Etransportation最新文献_第2页

Research progress on loss calculation, temperature monitoring and thermal management technology of electric drive assembly: A comprehensive review 电传动组件损耗计算、温度监测及热管理技术研究进展综述

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100541

Peng Tang, Zhiguo Zhao, Jianyu Yang, Wenbo Fan

The development of efficient and compact electric drive assembly (EDA) is treated as a crucial pathway to enhance the energy-saving potential of electric vehicles while effectively reducing carbon emissions. However, serious thermal management issues have surfaced under intricate operating conditions as a result of the growing integration of EDA. EDA's key parts like motors and inverters can quickly deteriorate due to extreme overheating. Thus, one crucial way to guarantee EDA's thermal safety is to monitor its thermal state under varied operating conditions and carry out efficient regulation. Actually, the research advances and shortcomings of EDA loss, thermal monitoring, and thermal management are not well summarized in the literature at present. Moreover, the sustainable development of EDA effective thermal management technology is thus promoted by evaluating and summarizing the current research accomplishments, which helps to comprehend the current technological level and its limitations in practical applications. First, this paper proposed a systematic development and closed-loop optimization framework for EDA thermal monitoring and active thermal management strategies, and conducts a comprehensive analysis and review of EDA loss calculation, thermal monitoring, and active and passive thermal management methods. Second, a thorough examination and comparison of the data reveals that the hybrid cooling approach, the mechanism and the data-driven fusion prediction method all perform optimally when compared to other methods now in use. However, their practical application still needs to overcome limitations such as the unclear thermal failure mechanism in extreme environments, limited edge sensing, insufficient computing power of automotive-grade chips, and the lack of testing standards. Finally, the challenges faced by EDA thermal monitoring and efficient thermal management methods in practical application are discussed. Additionally, its application directions are highlighted, including: large-scale standardized application, construction of intelligent monitoring-early warning-collaborative prevention and control framework, cloud-edge big data integration, and multi-scenario smart and reliable application.

开发高效、紧凑的电驱动总成是提高电动汽车节能潜力、有效降低碳排放的重要途径。然而，由于EDA的日益集成，在复杂的操作条件下，严重的热管理问题已经浮出水面。EDA的关键部件，如电机和逆变器，会因极度过热而迅速恶化。因此，对不同工况下的热状态进行监测并进行有效调控，是保证EDA热安全的重要途径之一。实际上，目前文献对EDA损耗、热监测、热管理等方面的研究进展和不足并没有很好的总结。通过对当前研究成果的评价和总结，促进EDA有效热管理技术的可持续发展，有助于了解当前的技术水平及其在实际应用中的局限性。首先，本文提出了EDA热监测和主动热管理策略的系统开发和闭环优化框架，并对EDA损耗计算、热监测以及主动和被动热管理方法进行了全面的分析和综述。其次，通过对数据的全面检查和比较，表明混合冷却方法、机制和数据驱动的聚变预测方法与目前使用的其他方法相比都具有最佳性能。但其实际应用仍需克服极端环境下热失效机制不明确、边缘感知受限、汽车级芯片计算能力不足、缺乏测试标准等限制。最后，讨论了EDA热监测和高效热管理方法在实际应用中面临的挑战。重点介绍了其应用方向，包括：规模化标准化应用、智能监控-预警-协同防控框架建设、云边缘大数据融合、多场景智能可靠应用等。

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引用次数: 0

Study of the arc generation mechanism induced by liquid electrolyte in battery energy storage systems 电池储能系统中液体电解质致弧机理的研究

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533

Wenqiang Xu , Yalun Li , Hewu Wang , Languang Lu , Minggao Ouyang

Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF₆ in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.

锂离子电池储能系统在热失控过程中，电解液泄漏或爆发会引发二次电弧，加剧系统级危害蔓延。在这项研究中，我们设计了一个实验平台来研究热失控弹射引起的电弧，并用高速成像捕捉了完整的动态演变。采用商用1 mol/L LiPF6，在EC: DMC: EMC = 1:1: 1 vol%的液体电解质中作为两电极之间的环境条件，在电源电压为300 V、负载电阻为20 Ω、电极间距为1 mm的模拟电池系统中观察了电解质感应电弧。注意到液体电解质显著降低电极间临界击穿电压的现象。通过调整电路参数、电极间距和电解液组成，通过将临界击穿电压与电解液电导率相关联来阐明感应电弧的机理，而电导率是产生电弧的关键参数。这些发现为加强储能电池的安全设计提供了关键的实验见解，并为制定针对电池系统电气危险的主动缓解策略提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Online energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid powertrain based on multi-objective constraint rules embedded in soft actor-critic learning 基于软actor- critical学习的多目标约束规则的燃料电池混合动力在线能量管理策略

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100532

Baobao Hu , Zhiguo Qu , Jianfei Zhang , Pingwen Ming

The fuel cell/battery hybrid powertrain offers a promising solution for fuel cell vehicles by integrating the high energy density of hydrogen fuel cells with the high-power density of batteries. However, real-time energy management of such a multi-source system faces challenges in simultaneously achieving economic efficiency, durability, and adaptability. To address this, this study proposes an online energy management strategy called MOCR-SAC. It incorporates multi-objective constraint rules (including hydrogen consumption, fuel cell degradation, battery degradation, fuel cell optimal efficiency deviation, and battery optimal state of charge deviation) within a Soft Actor-Critic reinforcement learning framework, enabling adaptive and intelligent power allocation. Evaluated on a 12-m fuel cell bus under standard Chinese driving cycles, MOCR-SAC reduces hydrogen consumption by at least 4.28 % and operating costs by 7.32 % compared to conventional SAC (without constraints or using single rules). It also outperforms other online reinforcement learning methods in component degradation, cost, battery SOC regulation, and hydrogen economy. Compared to the global optimum obtained by dynamic programming, its operating cost deviation remains within 4.50 %, while hydrogen consumption is 5.63 % lower. Under both deterministic and uncertain driving cycles, the total operating cost deviates by less than 10 %, demonstrating strong robustness and adaptability. The proposed strategy can be pre-trained offline and deployed online with minimal computational overhead, meeting the real-time requirements of vehicle energy management. In summary, MOCR-SAC significantly enhances the performance, efficiency, and durability of fuel cell hybrid powertrains, offering a practical and scalable solution for sustainable transportation.

燃料电池/电池混合动力系统通过将氢燃料电池的高能量密度与电池的高功率密度相结合，为燃料电池汽车提供了一个很有前途的解决方案。然而，这种多源系统的实时能源管理面临着同时实现经济效率、耐用性和适应性的挑战。为了解决这个问题，本研究提出了一种名为MOCR-SAC的在线能源管理策略。它将多目标约束规则（包括氢气消耗、燃料电池退化、电池退化、燃料电池最佳效率偏差和电池最佳充电状态偏差）纳入软行为者-评论家强化学习框架中，实现自适应和智能功率分配。在中国标准驾驶循环下对一辆12米燃料电池公交车进行的评估显示，与传统SAC（无约束或使用单一规则）相比，MOCR-SAC至少减少了4.28%的氢消耗和7.32%的运营成本。它在组件降解、成本、电池SOC调节和氢经济性方面也优于其他在线强化学习方法。与动态规划的全局最优方案相比，其运行成本偏差在4.50%以内，耗氢量降低5.63%。在确定性和不确定性工况下，总运行成本偏差均小于10%，具有较强的鲁棒性和适应性。该策略能够以最小的计算开销进行离线预训练和在线部署，满足车辆能量管理的实时性要求。总之，MOCR-SAC显著提高了燃料电池混合动力系统的性能、效率和耐用性，为可持续交通提供了实用且可扩展的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Tuning the electrolyte formulation from flame-retarding to nonflammable for safe and high-performance SiO and high nickel-based cells 调整电解质配方，从阻燃到不易燃，以实现安全和高性能的SiO和高镍基电池

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530

Dong Guk Kang , Kihun An , Yen Hai Thi Tran , Min-Geun Oh , Dung Tien Tuan Vu , Han Bao Nguyen , Do Youb Kim , Koeun Kim , Yoon Sung Lee , Seung-Wan Song

Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF₆ salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.

高能密度锂离子电池（LIBs）中含硅阳极和高镍阴极的电解液和界面设计是一个重大挑战，因为它们的界面反应性高，导致性能下降，并且存在安全隐患。利用现有的传统电解液提高电池的安全性依赖于磷腈类阻燃添加剂，但往往牺牲了性能，这迫切需要同时满足性能和安全性的创新电解液解决方案。本文报道了一种为硅基和高镍基lib定制的不燃电解质（NF EL）配方，该配方由甲基（2,2,2-三氟乙基）碳酸酯（FEMC）、1 M LiPF6盐和少量FEC添加剂组成。该电解质配方同时增强了富f物质的固体电解质间相（SEI）和阴极电解质间相（CEI）的稳定性，减少了电池膨胀，抑制了裂缝，并在工业1.2 Ah袋状电池中实现了卓越的长期稳定性，在恶劣条件下（1C, 4.35 V, 45°C） 500次循环后，其容量保持率达到82%。电池的安全性得到了显著提高，热箱测试和抑制中具有优异的热稳定性，加速量热法（ARC）结果中热失控的显著延迟得到了验证。这项工作为安全和高性能的锂离子电池、电动汽车和电动汽车的电解质和界面工程提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing decarbonization benefits of transport electrification: A provincial perspective in China 评估交通电气化的脱碳效益：中国省级视角

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529

Xiwang Xiang , Tianduo Peng , Ershun Du , Chenjun Hou , Qin Wang

Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO₂) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO₂ in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO₂ (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.

终端用电部门的电气化被认为对实现能源转型和减缓气候变化至关重要。尽管电动汽车和充电基础设施在中国大幅扩张，但交通电气化带来的脱碳效益仍然不确定，而且尚未得到充分探索。本研究采用自顶向下和自底向上的混合分析框架，结合分解结构分解，研究了2000 - 2021年中国30个省份交通运输行业的排放模式和脱碳效益。我们的估计显示：(1)经济增长和激增的运输需求推动碳排放量增加了近五倍，从2000年的1.734亿吨二氧化碳（MtCO2）增加到2021年的8.547亿吨二氧化碳。(2)各省电气化率与脱碳效益表现出很强的正相关关系，累计减少排放2.104亿吨二氧化碳（占行业排放量的1.7%），但省际差异明显。(3)至关重要的是，加速的电气化在能源供应部门产生了大量的间接碳排放，电网脱碳滞后部分抵消了直接脱碳的效益。因此，我们认为电气化不能作为以化石燃料为基础的能源系统主导的发展中经济体的普遍政策处方。实现公正和公平的能源转型需要同步的区域电网和最终用途转型。总体而言，我们的工作为政策制定者提供了一个诊断工具包，以量化电气化的脱碳效益，优先考虑特定区域的干预措施，并使省级战略与国家碳中和目标相协调，为全球能源转型提供了一个可复制的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Real-time AI-enabled digital twin for battery health estimation and fast charging using partial-discharge data 实时人工智能数字孪生，用于电池健康评估和使用部分放电数据的快速充电

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100528

Mohammad Qasem, Jeff Stubblefield, Moath Qandil, Yazan Yassin, Mariana Haddadin, Mahesh Krishnamurthy

Digital twin technology has emerged as a promising approach for integrating multi-physics models in real-time to optimize the operation of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOLs), particularly in terms of battery performance. However, the mitigation of dynamic lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth during fast charging remains unaddressed in current studies. This paper proposes an AI-enabled digital twin that uses partial-discharge data, data from incomplete discharge cycles, for real-time battery-health estimation and couples this insight with an age-aware fast-charging controller that adaptively controls the charging current to mitigate lithium plating and SEI growth. The experimental results demonstrated the framework’s robustness across varying ambient temperatures and initial state of charge (SoC) conditions. A novel real-time estimation model within the framework achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.5% and 0.4% for both battery capacity and internal resistance. Additionally, the proposed framework preserved battery capacity of 87.6% at 25 °

C

compared to 81.4% and 64.3% for MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively, representing relative improvements of +7.6% and +36.2% over MCC-CV and CC-CV, respectively. This approach helped mitigate battery side reactions during fast charging, while it reduced the time required to reach 80% SoC to less than 25 min, which was 28.6% faster than MCC-CV (35 min) and 35.9% faster than CC-CV (39 min) after 200 cycles. These results support practical deployment in embedded BMS and EV/eVTOL charging to enhance safety, reduce plating risk, and extend service life.

数字孪生技术已经成为一种很有前途的方法，可以实时集成多物理场模型，以优化电动汽车（ev）和电动垂直起降（evtol）的运行，特别是在电池性能方面。然而，在目前的研究中，快速充电过程中动态镀锂和固体电解质间相（SEI）生长的减缓仍未得到解决。本文提出了一种支持人工智能的数字孪生，它使用部分放电数据（来自不完整放电周期的数据）进行实时电池健康估计，并将这种洞察力与年龄感知快速充电控制器相结合，该控制器可自适应控制充电电流，以减轻锂电镀和SEI增长。实验结果表明，该框架在不同的环境温度和初始充电状态（SoC）条件下具有鲁棒性。在该框架内，一种新的实时估计模型实现了电池容量和内阻的均方根误差（RMSE）分别小于0.5%和0.4%。此外，与MCC-CV和CC-CV分别为81.4%和64.3%相比，该框架在25°C下保留了87.6%的电池容量，比MCC-CV和CC-CV分别提高了+7.6%和+36.2%。这种方法有助于减轻电池在快速充电过程中的副反应，同时将达到80% SoC所需的时间缩短到25分钟以内，在200次循环后，比mc - cv（35分钟）快28.6%，比CC-CV（39分钟）快35.9%。这些结果支持嵌入式BMS和EV/eVTOL充电的实际部署，以提高安全性，降低电镀风险并延长使用寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Temperature-dependent performance trade-offs in PEMFCs: A mechanistic study and oxygen-enriched compensation strategy pemfc中温度依赖的性能权衡：机制研究和富氧补偿策略

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527

Chuanjie Wang , Jia Li , Xiaoke Li , Lei Zhang , Siao Zhang , Qinan Yin , Qinghao Zhang , Yongquan Wu , Kaifu Luo , Dengzhou Liu , Aidong Tan , Jianguo Liu

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating at elevated temperatures (>100 °C) hold promise for simplified water-thermal management compared to conventional 60–85 °C systems. However, the complex interplay of activation polarization, oxygen partial pressure and mass transfer at high temperatures remains unresolved, limiting their practical deployment. Herein, we decode a temperature-dependent trade-off. It governs PEMFCs performance across a wide temperature range (60–100 °C) through operando polarization decomposition, limit current method and a validated multiphysics coupling model, revealing that while rising temperatures reduce the intrinsic total mass transfer resistance (R_total) and activation overpotential, these benefits are negated by oxygen partial pressure drop due to accelerated water vaporization-induced gas dilution. To address this bottleneck, we propose an oxygen-enriched air control strategy that dynamically adjusts cathode gas composition, achieving 36 % increase in peak power and 90 mV improvement in voltage (@1.6 A/cm²) at 100 °C. Quantification via game-theoretic analysis shows 67 % performance gain from oxygen compensation and 33 % from activation polarization and R_total mitigation. Moreover, there is no sign of accelerated durability degradation compared to air under oxygen-enriched air conditions. This work decouples temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms and provides a transformative pathway for next-generation high-temperature PEMFCs systems.

与传统的60-85°C系统相比，质子交换膜燃料电池（pemfc）在高温（>100°C）下工作，有望简化水热管理。然而，活化极化、氧分压和高温传质之间复杂的相互作用仍然没有得到解决，限制了它们的实际应用。在这里，我们解码温度依赖的权衡。它通过operando极化分解、极限电流法和经过验证的多物理场耦合模型，在宽温度范围（60-100°C）内控制pemfc的性能，结果表明，虽然温度升高会降低固有总传质阻力（Rtotal）和活化过电位，但由于加速水蒸气蒸发导致的气体稀释，氧气分压下降会抵消这些好处。为了解决这一瓶颈，我们提出了一种富氧空气控制策略，动态调整阴极气体成分，在100°C下实现峰值功率增加36%，电压提高90 mV （@1.6 A/cm2）。通过博弈论分析的量化表明，氧补偿可使性能提高67%，激活极化和Rtotal降低可使性能提高33%。此外，与富氧空气条件下的空气相比，没有加速耐久性退化的迹象。这项工作解耦了温度依赖的极化机制，并为下一代高温pemfc系统提供了一条变革性的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal scheduling method for integrated energy system considering hydrogen trading and transportation 考虑氢交易和运输的综合能源系统最优调度方法

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526

Qi Li , Zequn Wang , Hanyu Lai , Chunlin Li , Yuchen Pu , Yang Yang , Yongchang Tao , Weirong Chen

The growing scarcity of resources and the prevalence of environmental contamination has led to increased demand for energy trading and transportation. While integrated energy system (IES), as a crucial component in multi-energy coupling and energy conservation and emission reduction, are confronted with significant challenges. In particular, hydrogen energy systems face difficulties in temporal and spatial coupling, wherein pricing mechanisms remain decoupled from geographical delivery constraints and transportation logistics, and supply–demand optimization operates within fragmented frameworks lacking coordinated decision-making. In light of the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes a trading method of IES considering hydrogen energy trading and transportation. First, this paper establishes an electricity-heat-hydrogen IES model and a transportation network based on the geographical information between IES and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). Then, considering that the hydrogen energy transaction between IES and HRSs is affected by hydrogen energy transportation time, distance and price, a two-stage optimization method based on non-cooperative game is proposed. In this game, both IES and HRSs engage in energy transactions with the objective of maximizing revenue. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the case studies. The results show that the optimal scheduling method considering hydrogen transport can achieve an economic hydrogen trading and transport solution to complete the hydrogen supply to HRSs. The multi-energy transaction was profitable at $1140.07. Compared to conventional fixed-pricing models, the integrated approach achieves significant improvements in system performance, with an 18.57 % reduction in operating costs, a 3.2 % increase in energy utilization efficiency, and up to 22.3 % enhancement in hydrogen trading revenue.

资源的日益稀缺和环境污染的普遍存在导致对能源贸易和运输的需求增加。而集成能源系统作为多能耦合和节能减排的重要组成部分，正面临着重大挑战。特别是，氢能系统面临着时空耦合的困难，其中定价机制仍然与地理交付约束和运输物流脱钩，供需优化在缺乏协调决策的碎片化框架内运行。针对上述挑战，本文提出了一种考虑氢能源交易和运输的IES交易方法。首先，基于加氢站与加氢站之间的地理信息，建立了加氢站与加氢站之间的电-热-氢混合动力系统模型和运输网络。然后，考虑到氢能源运输时间、距离和价格对氢能源交易的影响，提出了一种基于非合作博弈的两阶段优化方法。在这个博弈中，IES和HRSs都以收益最大化为目标进行能源交易。最后，通过实例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明，考虑氢输运的最优调度方法可以实现经济的氢交易和输运方案，以完成对HRSs的氢供应。该多能源交易以1140.07美元的价格获利。与传统的固定定价模式相比，集成方法在系统性能方面取得了显着改善，运营成本降低18.57%，能源利用效率提高3.2%，氢交易收入提高22.3%。

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引用次数: 0

Quantification and forecasting of reserve capacity from electric trains 电力列车备用容量的量化与预测

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100524

Agnes Nakiganda , Martin Lindahl , Callum Henderson , Agustí Egea-Àlvarez , Lars Herre

This paper explores the quantification and forecasting of reserve capacity from electric trains for participation in power system ancillary service markets. We first map train electricity consumption – traction and non-traction – to suitable reserve products, considering operational and regulatory constraints. Using historical data from the Danish railway operator DSB, we estimate the available flexibility for frequency containment reserves, focusing on controllable non-traction loads such as heating and air conditioning. To support market participation, we develop a low-resolution stochastic forecasting model based on conformal prediction, capable of estimating reserve availability for both day-ahead and hour-ahead horizons. Results show that a fleet of approximately 60 active trains can provide up to 10 MW of downward regulation and 1.5 MW of upward regulation from non-traction loads. Additionally, traction power from 25 trains can provide up to 5 MW of upward reserve in certain time periods. The findings demonstrate a viable pathway for integrating electric trains into flexibility markets, offering new revenue opportunities for operators and enhancing grid stability.

本文探讨了参与电力系统辅助服务市场的电力列车备用容量的量化与预测。我们首先将列车电力消耗（牵引和非牵引）映射到合适的储备产品，考虑运营和监管约束。利用丹麦铁路运营商DSB的历史数据，我们估计了频率控制储备的可用灵活性，重点关注供暖和空调等可控非牵引负荷。为了支持市场参与，我们开发了一个基于适形预测的低分辨率随机预测模型，能够估计前一天和一小时前的储备可用性。结果表明，一个由大约60列现役列车组成的车队可以提供高达10兆瓦的下行调节和1.5兆瓦的非牵引负载上行调节。此外，25列火车的牵引动力可以在特定时间段提供高达5兆瓦的上行储备。研究结果为将电动列车整合到灵活的市场提供了一条可行的途径，为运营商提供了新的收入机会，并提高了电网的稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

A fused electrical-mechanical model with extended Kalman filter and adaptive weighting for state-of-charge estimation of lithium iron-phosphate batteries 基于扩展卡尔曼滤波和自适应加权的磷酸铁锂电池电-力学融合模型

IF 17 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522

Lan-Hao Lou , Xi-Tai Liang , Jiuchun Jiang , Tianjun Lu , Changhong Yu , Chao Chen , Jintao Shi , Feng Ning , Xue Li , Xiao-Guang Yang

Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries remains challenging due to their characteristically flat open-circuit voltage (OCV) profile and pronounced hysteresis effects. Though recent advances have explored mechanical signals to improve estimation accuracy, the inherent non-monotonic force–SOC relationship and thermal expansion effects introduce additional complexities that hinder practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose a SOC estimation framework that fuses an equivalent circuit model with an equivalent force model, explicitly accounting for both intercalation-induced and thermally induced stress. The proposed dual-model structure is integrated via a dual extended Kalman filter with adaptive weighting. This approach outperforms conventional methods under diverse operating conditions and demonstrates robustness against common error sources. Hardware-in-the-loop validation further confirms the real-time applicability of the proposed framework. This work offers a practical and accurate solution for SOC estimation in LFP batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.

由于磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池具有平坦的开路电压（OCV）特征和明显的滞后效应，因此对其进行准确的荷电状态（SOC）估算仍然具有挑战性。尽管最近的进展已经探索了机械信号来提高估计精度，但固有的非单调力- soc关系和热膨胀效应带来了额外的复杂性，阻碍了实际部署。为了解决这些挑战，我们提出了一个SOC估计框架，该框架融合了等效电路模型和等效力模型，明确地考虑了插层诱导和热诱导应力。该双模型结构通过自适应加权的双扩展卡尔曼滤波进行集成。该方法在不同的操作条件下优于传统方法，并且对常见的误差源具有鲁棒性。硬件在环验证进一步证实了所提出框架的实时适用性。这项工作为电动汽车和储能系统中使用的LFP电池的SOC估计提供了一个实用而准确的解决方案。

{"title":"A fused electrical-mechanical model with extended Kalman filter and adaptive weighting for state-of-charge estimation of lithium iron-phosphate batteries","authors":"Lan-Hao Lou , Xi-Tai Liang , Jiuchun Jiang , Tianjun Lu , Changhong Yu , Chao Chen , Jintao Shi , Feng Ning , Xue Li , Xiao-Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries remains challenging due to their characteristically flat open-circuit voltage (OCV) profile and pronounced hysteresis effects. Though recent advances have explored mechanical signals to improve estimation accuracy, the inherent non-monotonic force–SOC relationship and thermal expansion effects introduce additional complexities that hinder practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose a SOC estimation framework that fuses an equivalent circuit model with an equivalent force model, explicitly accounting for both intercalation-induced and thermally induced stress. The proposed dual-model structure is integrated via a dual extended Kalman filter with adaptive weighting. This approach outperforms conventional methods under diverse operating conditions and demonstrates robustness against common error sources. Hardware-in-the-loop validation further confirms the real-time applicability of the proposed framework. This work offers a practical and accurate solution for SOC estimation in LFP batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100522"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0