨胀石墨(EG)/甲基苯基硅树脂(MPS)/磷酸三苯酯(TPP)复合相变材料(PSEMT)。此外,它还应用于 26650 三元动力电池模块。实验结果表明,当 MPS 和 TPP 的比例为 1:2 时,PSEMT 具有较高的热稳定性,同时由于磷和硅的协同阻燃效应,PSEMT 还具有优异的阻燃性能。此外,采用 PSEMT 的圆柱形 26650 电池模块具有最佳的热管理性能。即使在十次循环后以 2C 放电率放电,电池模块的最高工作温度仍能保持在 50°C 以下,最大温差控制在 4.6°C 以内。此外,通过多个热源的触发,它还能很好地抑制热失控。此外,带有 PSEMT 的电池还能抑制峰值温度,延迟热失控的发生时间。因此,可以推断出采用 PSEMT 的电池模块可以有效避免热累积,并显著降低其热安全风险。这项研究从储能和电动汽车的角度,为平衡电池的温度不一致性和抑制电池组的热失控提供了一种新的解决方案,具有广阔的前景。
{"title":"High flame retardant composite phase change materials with triphenyl phosphate for thermal safety system of power battery module","authors":"Wensheng Yang ,&nbsp;Canbing Li ,&nbsp;Xinxi Li ,&nbsp;Hewu Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Deng ,&nbsp;Tieqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Yunjun Luo ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Kunlong Xue ,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dequan Zhou ,&nbsp;Yaoxiang Du ,&nbsp;Xuxiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal safety of battery pack has attracted much attention accompany with the growth in electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. Although various battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are investigated by many research, the thermal runaway propagation (TRP) of battery packs under extremely abused conditions is just at the level of structural design and theoretical model. How to explore an innovative technology to improve the integrated thermal safety including the BTMS and TRP is still a great challenge. In this study, a multifunctional flame-retardant paraffin (PA)/styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/expanded graphite (EG)/methylphenyl silicone resin (MPS)/triphenyl phosphate (TPP) composite phase change material (PSEMT) has successfully prepared. Besides, it has applied in 26650 ternary power battery modules. When the proportion of MPS and TPP is 1:2, the experimental results reveal that PSEMT possesses high thermal stability, and excellent flame-retardant properties owing to synergistic flame-retardant effect with phosphorus and silicon. Further, the cylindrical 26650 battery module with PSEMT exhibits optimum thermal management performance. Even at 2C discharge rate after ten cycles, the maximum operating temperature of battery module can still be maintained below 50 °C, and the maximum temperature difference is controlled within 4.6 °C. Additionally, it displays an excellent thermal runaway suppression through triggering by multiple heat sources. What's more, the battery with PSEMT can suppress the peak temperature and delay the occurrence time of thermal runaway. Therefore, it can be induced that the battery module with PSEMT can effectively avoid heat accumulation and significantly reduce its thermal safety risk. This study offers a new solution with promising prospects from the perspectives of energy storage and EVs, for balancing the temperature inconsistencies in batteries and suppressing thermal runaway in the battery packs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140067405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring the electrochemical and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries in salt spray environments 探索盐雾环境下锂离子电池的电化学和机械特性
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100324
Jiaying Chen , Binqi Li , Jianping Li , You Gao , Zhiwei Hao , Lubing Wang

With the pressing need to expedite the transition toward a greener marine industry, energy-efficient and eco-friendly lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly favored. However, compared to land applications, marine environments pose unique challenges to the utilization of LIBs, thereby necessitating targeted safety measures. In this study, prismatic LIBs (PLIBs) are subjected to standard salt spray tests to emulate marine environments, and the resultant morphological changes and external voltage response of the batteries under the corrosion behavior are analyzed. Subsequently, the impacts of the salt spray environment on the electrochemical performance of PLIBs are assessed through a range of characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test. Finally, quasi-static ball indentation tests are carried out on the corroded batteries to study the behaviors under mechanical abusive loading scenarios. Results reveal that the most prominent effect of the salt spray environment on the batteries is the occurrence of swelling, attributable to the imperfect sealing of the battery tabs. This study represents an innovative exploration of the viability of LIBs in the marine environments, providing fundamental theoretical guidance for early detection of battery corrosion and collision risks, as well as facilitating protective design considerations.

随着加快向绿色海洋产业转型的迫切需要,高能效、环保型锂离子电池(LIB)越来越受到青睐。然而,与陆地应用相比,海洋环境给锂离子电池的使用带来了独特的挑战,因此必须采取有针对性的安全措施。在本研究中,对棱柱形锂离子电池(PLIBs)进行了标准盐雾试验,以模拟海洋环境,并分析了腐蚀行为下电池的形态变化和外部电压响应。随后,通过一系列表征技术,包括扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电化学阻抗光谱(EIS)和充放电测试,评估了盐雾环境对 PLIB 电化学性能的影响。最后,还对腐蚀电池进行了准静态球压痕测试,以研究其在机械滥用加载情况下的行为。结果表明,盐雾环境对电池最突出的影响是发生膨胀,这归因于电池片的密封不完善。这项研究对锂电池在海洋环境中的可行性进行了创新性探索,为早期检测电池腐蚀和碰撞风险提供了基本理论指导,并有助于保护性设计方面的考虑。
{"title":"Exploring the electrochemical and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries in salt spray environments","authors":"Jiaying Chen ,&nbsp;Binqi Li ,&nbsp;Jianping Li ,&nbsp;You Gao ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Hao ,&nbsp;Lubing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the pressing need to expedite the transition toward a greener marine industry, energy-efficient and eco-friendly lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly favored. However, compared to land applications, marine environments pose unique challenges to the utilization of LIBs, thereby necessitating targeted safety measures. In this study, prismatic LIBs (PLIBs) are subjected to standard salt spray tests to emulate marine environments, and the resultant morphological changes and external voltage response of the batteries under the corrosion behavior are analyzed. Subsequently, the impacts of the salt spray environment on the electrochemical performance of PLIBs are assessed through a range of characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test. Finally, quasi-static ball indentation tests are carried out on the corroded batteries to study the behaviors under mechanical abusive loading scenarios. Results reveal that the most prominent effect of the salt spray environment on the batteries is the occurrence of swelling, attributable to the imperfect sealing of the battery tabs. This study represents an innovative exploration of the viability of LIBs in the marine environments, providing fundamental theoretical guidance for early detection of battery corrosion and collision risks, as well as facilitating protective design considerations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140057513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multi- forword-step state of charge prediction for real-world electric vehicles battery systems using a novel LSTM-GRU hybrid neural network 使用新型 LSTM-GRU 混合神经网络预测真实世界电动汽车电池系统的多步充电状态
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100322
Jichao Hong , Fengwei Liang , Haixu Yang , Chi Zhang , Xinyang Zhang , Huaqin Zhang , Wei Wang , Kerui Li , Jingsong Yang

Battery state-of-charge (SOC) is an evaluation metric for the electric vehicles' remaining driving range and one of the main monitoring parameters for battery management systems. However, there are rarely data-driven studies on multi-step prediction of battery SOC, which cannot accurately provide and realize electric vehicle remaining driving range prediction and SOC safety pre-warning. Therefore, this study aims to perform SOC multi-forward-step prediction for real-world vehicle battery system by a novel hybrid long short-term memory and gate recurrent unit (LSTM-GRU) neural network. The paper firstly analyses the characteristics of correlation analysis and adopts similarity metric method to reduce the parameter dimensionality for the input neural network. Then the advantages between LSTM-GRU, LSTM, GRU, and long short-term memory and convolutional neural network (LSTM-CNN) are analyzed by comparing experimental and real-world vehicle data, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated. In addition, the proposed method robustness is verified by adding noise data to the input parameters. In this study, the prediction results were validated with real-world vehicle data in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the proposed method achieved a minimum MAPE and MAE of 1.03% and 0.73 for summer conditions, while the minimum standard deviation of prediction was 0.06% for experimental conditions. The research process shows that the method has high accuracy when applied to large data and is expected to be applied to real-world vehicle battery system SOC multi-forward-step prediction in the future.

电池充电状态(SOC)是电动汽车剩余行驶里程的评估指标,也是电池管理系统的主要监测参数之一。然而,目前很少有数据驱动的电池 SOC 多步预测研究,无法准确提供和实现电动汽车剩余行驶里程预测和 SOC 安全预警。因此,本研究旨在通过新型混合长短期记忆和门递归单元(LSTM-GRU)神经网络,对真实世界的汽车电池系统进行 SOC 多前向预测。本文首先分析了相关性分析的特点,并采用相似性度量方法降低了输入神经网络的参数维度。然后,通过对比实验数据和实际车辆数据,分析了 LSTM-GRU、LSTM、GRU 和长短期记忆卷积神经网络(LSTM-CNN)之间的优势,并证明了所提方法的有效性和准确性。此外,通过在输入参数中添加噪声数据,验证了所提出方法的鲁棒性。在这项研究中,预测结果通过春、夏、秋、冬四季的实际车辆数据进行了验证,在夏季工况下,所提出方法的最小 MAPE 和 MAE 分别为 1.03% 和 0.73,而在实验工况下,预测的最小标准偏差为 0.06%。研究过程表明,该方法在应用于大数据时具有较高的准确性,有望在未来应用于实际车辆电池系统 SOC 多前向步骤预测。
{"title":"Multi- forword-step state of charge prediction for real-world electric vehicles battery systems using a novel LSTM-GRU hybrid neural network","authors":"Jichao Hong ,&nbsp;Fengwei Liang ,&nbsp;Haixu Yang ,&nbsp;Chi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Huaqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Kerui Li ,&nbsp;Jingsong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Battery state-of-charge (SOC) is an evaluation metric for the electric vehicles' remaining driving range and one of the main monitoring parameters for battery management systems. However, there are rarely data-driven studies on multi-step prediction of battery SOC, which cannot accurately provide and realize electric vehicle remaining driving range prediction and SOC safety pre-warning. Therefore, this study aims to perform SOC multi-forward-step prediction for real-world vehicle battery system by a novel hybrid long short-term memory and gate recurrent unit (LSTM-GRU) neural network. The paper firstly analyses the characteristics of correlation analysis and adopts similarity metric method to reduce the parameter dimensionality for the input neural network. Then the advantages between LSTM-GRU, LSTM, GRU, and long short-term memory and convolutional neural network (LSTM-CNN) are analyzed by comparing experimental and real-world vehicle data, and the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated. In addition, the proposed method robustness is verified by adding noise data to the input parameters. In this study, the prediction results were validated with real-world vehicle data in spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the proposed method achieved a minimum MAPE and MAE of 1.03% and 0.73 for summer conditions, while the minimum standard deviation of prediction was 0.06% for experimental conditions. The research process shows that the method has high accuracy when applied to large data and is expected to be applied to real-world vehicle battery system SOC multi-forward-step prediction in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140030197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low voltage grid resilience: Evaluating electric vehicle charging strategies in the context of the grid development plan Germany 低压电网恢复能力:评估电网发展计划背景下的电动汽车充电策略 德国
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100323
Ricardo Reibsch , Jakob Gemassmer , Tabea Katerbau

The ongoing transition to decentralized renewable energy sources and sector-coupled consumers is reshaping the energy system. Changes at lower grid levels can stress lines and transformers. Crucial for a successful local energy transition are grid relief measures. Battery electric vehicles contribute to higher loads on grid equipment but also offer flexibility. This paper assesses the influence of four different charging strategies for battery electric vehicles across five representative low-voltage grids based on the grid development plan in Germany for the years 2021, 2037, and 2045. Results indicate that grid stress, specifically capacity stress, will emerge by 2037 and 2045. Decentralized photovoltaic systems are the primary contributors to this stress due to high simultaneous generation. Up to nearly 20 % of photovoltaic power may need to be curtailed in 2045, especially in rural grids during the summer, to prevent overloads.

Charging strategies linked to wholesale power market prices can inadvertently lead to higher consumption-induced grid overloads, necessitating the consideration of local grid restrictions. Implementing grid-friendly charging strategies, such as reduced charging power or alignment with local photovoltaic production, can mitigate those grid overloads from almost 8 % down to 0.11 %. However, these charging strategies have limited impact on photovoltaic-induced overloads due to the low number of connected battery electric vehicles during the day.

In summary, appropriate charging strategies can ease low-voltage grid stress and are suitable measures to manage the challenges of decentralized energy transition and battery-electric vehicle adoption.

向分散式可再生能源和部门耦合用户的持续过渡正在重塑能源系统。低层电网的变化会对线路和变压器造成压力。电网缓解措施对于地方能源转型的成功至关重要。电池电动汽车增加了电网设备的负荷,但也提供了灵活性。本文根据德国 2021 年、2037 年和 2045 年的电网发展规划,评估了四种不同的电池电动汽车充电策略对五个代表性低压电网的影响。结果表明,到 2037 年和 2045 年将出现电网压力,特别是容量压力。由于同时发电量大,分散式光伏系统是造成这种压力的主要因素。到 2045 年,多达近 20% 的光伏发电量可能需要削减,尤其是在夏季的农村电网,以防止过载。
{"title":"Low voltage grid resilience: Evaluating electric vehicle charging strategies in the context of the grid development plan Germany","authors":"Ricardo Reibsch ,&nbsp;Jakob Gemassmer ,&nbsp;Tabea Katerbau","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ongoing transition to decentralized renewable energy sources and sector-coupled consumers is reshaping the energy system. Changes at lower grid levels can stress lines and transformers. Crucial for a successful local energy transition are grid relief measures. Battery electric vehicles contribute to higher loads on grid equipment but also offer flexibility. This paper assesses the influence of four different charging strategies for battery electric vehicles across five representative low-voltage grids based on the grid development plan in Germany for the years 2021, 2037, and 2045. Results indicate that grid stress, specifically capacity stress, will emerge by 2037 and 2045. Decentralized photovoltaic systems are the primary contributors to this stress due to high simultaneous generation. Up to nearly 20<!--> <!-->% of photovoltaic power may need to be curtailed in 2045, especially in rural grids during the summer, to prevent overloads.</p><p>Charging strategies linked to wholesale power market prices can inadvertently lead to higher consumption-induced grid overloads, necessitating the consideration of local grid restrictions. Implementing grid-friendly charging strategies, such as reduced charging power or alignment with local photovoltaic production, can mitigate those grid overloads from almost 8<!--> <!-->% down to 0.11<!--> <!-->%. However, these charging strategies have limited impact on photovoltaic-induced overloads due to the low number of connected battery electric vehicles during the day.</p><p>In summary, appropriate charging strategies can ease low-voltage grid stress and are suitable measures to manage the challenges of decentralized energy transition and battery-electric vehicle adoption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000134/pdfft?md5=be82a6b87cd4c102e71947b7adc55947&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000134-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140011361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of graphite recovery: A review 从石墨回收角度看废锂离子电池的再循环:综述
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100320
Zhen Shang , Wenhao Yu , Jiahui Zhou , Xia Zhou , Zhiyuan Zeng , Rabigul Tursun , Xuegang Liu , Shengming Xu

Given the exponential increase in the number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric cars and the sizeable quantity of waste produced at the end of their lifespans, efficient recycling of used lithium-ion batteries offers tremendous promise for practical application. While considerable efforts have been devoted to the recycling of cathode materials and other valuable components in spent lithium-ion batteries, sufficient attention has not been directed towards the spent anode graphite. Given the risks associated with limited resource supply and environmental pressure, the regeneration of spent graphite anodes from electric vehicle batteries has become a critical issue. As a preferred option, the direct regeneration strategy has been innovatively proposed to recover targeted graphite materials. To better comprehend this topic, three types of graphite are highlighted and categorized based on the source of the LIBs. Their special features, advantages, and challenges are also summarized and evaluated. More significantly, it is anticipated that the outcomes of this work could emphasize the importance of graphite recycling in the overall recycling of the spent lithium-ion battery industry.

鉴于电动汽车中使用的锂离子电池(LIB)数量呈指数级增长,且在其使用寿命结束时会产生大量废弃物,因此对废旧锂离子电池进行高效回收利用具有巨大的实际应用前景。虽然人们在回收废旧锂离子电池中的正极材料和其他有价值的成分方面做出了巨大努力,但对废旧负极石墨的关注还不够。鉴于有限的资源供应和环境压力所带来的风险,电动汽车电池废石墨负极的再生已成为一个关键问题。作为首选方案,人们创新性地提出了直接再生战略,以回收目标石墨材料。为了更好地理解这一主题,本文重点介绍了三种类型的石墨,并根据 LIB 的来源进行了分类。此外,还对它们的特点、优势和挑战进行了总结和评估。更重要的是,预计这项工作的成果将强调石墨回收在废锂离子电池行业整体回收中的重要性。
{"title":"Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of graphite recovery: A review","authors":"Zhen Shang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Yu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Zhou ,&nbsp;Xia Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Rabigul Tursun ,&nbsp;Xuegang Liu ,&nbsp;Shengming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given the exponential increase in the number of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric cars and the sizeable quantity of waste produced at the end of their lifespans, efficient recycling of used lithium-ion batteries offers tremendous promise for practical application. While considerable efforts have been devoted to the recycling of cathode materials and other valuable components in spent lithium-ion batteries, sufficient attention has not been directed towards the spent anode graphite. Given the risks associated with limited resource supply and environmental pressure, the regeneration of spent graphite anodes from electric vehicle batteries has become a critical issue. As a preferred option, the direct regeneration strategy has been innovatively proposed to recover targeted graphite materials. To better comprehend this topic, three types of graphite are highlighted and categorized based on the source of the LIBs. Their special features, advantages, and challenges are also summarized and evaluated. More significantly, it is anticipated that the outcomes of this work could emphasize the importance of graphite recycling in the overall recycling of the spent lithium-ion battery industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139966185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental determinations of thermophysical parameters for lithium-ion batteries: A systematic review 锂离子电池热物理参数的实验测定:系统回顾
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100321
Jinghe Shi , Hengyun Zhang , Hong Yu , Yidong Xu , Shen Xu , Lei Sheng , Xuning Feng , Xiaolin Wang

Thermophysical parameters, including the specific heat and thermal conductivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are the key parameters for the design of battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles. The evaluations of internal temperature distribution and even the thermal safety characteristics of the batteries depend highly on these thermophysical parameters under either live operation or repose condition. In this paper, the experimental studies of the specific heat and thermal conductivity of LIBs are reviewed and discussed. This review classifies the experimental studies into ex-situ and in-situ measurements. The ex-situ measurements, based on the dissection of the battery, may differ from realistic scenarios and thus the obtained parameters may not be fully applicable for thermal prediction of practical battery systems. Contrarily, in-situ measurements better represent the realistic characteristics without dismantling the battery, which can be further categorized into weighted average method, heat flow method, dedicated equipment including accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), calibration calorimeter in insulation, self-made calorimeter method, and so on. Due to the short test time and good size adaptability, unsteady-state in-situ measurement techniques, including the calibration calorimeter and quasi-steady state techniques, are becoming the promising research directions in the future, especially for the simultaneous determination of multiple thermal parameters. The large data scatterings are pointed out based on the existing results, and the underlying mechanisms are scrutinized. To guarantee measurement accuracy, it is indispensable to calibrate the heat loss and benchmark with standard sample tests together with rigorous uncertainty analysis. The thermophysical parameters should be determined under different temperatures, states of charge (SOC) and aging conditions to enable accurate prediction of temperature profiles and degradation for LIBs with ever increasing energy density and safety risk.

热物理参数,包括锂离子电池(LIB)的比热和热导率,是设计电动汽车电池热管理系统的关键参数。对电池内部温度分布乃至热安全特性的评估在很大程度上取决于这些热物理参数在带电运行或静置状态下的影响。本文回顾并讨论了有关锂离子电池比热和热导率的实验研究。本综述将实验研究分为原位测量和原位测量。原位测量基于对电池的解剖,可能与实际情况不同,因此获得的参数可能并不完全适用于实际电池系统的热预测。相比之下,原位测量能在不拆卸电池的情况下更好地反映实际特性,可进一步分为加权平均法、热流法、专用设备(包括加速速率量热仪 (ARC))、绝缘校准量热仪、自制量热仪方法等。由于测试时间短、尺寸适应性强,包括校准量热计和准稳态技术在内的非稳态原位测量技术正在成为未来有前景的研究方向,尤其是在同时测定多个热参数方面。在现有成果的基础上,指出了数据的巨大散差,并对其背后的机理进行了深入研究。为保证测量精度,必须对热损失进行校准,并通过标准样品测试和严格的不确定性分析来确定基准。应在不同温度、充电状态(SOC)和老化条件下测定热物理参数,以便准确预测能量密度和安全风险不断增加的锂电池的温度曲线和降解情况。
{"title":"Experimental determinations of thermophysical parameters for lithium-ion batteries: A systematic review","authors":"Jinghe Shi ,&nbsp;Hengyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Yu ,&nbsp;Yidong Xu ,&nbsp;Shen Xu ,&nbsp;Lei Sheng ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermophysical parameters, including the specific heat and thermal conductivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are the key parameters for the design of battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles. The evaluations of internal temperature distribution and even the thermal safety characteristics of the batteries depend highly on these thermophysical parameters under either live operation or repose condition. In this paper, the experimental studies of the specific heat and thermal conductivity of LIBs are reviewed and discussed. This review classifies the experimental studies into ex-situ and in-situ measurements. The ex-situ measurements, based on the dissection of the battery, may differ from realistic scenarios and thus the obtained parameters may not be fully applicable for thermal prediction of practical battery systems. Contrarily, in-situ measurements better represent the realistic characteristics without dismantling the battery, which can be further categorized into weighted average method, heat flow method, dedicated equipment including accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), calibration calorimeter in insulation, self-made calorimeter method, and so on. Due to the short test time and good size adaptability, unsteady-state in-situ measurement techniques, including the calibration calorimeter and quasi-steady state techniques, are becoming the promising research directions in the future, especially for the simultaneous determination of multiple thermal parameters. The large data scatterings are pointed out based on the existing results, and the underlying mechanisms are scrutinized. To guarantee measurement accuracy, it is indispensable to calibrate the heat loss and benchmark with standard sample tests together with rigorous uncertainty analysis. The thermophysical parameters should be determined under different temperatures, states of charge (SOC) and aging conditions to enable accurate prediction of temperature profiles and degradation for LIBs with ever increasing energy density and safety risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139917744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Solid electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries 用于全固态充电电池的固体电解质膜
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100319
Nini Zhang , Xiaolei Zhao , Gaozhan Liu , Zhe Peng , Jinghua Wu , Mingyang Men , Xiayin Yao

All-solid-state lithium batteries employing solid electrolyte instead of organic liquid electrolyte and separator have been regarded as one of the most favorable candidates for next generation energy storage devices due to their unparalleled safety and energy density. Recently, significant progresses have been made on developing suitable solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries with high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and favorable electrode compatibility. Nevertheless, owing to the brittle nature of inorganic solid electrolytes and limited mechanic property of solid polymer electrolytes, the typical thickness of solid electrolyte layers is excessively thick, which prevents further enhancing the energy density of all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. In this short review, we summary recent research progresses on solid electrolyte membranes based on wet coating, frame support and dry film methods. In particular, the critical parameters such as thickness, conductivity and mechanical property are discussed in detail. Finally, the future development directions of the solid electrolyte membranes are proposed.

采用固态电解质代替有机液态电解质和隔膜的全固态锂电池因其无与伦比的安全性和能量密度,已被视为下一代储能设备最有利的候选材料之一。最近,在为全固态锂电池开发具有高离子电导率、宽电化学窗口和良好电极兼容性的合适固体电解质方面取得了重大进展。然而,由于无机固态电解质的脆性和固态聚合物电解质的有限力学性能,固态电解质层的厚度通常过厚,这阻碍了全固态充电电池能量密度的进一步提高。在这篇简短的综述中,我们总结了基于湿涂层、框架支撑和干膜方法的固体电解质膜的最新研究进展。特别是详细讨论了厚度、电导率和机械性能等关键参数。最后,提出了固体电解质膜的未来发展方向。
{"title":"Solid electrolyte membranes for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries","authors":"Nini Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Zhao ,&nbsp;Gaozhan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhe Peng ,&nbsp;Jinghua Wu ,&nbsp;Mingyang Men ,&nbsp;Xiayin Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>All-solid-state lithium batteries employing solid electrolyte instead of organic liquid electrolyte and separator have been regarded as one of the most favorable candidates for next generation energy storage devices due to their unparalleled safety and energy density. Recently, significant progresses have been made on developing suitable solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries with high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and favorable electrode compatibility. Nevertheless, owing to the brittle nature of inorganic solid electrolytes and limited mechanic property of solid polymer electrolytes, the typical thickness of solid electrolyte layers is excessively thick, which prevents further enhancing the energy density of all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. In this short review, we summary recent research progresses on solid electrolyte membranes based on wet coating, frame support and dry film methods. In particular, the critical parameters such as thickness, conductivity and mechanical property are discussed in detail. Finally, the future development directions of the solid electrolyte membranes are proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139917742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Performance investigation of electric vehicle thermal management system with thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery systems 带有热能储存和余热回收系统的电动汽车热管理系统性能调查
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100317
Jangpyo Hong , Jaeho Song , Ukmin Han , Hyuntae Kim , Hongseok Choi , Hoseong Lee

This study investigates the electric vehicle thermal management system performance, utilizing thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery, in response to the imperative shift toward carbon-free electric vehicles to overcome the challenge of low energy efficiency in the thermal management system. The heat generation according to the electrical load on the battery was calculated based on experimental data. The thermal performances of the cabin, power electronic thermal management, and battery thermal management system were explored under various operating conditions at different ambient temperatures. A fully charged thermal energy storage system, including low- and high-temperature phase change materials and waste heat recovery systems, was applied in summer and winter. The total energy consumption for cooling and heating saved to a maximum of 65.9 % in summer and 26.2 % in winter. The mileage extension rate was calculated by distributing the power demand according to the vehicle exterior and motor performance of the battery. Thus, by directly saving the thermal parasitic electrical energy and using it to extend the driving mileage, the electric vehicle achieved a mileage extension of 24.2 % in summer and 18.6 % in winter.

本研究利用热能储存和废热回收技术研究了电动汽车热管理系统的性能,以应对电动汽车向无碳化转变的迫切需要,克服热管理系统能效低的挑战。根据实验数据计算了电池电负荷所产生的热量。在不同环境温度下的各种工作条件下,探索了座舱、电力电子热管理和电池热管理系统的热性能。在夏季和冬季应用了一个充满电的热能存储系统,包括低温和高温相变材料以及废热回收系统。夏季制冷和供暖的总能耗最高节省了 65.9%,冬季节省了 26.2%。里程延长率是根据车辆外观和电池的电机性能来分配电力需求计算得出的。因此,通过直接节省热寄生电能并将其用于延长行驶里程,电动汽车在夏季和冬季分别实现了 24.2% 和 18.6% 的里程延长。
{"title":"Performance investigation of electric vehicle thermal management system with thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery systems","authors":"Jangpyo Hong ,&nbsp;Jaeho Song ,&nbsp;Ukmin Han ,&nbsp;Hyuntae Kim ,&nbsp;Hongseok Choi ,&nbsp;Hoseong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the electric vehicle thermal management system performance, utilizing thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery, in response to the imperative shift toward carbon-free electric vehicles to overcome the challenge of low energy efficiency in the thermal management system. The heat generation according to the electrical load on the battery was calculated based on experimental data. The thermal performances of the cabin, power electronic thermal management, and battery thermal management system were explored under various operating conditions at different ambient temperatures. A fully charged thermal energy storage system, including low- and high-temperature phase change materials and waste heat recovery systems, was applied in summer and winter. The total energy consumption for cooling and heating saved to a maximum of 65.9 % in summer and 26.2 % in winter. The mileage extension rate was calculated by distributing the power demand according to the vehicle exterior and motor performance of the battery. Thus, by directly saving the thermal parasitic electrical energy and using it to extend the driving mileage, the electric vehicle achieved a mileage extension of 24.2 % in summer and 18.6 % in winter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139744439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sulfonylimide based single lithium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes boosting high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries 基于磺酰亚胺的单一锂离子导电聚合物电解质促进高安全性和高能量密度锂电池的发展
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100318
Chaojie Chen , Zulei Li , Xiaofan Du , Qian Zhou , Pengxian Han , Guanglei Cui

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) have received much attention due to their excellent Li+ transference numbers, which can effectively reduce the concentration gradient and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, sulfonimide based SICPEs with superior ionic conductivity have become the most widely studied SICPEs by virtue of their highly delocalized anions and diverse molecular designability. In this review, the molecular design of sulfonimide based SICPEs is summarized in terms of anionic groups and polymer backbones of SICPEs. Then, the potential influence of SICPEs on battery safety is discussed from electrolyte level and interface level, respectively. It is believed that the battery safety and interface compatibility need to be given sufficient attention for SICPEs, in addition to the ion conductivity and Li+ transference number. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on SICPEs, which can pave a new pathway for the high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries.

单离子导电聚合物电解质(SICPEs)因其出色的锂+转移数量,可有效降低浓度梯度并抑制锂枝晶的生长而备受关注。近来,磺酰亚胺基 SICPE 凭借其高度去局域化的阴离子和多样化的分子设计能力,成为研究最为广泛的 SICPE,具有卓越的离子传导性。本综述从 SICPE 的阴离子基团和聚合物骨架两方面概述了磺酰亚胺基 SICPE 的分子设计。然后,分别从电解质层面和界面层面讨论了 SICPE 对电池安全性的潜在影响。我们认为,对于 SICPE 而言,除了离子导电性和 Li+ 传递数之外,电池安全性和界面兼容性也需要引起足够的重视。希望这篇综述能启发人们对 SICPE 进行更深入的思考,从而为高安全性和高能量密度锂电池铺平一条新的道路。
{"title":"Sulfonylimide based single lithium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes boosting high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries","authors":"Chaojie Chen ,&nbsp;Zulei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaofan Du ,&nbsp;Qian Zhou ,&nbsp;Pengxian Han ,&nbsp;Guanglei Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) have received much attention due to their excellent Li<sup>+</sup> transference numbers, which can effectively reduce the concentration gradient and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, sulfonimide based SICPEs with superior ionic conductivity have become the most widely studied SICPEs by virtue of their highly delocalized anions and diverse molecular designability. In this review, the molecular design of sulfonimide based SICPEs is summarized in terms of anionic groups and polymer backbones of SICPEs. Then, the potential influence of SICPEs on battery safety is discussed from electrolyte level and interface level, respectively. It is believed that the battery safety and interface compatibility need to be given sufficient attention for SICPEs, in addition to the ion conductivity and Li<sup>+</sup> transference number. It is hoped that this review can inspire a deeper consideration on SICPEs, which can pave a new pathway for the high-safety and high-energy-density lithium batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantifying the impact of V2X operation on electric vehicle battery degradation: An experimental evaluation 量化 V2X 操作对电动汽车电池退化的影响:实验评估
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100316
Jingyu Gong , David Wasylowski , Jan Figgener , Stephan Bihn , Fabian Rücker , Florian Ringbeck , Dirk Uwe Sauer

To further boost electric vehicle adoption, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology, including Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, has gained prominence. However, a prevailing concern of owners pertains to the potential acceleration of battery aging associated with V2X deployments. In response to these concerns, this paper presents a systematic approach to quantify EV battery degradation across various charging strategies. We conduct meticulous battery aging experiments under designed conditions reflecting the characteristics of real-world driving and V2X applications. Furthermore, a comprehensive parameter study is carried out to explore the intricate relationships between V2X applications and battery degradation. Our experimental results show that the aging spread between all V2X and reference scenarios of 3.09% SOH after 20 months is lower than the spread caused by cell-to-cell manufacturing variation under identical conditions reported in the literature. The results of the parameter study reveal that adopting V2X applications, in addition to primary mobility prospects, does not significantly increase battery degradation and can even reduce capacity loss compared to the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy if properly configured.

为了进一步推动电动汽车的普及,车对物(V2X)技术,包括车对家(V2H)和车对电网(V2G)应用,已变得越来越重要。然而,车主普遍担心 V2X 部署可能会加速电池老化。针对这些问题,本文提出了一种系统方法来量化各种充电策略下的电动汽车电池老化。我们在反映真实世界驾驶和 V2X 应用特点的设计条件下进行了细致的电池老化实验。此外,我们还进行了全面的参数研究,以探索 V2X 应用与电池老化之间错综复杂的关系。实验结果表明,在 20 个月后,所有 V2X 场景和参考场景之间的老化差值为 3.09% SOH,低于文献报道的相同条件下电池制造差异造成的差值。参数研究结果表明,与传统的不可控充电策略相比,除了主要的移动性前景外,采用 V2X 应用不会显著增加电池老化,如果配置得当,甚至可以减少容量损失。
{"title":"Quantifying the impact of V2X operation on electric vehicle battery degradation: An experimental evaluation","authors":"Jingyu Gong ,&nbsp;David Wasylowski ,&nbsp;Jan Figgener ,&nbsp;Stephan Bihn ,&nbsp;Fabian Rücker ,&nbsp;Florian Ringbeck ,&nbsp;Dirk Uwe Sauer","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To further boost electric vehicle adoption, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology, including Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, has gained prominence. However, a prevailing concern of owners pertains to the potential acceleration of battery aging associated with V2X deployments. In response to these concerns, this paper presents a systematic approach to quantify EV battery degradation across various charging strategies. We conduct meticulous battery aging experiments under designed conditions reflecting the characteristics of real-world driving and V2X applications. Furthermore, a comprehensive parameter study is carried out to explore the intricate relationships between V2X applications and battery degradation. Our experimental results show that the aging spread between all V2X and reference scenarios of 3.09% SOH after 20 months is lower than the spread caused by cell-to-cell manufacturing variation under identical conditions reported in the literature. The results of the parameter study reveal that adopting V2X applications, in addition to primary mobility prospects, does not significantly increase battery degradation and can even reduce capacity loss compared to the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy if properly configured.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139559519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Etransportation
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1