Etransportation最新文献_第6页

Research progress on loss calculation, temperature monitoring and thermal management technology of electric drive assembly: A comprehensive review 电传动组件损耗计算、温度监测及热管理技术研究进展综述

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100541

Peng Tang, Zhiguo Zhao, Jianyu Yang, Wenbo Fan

The development of efficient and compact electric drive assembly (EDA) is treated as a crucial pathway to enhance the energy-saving potential of electric vehicles while effectively reducing carbon emissions. However, serious thermal management issues have surfaced under intricate operating conditions as a result of the growing integration of EDA. EDA's key parts like motors and inverters can quickly deteriorate due to extreme overheating. Thus, one crucial way to guarantee EDA's thermal safety is to monitor its thermal state under varied operating conditions and carry out efficient regulation. Actually, the research advances and shortcomings of EDA loss, thermal monitoring, and thermal management are not well summarized in the literature at present. Moreover, the sustainable development of EDA effective thermal management technology is thus promoted by evaluating and summarizing the current research accomplishments, which helps to comprehend the current technological level and its limitations in practical applications. First, this paper proposed a systematic development and closed-loop optimization framework for EDA thermal monitoring and active thermal management strategies, and conducts a comprehensive analysis and review of EDA loss calculation, thermal monitoring, and active and passive thermal management methods. Second, a thorough examination and comparison of the data reveals that the hybrid cooling approach, the mechanism and the data-driven fusion prediction method all perform optimally when compared to other methods now in use. However, their practical application still needs to overcome limitations such as the unclear thermal failure mechanism in extreme environments, limited edge sensing, insufficient computing power of automotive-grade chips, and the lack of testing standards. Finally, the challenges faced by EDA thermal monitoring and efficient thermal management methods in practical application are discussed. Additionally, its application directions are highlighted, including: large-scale standardized application, construction of intelligent monitoring-early warning-collaborative prevention and control framework, cloud-edge big data integration, and multi-scenario smart and reliable application.

开发高效、紧凑的电驱动总成是提高电动汽车节能潜力、有效降低碳排放的重要途径。然而，由于EDA的日益集成，在复杂的操作条件下，严重的热管理问题已经浮出水面。EDA的关键部件，如电机和逆变器，会因极度过热而迅速恶化。因此，对不同工况下的热状态进行监测并进行有效调控，是保证EDA热安全的重要途径之一。实际上，目前文献对EDA损耗、热监测、热管理等方面的研究进展和不足并没有很好的总结。通过对当前研究成果的评价和总结，促进EDA有效热管理技术的可持续发展，有助于了解当前的技术水平及其在实际应用中的局限性。首先，本文提出了EDA热监测和主动热管理策略的系统开发和闭环优化框架，并对EDA损耗计算、热监测以及主动和被动热管理方法进行了全面的分析和综述。其次，通过对数据的全面检查和比较，表明混合冷却方法、机制和数据驱动的聚变预测方法与目前使用的其他方法相比都具有最佳性能。但其实际应用仍需克服极端环境下热失效机制不明确、边缘感知受限、汽车级芯片计算能力不足、缺乏测试标准等限制。最后，讨论了EDA热监测和高效热管理方法在实际应用中面临的挑战。重点介绍了其应用方向，包括：规模化标准化应用、智能监控-预警-协同防控框架建设、云边缘大数据融合、多场景智能可靠应用等。

{"title":"Research progress on loss calculation, temperature monitoring and thermal management technology of electric drive assembly: A comprehensive review","authors":"Peng Tang, Zhiguo Zhao, Jianyu Yang, Wenbo Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient and compact electric drive assembly (EDA) is treated as a crucial pathway to enhance the energy-saving potential of electric vehicles while effectively reducing carbon emissions. However, serious thermal management issues have surfaced under intricate operating conditions as a result of the growing integration of EDA. EDA's key parts like motors and inverters can quickly deteriorate due to extreme overheating. Thus, one crucial way to guarantee EDA's thermal safety is to monitor its thermal state under varied operating conditions and carry out efficient regulation. Actually, the research advances and shortcomings of EDA loss, thermal monitoring, and thermal management are not well summarized in the literature at present. Moreover, the sustainable development of EDA effective thermal management technology is thus promoted by evaluating and summarizing the current research accomplishments, which helps to comprehend the current technological level and its limitations in practical applications. First, this paper proposed a systematic development and closed-loop optimization framework for EDA thermal monitoring and active thermal management strategies, and conducts a comprehensive analysis and review of EDA loss calculation, thermal monitoring, and active and passive thermal management methods. Second, a thorough examination and comparison of the data reveals that the hybrid cooling approach, the mechanism and the data-driven fusion prediction method all perform optimally when compared to other methods now in use. However, their practical application still needs to overcome limitations such as the unclear thermal failure mechanism in extreme environments, limited edge sensing, insufficient computing power of automotive-grade chips, and the lack of testing standards. Finally, the challenges faced by EDA thermal monitoring and efficient thermal management methods in practical application are discussed. Additionally, its application directions are highlighted, including: large-scale standardized application, construction of intelligent monitoring-early warning-collaborative prevention and control framework, cloud-edge big data integration, and multi-scenario smart and reliable application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal dispatch of an electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid for zero-carbon airport operations with electric and hydrogen aircraft 电力和氢飞机零碳机场运营的电-热-氢微电网优化调度

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100485

Bozheng Li , Jinning Zhang , Xin Zhang

Achieving net-zero aviation requires airport energy infrastructure that delivers an efficient, reliable, and diversified energy supply to support the parallel operations of emerging battery-electric, hybrid hydrogen-electric, and hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study assesses how airport energy systems can support the transition to zero-carbon aviation. We propose an integrated electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid that incorporates photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel cells, and multiple energy storage systems to reduce reliance on the power grid and external energy sources. Firstly, a refined statistical method utilizing surrogate models is developed to estimate aircraft charging and refuelling demands. A stochastic optimization model that exploits load shifting potential is then formulated to minimize total economic costs while reducing operational risks and enhancing grid support flexibility. The resulting optimal energy dispatch ensures that flight schedules and multi-energy demands are met across electricity, thermal, and hydrogen networks. Case studies based on real flight schedules from Manchester airport evaluate five energy dispatch scenarios with varying optimization priorities. The results demonstrate a 29.4 % increase in grid flexibility and a 63.2 % reduction in operational risks through the proposed multi-energy dispatch strategy. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses examine the impacts of electricity and hydrogen price fluctuations, as well as different aircraft integration ratios, identifying the optimal electricity-to-hydrogen energy demand ratio for efficient airport energy system operation. These findings provide practical insights for airport operators and policymakers in developing resilient and sustainable airport energy infrastructure, and in implementing effective energy strategies for zero-carbon airport operations.

实现净零航空需要机场能源基础设施提供高效、可靠和多样化的能源供应，以支持新兴的电池电动、混合氢电动和氢动力飞机的并行运行。本研究评估了机场能源系统如何支持向零碳航空的过渡。我们提出了一个集成了光伏、氢燃料电池和多种储能系统的电-热-氢微电网，以减少对电网和外部能源的依赖。首先，提出了一种利用代理模型的改进统计方法来估计飞机的充电和加油需求。然后制定了一个利用负荷转移潜力的随机优化模型，以最大限度地降低总经济成本，同时降低运营风险并增强电网支持的灵活性。由此产生的最佳能源调度确保了航班时刻表和多种能源需求在电力、热力和氢网络中得到满足。基于曼彻斯特机场真实航班时刻表的案例研究评估了具有不同优化优先级的五种能源调度方案。结果表明，通过提出的多能调度策略，电网的灵活性提高了29.4%，运行风险降低了63.2%。此外，敏感性分析考察了电力和氢价格波动以及不同飞机集成比的影响，确定了机场能源系统高效运行的最佳电力-氢能源需求比。这些研究结果为机场运营商和政策制定者提供了实用的见解，以发展有弹性和可持续的机场能源基础设施，并实施有效的能源战略，以实现零碳机场运营。

{"title":"Optimal dispatch of an electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid for zero-carbon airport operations with electric and hydrogen aircraft","authors":"Bozheng Li , Jinning Zhang , Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving net-zero aviation requires airport energy infrastructure that delivers an efficient, reliable, and diversified energy supply to support the parallel operations of emerging battery-electric, hybrid hydrogen-electric, and hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study assesses how airport energy systems can support the transition to zero-carbon aviation. We propose an integrated electricity-thermal-hydrogen microgrid that incorporates photovoltaics, hydrogen fuel cells, and multiple energy storage systems to reduce reliance on the power grid and external energy sources. Firstly, a refined statistical method utilizing surrogate models is developed to estimate aircraft charging and refuelling demands. A stochastic optimization model that exploits load shifting potential is then formulated to minimize total economic costs while reducing operational risks and enhancing grid support flexibility. The resulting optimal energy dispatch ensures that flight schedules and multi-energy demands are met across electricity, thermal, and hydrogen networks. Case studies based on real flight schedules from Manchester airport evaluate five energy dispatch scenarios with varying optimization priorities. The results demonstrate a 29.4 % increase in grid flexibility and a 63.2 % reduction in operational risks through the proposed multi-energy dispatch strategy. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses examine the impacts of electricity and hydrogen price fluctuations, as well as different aircraft integration ratios, identifying the optimal electricity-to-hydrogen energy demand ratio for efficient airport energy system operation. These findings provide practical insights for airport operators and policymakers in developing resilient and sustainable airport energy infrastructure, and in implementing effective energy strategies for zero-carbon airport operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revealing the self-ignition mechanism of lithium iron phosphate battery modules: the coupling effect of battery inconsistency and BMS failure 揭示磷酸铁锂电池模块自燃机理：电池不一致性与BMS失效的耦合效应

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484

Yuxuan Li , Wenxin Mei , Yin Yu , Chaoshi Liu , Yue Zhang , Ping Zhuo , Ye Chen , Jinhua Sun , Kaiqiang Jin , Qingsong Wang , Qiangling Duan

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are widely used in energy storage stations (ESS) and electric vehicles owing to their intrinsic safety and long cycle life. While flame formation during thermal runaway (TR) is rarely observed at the single-cell level, module-level fires have been increasingly reported in operational ESS installations. In this study, we experimentally reproduced spontaneous ignition in LFP modules under conditions of BMS failure and state of charge (SOC) mismatch. Our results show that, although a single LFP cell does not self-ignite during TR, module-level thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can concentrate heat and accumulate electrolytes, thereby creating conditions favorable for ignition. Two primary ignition mechanisms were identified: (1) frictional sparks arising from safety valve ruptures, and (2) arc triggered by pooled electrolytes that cause external short circuits. Furthermore, TRP accelerates heat accumulation and mechanical expansion, forming a positive feedback loop that intensifies fire hazards. Notably, the TRP time interval between successive internal rolls was reduced by 85.5 % (from 241 s to 35 s) once ignition occurred, while the module expansion force increased by 136.3 % compared with the pre-TR state (from 167.4 kgf to 395.6 kgf). These findings challenge the conventional single-cell safety paradigm and highlight the urgent need for revised module-level safety strategies in the design of electrochemical ESS.

磷酸铁锂电池以其固有的安全性和较长的循环寿命被广泛应用于储能站和电动汽车中。虽然在单个电池级很少观察到热失控（TR）过程中火焰的形成，但在运行中的ESS装置中，模块级火灾的报道越来越多。在这项研究中，我们实验再现了LFP模块在BMS失效和荷电状态（SOC）不匹配条件下的自燃。我们的研究结果表明，尽管单个LFP电池在TR过程中不会自燃，但模块级热失控传播（TRP）可以集中热量并积累电解质，从而创造有利于点火的条件。确定了两种主要的点火机制：(1)安全阀破裂引起的摩擦火花；(2)由汇集的电解质引发的电弧导致外部短路。此外，TRP加速了热量积累和机械膨胀，形成了一个正反馈循环，加剧了火灾危险。值得注意的是，一旦发生点火，连续内辊之间的TRP时间间隔减少了85.5%（从241秒到35秒），而模块的膨胀力比tr前状态增加了136.3%（从167.4 kgf到395.6 kgf）。这些发现挑战了传统的单电池安全模式，并强调了在电化学ESS设计中修改模块级安全策略的迫切需要。

{"title":"Revealing the self-ignition mechanism of lithium iron phosphate battery modules: the coupling effect of battery inconsistency and BMS failure","authors":"Yuxuan Li , Wenxin Mei , Yin Yu , Chaoshi Liu , Yue Zhang , Ping Zhuo , Ye Chen , Jinhua Sun , Kaiqiang Jin , Qingsong Wang , Qiangling Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are widely used in energy storage stations (ESS) and electric vehicles owing to their intrinsic safety and long cycle life. While flame formation during thermal runaway (TR) is rarely observed at the single-cell level, module-level fires have been increasingly reported in operational ESS installations. In this study, we experimentally reproduced spontaneous ignition in LFP modules under conditions of BMS failure and state of charge (SOC) mismatch. Our results show that, although a single LFP cell does not self-ignite during TR, module-level thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can concentrate heat and accumulate electrolytes, thereby creating conditions favorable for ignition. Two primary ignition mechanisms were identified: (1) frictional sparks arising from safety valve ruptures, and (2) arc triggered by pooled electrolytes that cause external short circuits. Furthermore, TRP accelerates heat accumulation and mechanical expansion, forming a positive feedback loop that intensifies fire hazards. Notably, the TRP time interval between successive internal rolls was reduced by 85.5 % (from 241 s to 35 s) once ignition occurred, while the module expansion force increased by 136.3 % compared with the pre-TR state (from 167.4 kgf to 395.6 kgf). These findings challenge the conventional single-cell safety paradigm and highlight the urgent need for revised module-level safety strategies in the design of electrochemical ESS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trace multi-cation high-entropy engineering enables ultra-stable cobalt-free LiNiO2 with >230 mAh/g 痕量多阳离子高熵工程可实现>230 mAh/g的超稳定无钴LiNiO2

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100493

Peng Zhang , Jinquan Liu , Qiqiang Huang , Yang Li , Yi Guo , Zuoguo Xiao , Chenxi Li , Lianghao Wen , Wei Peng , Weijing Yuan , Gaolong Zhu , Liang Yin , Longlong Fan , Lirong Zheng , Jing Zhang , Tiening Tan , Jianfeng Hua , Dongsheng Ren , Languang Lu , Xiang Liu

The cobalt-free LiNiO₂ (LNO) cathode, composed solely of transition metal nickel, stands out as a prime candidate for next-generation commercial cathodes, offering an exceptional theoretical capacity of 275 mAh/g, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Unlike LiNi_xMn_yCo₂O₂ (NMC) counterparts, LiNiO₂ (LNO) cathode is plagued by rapid capacity degradation and safety risks due to absence of Co/Mn, which act as structural stabilizers ('rivets') in transition metal layer. This deficiency induces severe anisotropic lattice distortion and multi-phase transitions during charge/discharge cycles. These distortions are exacerbated at elevated temperatures (>45 °C) and at high de-lithiation state with initial discharge capacities exceeding 230 mAh/g. To mitigate these issues, we introduced a high-entropy engineering approach for LNO, exemplified by LiNi_0.98Mo_0.005Nb_0.005Ti_0.005Mg_0.005O₂ (LNO-2 %HE). In situ XRD, synchrotron XAS and ex situ analyses reveal that the compositional complexity of LNO-2 %HE enhances structural disorder and amorphous character, which suppresses high-voltage phase transition. This design achieves 96.1 % capacity retention over 100 cycles at 25 °C and 97.5 % retention after 50 cycles at 45 °C, alongside an initial discharge capacity of 238 mAh/g at 0.1C. Furthermore, improved lattice oxygen stability in LNO-2 %HE inhibits oxygen release during thermal phase transitions, significantly enhancing safety. This strategy advances the viability of LNO cathode for high-energy-density batteries.

无钴LiNiO2 （LNO）阴极仅由过渡金属镍组成，具有275 mAh/g的理论容量、成本效益和环境可持续性，是下一代商用阴极的主要候选者。与LiNixMnyCo2O2 （NMC）不同，LiNiO2 （LNO）阴极由于缺乏Co/Mn而受到容量快速下降和安全风险的困扰，Co/Mn在过渡金属层中充当结构稳定剂（“铆钉”）。这一缺陷在充放电循环中引起严重的各向异性晶格畸变和多相转变。在高温（45°C）和高去锂化状态下（初始放电容量超过230 mAh/g），这些扭曲会加剧。为了缓解这些问题，我们引入了LNO的高熵工程方法，例如lini0.98 mo0.005 nb0.005 ti0.005 mg0.0050 o2 （LNO-2 %HE）。原位XRD、同步XAS和非原位分析表明，lno - 2% HE的成分复杂性增强了结构无序性和非晶态特性，抑制了高压相变。该设计在25°C条件下100次循环的容量保持率为96.1%，在45°C条件下50次循环的容量保持率为97.5%，在0.1C条件下的初始放电容量为238 mAh/g。此外，lno - 2% HE中晶格氧稳定性的提高抑制了热相变过程中的氧释放，显著提高了安全性。这一策略提高了LNO阴极用于高能量密度电池的可行性。

{"title":"Trace multi-cation high-entropy engineering enables ultra-stable cobalt-free LiNiO2 with >230 mAh/g","authors":"Peng Zhang , Jinquan Liu , Qiqiang Huang , Yang Li , Yi Guo , Zuoguo Xiao , Chenxi Li , Lianghao Wen , Wei Peng , Weijing Yuan , Gaolong Zhu , Liang Yin , Longlong Fan , Lirong Zheng , Jing Zhang , Tiening Tan , Jianfeng Hua , Dongsheng Ren , Languang Lu , Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cobalt-free LiNiO<sub>2</sub> (LNO) cathode, composed solely of transition metal nickel, stands out as a prime candidate for next-generation commercial cathodes, offering an exceptional theoretical capacity of 275 mAh/g, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Unlike LiNi<sub>x</sub>Mn<sub>y</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NMC) counterparts, LiNiO<sub>2</sub> (LNO) cathode is plagued by rapid capacity degradation and safety risks due to absence of Co/Mn, which act as structural stabilizers ('rivets') in transition metal layer. This deficiency induces severe anisotropic lattice distortion and multi-phase transitions during charge/discharge cycles. These distortions are exacerbated at elevated temperatures (>45 °C) and at high de-lithiation state with initial discharge capacities exceeding 230 mAh/g. To mitigate these issues, we introduced a high-entropy engineering approach for LNO, exemplified by LiNi<sub>0.98</sub>Mo<sub>0.005</sub>Nb<sub>0.005</sub>Ti<sub>0.005</sub>Mg<sub>0.005</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (LNO-2 %HE). <em>In situ</em> XRD, synchrotron XAS and <em>ex situ</em> analyses reveal that the compositional complexity of LNO-2 %HE enhances structural disorder and amorphous character, which suppresses high-voltage phase transition. This design achieves 96.1 % capacity retention over 100 cycles at 25 °C and 97.5 % retention after 50 cycles at 45 °C, alongside an initial discharge capacity of 238 mAh/g at 0.1C. Furthermore, improved lattice oxygen stability in LNO-2 %HE inhibits oxygen release during thermal phase transitions, significantly enhancing safety. This strategy advances the viability of LNO cathode for high-energy-density batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100493"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early warning strategy for overheating-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries based on fast impedance measurement 基于快速阻抗测量的锂离子电池过热热失控预警策略

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100498

Bingbing Hu , Qi Zhang , Dafang Wang , Ziwei Hao , Xuan Liang , Kai Xiong , Dianbo Ren

Reliable early warning of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) thermal runaway (TR) remains a pivotal yet unresolved challenge in battery safety research. Given the escalating risks of LIB fire hazards, developing timely and reliable early-stage TR detection methods holds significant practical importance. In this study, we conducted TR experiments triggered by overheating on pouch cells at varying states of charge (SOC). A rapid impedance testing platform was established to monitor real-time impedance at five characteristic frequency points during TR progression. Concurrently, parameters including temperature, voltage, and impedance were analyzed throughout the process. The TR event was divided into four distinct phases based on the evolution of impedance: heat conduction-dominated phase, gas generation-dominated phase, partial internal short circuit-dominated phase, and thermal runaway phase. Based on impedance characteristics at specified frequencies and their corresponding TR mechanisms, a two-level early warning strategy was developed. This method successfully achieved TR warning and demonstrated a 93.1 % alert time ahead of significant voltage drop or intense temperature rise in validation experiments using an NCA cell. These findings provide critical insights for enhancing the monitoring capabilities of battery management systems (BMS) and improving LIB safety.

锂离子电池热失控的可靠预警一直是电池安全研究中一个关键但尚未解决的难题。考虑到LIB火灾风险的不断上升，开发及时可靠的早期TR检测方法具有重要的现实意义。在本研究中，我们对不同充电状态（SOC）的袋状电池进行了过热触发的TR实验。建立了快速阻抗测试平台，实时监测变形过程中5个特征频率点的阻抗。同时，在整个过程中对温度、电压、阻抗等参数进行了分析。根据阻抗演化将TR事件划分为热传导为主阶段、气体生成为主阶段、局部内部短路为主阶段和热失控阶段四个阶段。基于特定频率下的阻抗特性及其相应的TR机制，建立了两级预警策略。在NCA电池的验证实验中，该方法成功地实现了TR预警，并在显著电压下降或剧烈温度上升之前证明了93.1%的预警时间。这些发现为增强电池管理系统（BMS）的监测能力和提高锂离子电池的安全性提供了重要的见解。

{"title":"Early warning strategy for overheating-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries based on fast impedance measurement","authors":"Bingbing Hu , Qi Zhang , Dafang Wang , Ziwei Hao , Xuan Liang , Kai Xiong , Dianbo Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable early warning of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) thermal runaway (TR) remains a pivotal yet unresolved challenge in battery safety research. Given the escalating risks of LIB fire hazards, developing timely and reliable early-stage TR detection methods holds significant practical importance. In this study, we conducted TR experiments triggered by overheating on pouch cells at varying states of charge (SOC). A rapid impedance testing platform was established to monitor real-time impedance at five characteristic frequency points during TR progression. Concurrently, parameters including temperature, voltage, and impedance were analyzed throughout the process. The TR event was divided into four distinct phases based on the evolution of impedance: heat conduction-dominated phase, gas generation-dominated phase, partial internal short circuit-dominated phase, and thermal runaway phase. Based on impedance characteristics at specified frequencies and their corresponding TR mechanisms, a two-level early warning strategy was developed. This method successfully achieved TR warning and demonstrated a 93.1 % alert time ahead of significant voltage drop or intense temperature rise in validation experiments using an NCA cell. These findings provide critical insights for enhancing the monitoring capabilities of battery management systems (BMS) and improving LIB safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100498"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

External pressure effects on thermal runaway in prismatic LiFePO4 batteries: Mechanistic insights for safer battery systems in electric vehicles 外部压力对柱状LiFePO4电池热失控的影响：电动汽车中更安全的电池系统的机理见解

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488

Haipeng Chen , Yingying Xu , Yaobo Wu , Zongrong Wang , Yuqi Huang

External pressure significantly influences the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the underlying mechanisms by which external pressure affects exothermic reactions, heat transfer, and gas generation during TR remain to be fully clarified. In this study, the mechanistic effects of external pressure on TR in prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries were systematically investigated through thermal analysis, time-resolved gas chromatography, and postmortem material characterization. Results indicate that external pressures of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa enhance interfacial contact within the battery, thereby increasing internal thermal conductivity. This improvement results in a more uniform temperature distribution, which raises the TR initiation temperature and shifts the initial TR location inward from the battery edge toward the center. However, external pressure accelerates thermal runaway propagation (TRP), with propagation speed at 0.2 MPa increasing by approximately 65 % compared to 0 MPa. Moreover, gas evolution analysis reveals a substantial reduction in total gas yield with increasing external pressure, exhibiting decreases of about 28 % at 0.1 MPa and 53 % at 0.2 MPa relative to 0 MPa. This reduction is primarily attributed to earlier safety venting and prolonged electrolyte evaporation periods. Postmortem characterization highlights intensified exothermic reactions under elevated external pressure, reflecting deeper electrode material degradation. These findings highlight the risk-mitigation effect of external pressure, thereby lowering explosion risk despite the acceleration of TRP, and inform the design and modeling of safer battery systems under realistic mechanical constraints.

外部压力对锂离子电池热失控（TR）行为有显著影响。然而，外界压力在TR过程中影响放热反应、传热和气体生成的潜在机制仍有待完全阐明。在这项研究中，通过热分析、时间分辨气相色谱和死后材料表征，系统地研究了外部压力对柱状磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池TR的机制影响。结果表明，0.1和0.2 MPa的外部压力增强了电池内部的界面接触，从而提高了内部导热系数。这一改进使得温度分布更加均匀，从而提高了TR起始温度，使初始TR位置从电池边缘向中心内移动。然而，外部压力加速了热失控传播（TRP），与0 MPa相比，0.2 MPa时的传播速度增加了约65%。此外，气体演化分析表明，随着外部压力的增加，总产气量大幅下降，在0.1 MPa时，总产气量相对于0 MPa下降约28%，在0.2 MPa时，总产气量相对于0 MPa下降53%。这种减少主要归因于早期的安全排气和延长的电解质蒸发周期。死后表征强调了在升高的外部压力下加剧的放热反应，反映了更深层次的电极材料降解。这些发现强调了外部压力的风险缓解作用，从而降低了TRP加速时的爆炸风险，并为在现实机械约束下设计和建模更安全的电池系统提供了信息。

{"title":"External pressure effects on thermal runaway in prismatic LiFePO4 batteries: Mechanistic insights for safer battery systems in electric vehicles","authors":"Haipeng Chen , Yingying Xu , Yaobo Wu , Zongrong Wang , Yuqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>External pressure significantly influences the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the underlying mechanisms by which external pressure affects exothermic reactions, heat transfer, and gas generation during TR remain to be fully clarified. In this study, the mechanistic effects of external pressure on TR in prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries were systematically investigated through thermal analysis, time-resolved gas chromatography, and postmortem material characterization. Results indicate that external pressures of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa enhance interfacial contact within the battery, thereby increasing internal thermal conductivity. This improvement results in a more uniform temperature distribution, which raises the TR initiation temperature and shifts the initial TR location inward from the battery edge toward the center. However, external pressure accelerates thermal runaway propagation (TRP), with propagation speed at 0.2 MPa increasing by approximately 65 % compared to 0 MPa. Moreover, gas evolution analysis reveals a substantial reduction in total gas yield with increasing external pressure, exhibiting decreases of about 28 % at 0.1 MPa and 53 % at 0.2 MPa relative to 0 MPa. This reduction is primarily attributed to earlier safety venting and prolonged electrolyte evaporation periods. Postmortem characterization highlights intensified exothermic reactions under elevated external pressure, reflecting deeper electrode material degradation. These findings highlight the risk-mitigation effect of external pressure, thereby lowering explosion risk despite the acceleration of TRP, and inform the design and modeling of safer battery systems under realistic mechanical constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100488"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing fast-charging protocols with section-based Bayesian optimization for lithium-ion batteries to prevent Li-plating 基于分段贝叶斯优化的锂离子电池快速充电方案，防止镀锂

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460

Seongho Yoon , Yoonmo Lee , Hong-Keun Kim

This study presents a model-based optimization framework for fast-charging protocols in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), combining a physics-based electrochemical model with Bayesian optimization (BO). Two BO-based multi-step constant current (MCC) protocols, namely a single-section and a bi-section strategy, were developed and experimentally validated using a commercial 55.6 Ah pouch-type LIB cell under various conditions. By incorporating physics-informed safety constraints such as Li-plating potential, voltage, and temperature, the proposed BO-MCC protocols reduced charging time by up to 20 percent compared to the conventional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method, while maintaining plating-free operation and thermal stability. In particular, the bi-section strategy further reduced charging time by up to 11 percent relative to the single-section approach, while effectively suppressing Li-plating and SEI growth. Furthermore, under a high-temperature condition with pre-heated cells at 60 °C, the BO-MCC protocol enabled charging from 0 % to 80 % state of charge within 629 s, thereby satisfying the USABC target for extreme fast charging. Finally, experimental cycling and post-mortem analyses confirmed that the BO-MCC protocols mitigate capacity degradation more effectively than the CCCV method. This work provides a practical and experimentally validated framework for designing efficient and safe fast-charging strategies for electric vehicle(EV) batteries operating under diverse thermal conditions.

本研究提出了一种基于模型的锂离子电池（lib）快速充电协议优化框架，将基于物理的电化学模型与贝叶斯优化（BO）相结合。开发了两种基于bo的多步恒流（MCC）方案，即单段和双段策略，并在不同条件下使用商用55.6 Ah袋型LIB电池进行了实验验证。通过结合物理安全约束，如镀锂电位、电压和温度，与传统的恒流恒压（CCCV）方法相比，拟议的BO-MCC方案可将充电时间缩短20%，同时保持无电镀操作和热稳定性。特别是，与单段方法相比，双段策略进一步减少了11%的充电时间，同时有效地抑制了锂电镀和SEI的生长。此外，在60°C的高温条件下，BO-MCC协议可以在629 s内实现从0%到80%的充电状态，从而满足USABC极限快速充电的目标。最后，实验循环和事后分析证实，BO-MCC协议比CCCV方法更有效地缓解了容量退化。这项工作为设计在不同热条件下运行的电动汽车（EV）电池高效、安全的快速充电策略提供了一个实用且经过实验验证的框架。

{"title":"Enhancing fast-charging protocols with section-based Bayesian optimization for lithium-ion batteries to prevent Li-plating","authors":"Seongho Yoon , Yoonmo Lee , Hong-Keun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a model-based optimization framework for fast-charging protocols in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), combining a physics-based electrochemical model with Bayesian optimization (BO). Two BO-based multi-step constant current (MCC) protocols, namely a single-section and a bi-section strategy, were developed and experimentally validated using a commercial 55.6 Ah pouch-type LIB cell under various conditions. By incorporating physics-informed safety constraints such as Li-plating potential, voltage, and temperature, the proposed BO-MCC protocols reduced charging time by up to 20 percent compared to the conventional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method, while maintaining plating-free operation and thermal stability. In particular, the bi-section strategy further reduced charging time by up to 11 percent relative to the single-section approach, while effectively suppressing Li-plating and SEI growth. Furthermore, under a high-temperature condition with pre-heated cells at 60 °C, the BO-MCC protocol enabled charging from 0 % to 80 % state of charge within 629 s, thereby satisfying the USABC target for extreme fast charging. Finally, experimental cycling and post-mortem analyses confirmed that the BO-MCC protocols mitigate capacity degradation more effectively than the CCCV method. This work provides a practical and experimentally validated framework for designing efficient and safe fast-charging strategies for electric vehicle(EV) batteries operating under diverse thermal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms of LiFePO4/graphite batteries under multi-step fast charging protocols 多步快速充电条件下LiFePO4/石墨电池的温度退化机制

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455

Xi Wang , Jinyang Dong , Qi Shi , Yun Lu , Kang Yan , Yibiao Guan , Xiaolu Yang , Fangze Zhao , Ning Li , Yuefeng Su , Feng Wu , Lai Chen

The development of fast-charging strategies is crucial for advancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies, particularly in applications requiring rapid energy replenishment without compromising long-term durability. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent degradation behavior of LiFePO₄/graphite (LFP/Gr) pouch cells under a multi-step fast-charging protocol. A combination of multi-scale non-destructive evaluations and post-mortem structural analyses was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrate that at moderate temperatures (45 °C), the multi-step charging strategy effectively shortens charging time by approximately one-third compared to conventional methods while maintaining stable cycling performance. However, under elevated temperatures (65 °C), despite the improvement in charging speed, significant acceleration of capacity fading and structural deterioration is observed. Mechanistic insights reveal that active lithium inventory loss, rather than active material degradation, predominantly governs the aging process, with thermal effects exacerbating side reactions, interfacial instability, and lattice disorder. Furthermore, the interplay between lithium-ion transport, polarization effects, and mechanical stress under varying thermal conditions critically impacts electrode integrity. These findings highlight that while multi-step fast charging provides considerable efficiency advantages under controlled conditions, it substantially amplifies degradation at higher temperatures, necessitating temperature-sensitive optimization to balance charging speed with long-term battery stability.

快速充电策略的发展对于推进锂离子电池（LIB）技术的发展至关重要，特别是在需要快速补充能量而不影响长期耐用性的应用中。本研究系统地研究了LiFePO4/石墨（LFP/Gr）袋状电池在多步快速充电条件下的温度依赖性降解行为。采用多尺度非破坏性评价和死后结构分析相结合的方法来阐明潜在的机制。结果表明，在中等温度（45°C）下，与传统充电方法相比，多步充电策略有效地缩短了充电时间约三分之一，同时保持了稳定的循环性能。然而，在高温（65°C）下，尽管充电速度有所提高，但容量衰退和结构恶化的速度明显加快。机理分析表明，控制老化过程的主要因素是活性锂库存损失，而不是活性材料降解，热效应加剧了副反应、界面不稳定和晶格无序。此外，在不同的热条件下，锂离子输运、极化效应和机械应力之间的相互作用严重影响电极的完整性。这些发现强调，虽然多步快速充电在受控条件下提供了相当大的效率优势，但它在较高温度下会大大加剧电池的退化，因此需要对温度敏感的优化来平衡充电速度和电池的长期稳定性。

{"title":"Temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms of LiFePO4/graphite batteries under multi-step fast charging protocols","authors":"Xi Wang , Jinyang Dong , Qi Shi , Yun Lu , Kang Yan , Yibiao Guan , Xiaolu Yang , Fangze Zhao , Ning Li , Yuefeng Su , Feng Wu , Lai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of fast-charging strategies is crucial for advancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies, particularly in applications requiring rapid energy replenishment without compromising long-term durability. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent degradation behavior of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/graphite (LFP/Gr) pouch cells under a multi-step fast-charging protocol. A combination of multi-scale non-destructive evaluations and post-mortem structural analyses was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrate that at moderate temperatures (45 °C), the multi-step charging strategy effectively shortens charging time by approximately one-third compared to conventional methods while maintaining stable cycling performance. However, under elevated temperatures (65 °C), despite the improvement in charging speed, significant acceleration of capacity fading and structural deterioration is observed. Mechanistic insights reveal that active lithium inventory loss, rather than active material degradation, predominantly governs the aging process, with thermal effects exacerbating side reactions, interfacial instability, and lattice disorder. Furthermore, the interplay between lithium-ion transport, polarization effects, and mechanical stress under varying thermal conditions critically impacts electrode integrity. These findings highlight that while multi-step fast charging provides considerable efficiency advantages under controlled conditions, it substantially amplifies degradation at higher temperatures, necessitating temperature-sensitive optimization to balance charging speed with long-term battery stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100455"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Grid-friendly operation of EV parking lots: Optimal load management under cluster power and phase unbalance constraints 电动汽车停车场的电网友好运行：集群功率和相位不平衡约束下的最优负荷管理

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458

Xihai Cao, Jan Engelhardt, Charalampos Ziras, Mattia Marinelli

The diversity of electric vehicles (EVs), each with distinct charging characteristics, necessitates the evolution of load management strategies. To ensure compliance with grid requirements, these strategies must account for each EV’s charging type (single- or three-phase) and power. This paper proposes an optimal load management method to distribute charging power among EVs in capacity-limited systems, while adhering to power and phase unbalance constraints. The algorithm is complemented with a charging type identification method that determines the characteristics of each EV upon connection. A case study based on real-world charging data from Athens, Greece, examines the impact of varying shares of single- and three-phase EVs and different phase unbalance limits. By utilizing the allowable unbalance level defined by grid regulations, the proposed method ensures grid-compliant operation of EV parking lots while maximizing user satisfaction—achieving an unbalance limit violation rate below 1% and an average energy fulfillment exceeding 98%.

电动汽车具有不同的充电特性，其多样性要求负载管理策略的发展。为了确保符合电网要求，这些策略必须考虑到每辆电动汽车的充电类型（单相或三相）和功率。本文提出了一种最优负载管理方法，在满足功率和相位不平衡约束的情况下，在容量有限的系统中分配充电功率。该算法辅以充电类型识别方法，该方法在连接时确定每辆电动汽车的特性。基于希腊雅典的真实充电数据的案例研究，研究了不同份额的单相和三相电动汽车以及不同的相位不平衡限制的影响。该方法利用电网规定的允许不平衡水平，在保证电动汽车停车场符合电网运行的同时，最大限度地提高用户满意度，使不平衡极限违规率低于1%，平均能量完成率超过98%。

引用次数: 0

Fast reconstruction of non-uniform temperature fields in large-scale blade battery enabled by partitioned equivalent heat generation resistance modeling 基于分段等效热阻模型的大型叶片电池非均匀温度场快速重构

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100496

Kai Shen , Jiaqi Yuan , Peng Ding , Bin He , Gan Song , Xing Pang , Yufang Lu , Xin Lai , Xiangqi Meng , Xuning Feng , Yuejiu Zheng

With the increasingly trend toward the large-scale batteries, a multitude of new and diverse-shaped large batteries, such as blade battery and 4680 cell, have been applied. Temperature inhomogeneity is a new critical issue that arises during the operation of large-size blade batteries, it can have adverse effects on the performance, life, and safety of both individual cell and battery packs. But the temperature distribution estimation is difficult to be estimated because of uneven electro-thermal coupling effects and heat transfer induced during the Li-ion transport and deintercalation process between the planar electrodes. A new equivalent heat generation internal resistance method was used to construct the thermal model for the blade battery, which includes the pole and body regions. And the heat balance method is employed to establish the differential equation for the temperature distribution in the battery body region. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the model, tests were conducted under different environmental conditions spanning steady-state and dynamic operating regimes. The results show that blade battery temperature inhomogeneity cannot be ignored. The proposed model can estimate the inhomogeneous temperature distribution of a large-size blade battery in less than 1 s. Under normal temperature steady-state and dynamic operating conditions, the maximum real-time error is controlled within 0.8 °C. Under low-temperature or high-current conditions, the maximum real-time errors are kept within 1.88 °C and 1.35 °C, respectively. This model can quickly and accurately predict the real-time evolution of the temperature distribution for blade batteries. And this approach provides innovative insights into real-time temperature monitoring and management for large-scale battery applications.

随着电池大型化的趋势日益明显，叶片电池、4680电池等多种新型、形状各异的大型电池得到了广泛的应用。温度不均匀性是大尺寸叶片电池运行过程中出现的一个新的关键问题，它会对单个电池和电池组的性能、寿命和安全性产生不利影响。但由于锂离子在平面电极间的输运和脱嵌过程中存在不均匀的电热耦合效应和热传递，使得温度分布难以估计。采用一种新的等效产热内阻法，建立了叶片电池的等效产热内阻模型。采用热平衡法建立了电池体区域温度分布的微分方程。为了验证模型的准确性和有效性，在不同的环境条件下进行了测试，包括稳态和动态运行机制。结果表明，叶片电池温度的不均匀性不容忽视。该模型可以在不到1 s的时间内估计出大尺寸叶片电池的非均匀温度分布。在常温稳态和动态工况下，最大实时误差控制在0.8℃以内。在低温和大电流条件下，最大实时误差分别保持在1.88°C和1.35°C。该模型能够快速准确地预测叶片电池温度分布的实时演变。这种方法为大规模电池应用的实时温度监测和管理提供了创新的见解。

{"title":"Fast reconstruction of non-uniform temperature fields in large-scale blade battery enabled by partitioned equivalent heat generation resistance modeling","authors":"Kai Shen , Jiaqi Yuan , Peng Ding , Bin He , Gan Song , Xing Pang , Yufang Lu , Xin Lai , Xiangqi Meng , Xuning Feng , Yuejiu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasingly trend toward the large-scale batteries, a multitude of new and diverse-shaped large batteries, such as blade battery and 4680 cell, have been applied. Temperature inhomogeneity is a new critical issue that arises during the operation of large-size blade batteries, it can have adverse effects on the performance, life, and safety of both individual cell and battery packs. But the temperature distribution estimation is difficult to be estimated because of uneven electro-thermal coupling effects and heat transfer induced during the Li-ion transport and deintercalation process between the planar electrodes. A new equivalent heat generation internal resistance method was used to construct the thermal model for the blade battery, which includes the pole and body regions. And the heat balance method is employed to establish the differential equation for the temperature distribution in the battery body region. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the model, tests were conducted under different environmental conditions spanning steady-state and dynamic operating regimes. The results show that blade battery temperature inhomogeneity cannot be ignored. The proposed model can estimate the inhomogeneous temperature distribution of a large-size blade battery in less than 1 s. Under normal temperature steady-state and dynamic operating conditions, the maximum real-time error is controlled within 0.8 °C. Under low-temperature or high-current conditions, the maximum real-time errors are kept within 1.88 °C and 1.35 °C, respectively. This model can quickly and accurately predict the real-time evolution of the temperature distribution for blade batteries. And this approach provides innovative insights into real-time temperature monitoring and management for large-scale battery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100496"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0