Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956391
R. M. Lec, J. Sorial
Colloids and suspensions represent a large group of fluids important in many biological and chemical applications. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of colloids and suspensions, processes of sedimentation, mechanisms of interaction between particles, and interfacial processes involving interaction of particles with various surfaces are of special interest. In this paper we present the use of Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) resonant sensors for characterizing the kinetics of various phenomena accompanying the sedimentation process. The studied colloidal system which consisted of a polystyrene spheres of the size 1, 10 and 90 microns suspended buffered saline solution was tested with TSM resonators operating at the fundamental frequency of 5 MHz and its harmonics. The measured parameters included the sedimentation rate, and the changes in the viscoelastic properties of the medium as a function of time, concentration and the penetration depth of the probing acoustic shear wave. The obtained results showed that the TSM sensors can be used for a rapid and accurate monitoring colloidal processes in real time with high sensitivity and resolution.
{"title":"The study of colloidal systems with TSM piezoelectric sensors","authors":"R. M. Lec, J. Sorial","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956391","url":null,"abstract":"Colloids and suspensions represent a large group of fluids important in many biological and chemical applications. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of colloids and suspensions, processes of sedimentation, mechanisms of interaction between particles, and interfacial processes involving interaction of particles with various surfaces are of special interest. In this paper we present the use of Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) resonant sensors for characterizing the kinetics of various phenomena accompanying the sedimentation process. The studied colloidal system which consisted of a polystyrene spheres of the size 1, 10 and 90 microns suspended buffered saline solution was tested with TSM resonators operating at the fundamental frequency of 5 MHz and its harmonics. The measured parameters included the sedimentation rate, and the changes in the viscoelastic properties of the medium as a function of time, concentration and the penetration depth of the probing acoustic shear wave. The obtained results showed that the TSM sensors can be used for a rapid and accurate monitoring colloidal processes in real time with high sensitivity and resolution.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124014359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956183
V. N. Kuleshov
Nonlinear analysis of PM and AM noise in BJT amplifiers is interesting both for understanding of the field of linear analysis applicability, and for some applications in practice. In this paper an approach to nonlinear amplifier analysis developed previously is applied to calculation of 1/f PM and AM noise in common emitter BJT amplifier with emitter feedback. An influence of input signal level, parameters of unbypassed resistance and bypassed resistance in emitter circuit on 1/f PM and AM noise power spectral densities is investigated for different signal frequencies. Effects of 1/f PM noise compensation in amplifiers with complex feedback, that were previously reported, are considered in nonlinear mode of operation. Based on these results full power spectral densities of PM and AM noises due to both wideband noise sources and 1/f noise sources are calculated for several input signal levels.
{"title":"An influence of nonlinearities on PM and AM noises in BJT amplifiers","authors":"V. N. Kuleshov","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956183","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear analysis of PM and AM noise in BJT amplifiers is interesting both for understanding of the field of linear analysis applicability, and for some applications in practice. In this paper an approach to nonlinear amplifier analysis developed previously is applied to calculation of 1/f PM and AM noise in common emitter BJT amplifier with emitter feedback. An influence of input signal level, parameters of unbypassed resistance and bypassed resistance in emitter circuit on 1/f PM and AM noise power spectral densities is investigated for different signal frequencies. Effects of 1/f PM noise compensation in amplifiers with complex feedback, that were previously reported, are considered in nonlinear mode of operation. Based on these results full power spectral densities of PM and AM noises due to both wideband noise sources and 1/f noise sources are calculated for several input signal levels.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"393 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115205032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956358
Wei Zhou
In many areas there is a high demand for high performance frequency sources such as high frequency stability, low g-vibration sensitivity in rigorous operating environment involving temperature, humidity and vibration. This paper reports a surface transverse wave (STW) microwave source with temperature compensation and very low g-vibration sensitivity. Its frequency deviation, which is compensated by an analog temperature compensation (ATC) technique with varactor diode and resistance thermistor network, is approximately 18 ppm over a wide temperature range (-40/spl deg/C/spl sim/+65/spl deg/C). Its operating frequency is 2 GHz. Its g-vibration sensitivity is less than 5/spl times/10/sup -10//g along three orthogonal directions. Its sinusoidal vibrating frequency from 80 Hz to 1500 Hz with 5 minutes at each vibrating frequency. The vibrating-induced FM sideband levels were measured directly using a spectrum analyzer.
{"title":"Temperature compensation and low g-vibration sensitivity STW microwave source","authors":"Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956358","url":null,"abstract":"In many areas there is a high demand for high performance frequency sources such as high frequency stability, low g-vibration sensitivity in rigorous operating environment involving temperature, humidity and vibration. This paper reports a surface transverse wave (STW) microwave source with temperature compensation and very low g-vibration sensitivity. Its frequency deviation, which is compensated by an analog temperature compensation (ATC) technique with varactor diode and resistance thermistor network, is approximately 18 ppm over a wide temperature range (-40/spl deg/C/spl sim/+65/spl deg/C). Its operating frequency is 2 GHz. Its g-vibration sensitivity is less than 5/spl times/10/sup -10//g along three orthogonal directions. Its sinusoidal vibrating frequency from 80 Hz to 1500 Hz with 5 minutes at each vibrating frequency. The vibrating-induced FM sideband levels were measured directly using a spectrum analyzer.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121741106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956347
K. Lakin, K. McCarron, J. McDonald, J. Belsick
Thin film resonators have been made that exhibit a high degree of temperature compensation. These resonators are composed of piezoelectric aluminum nitride films, aluminum top and bottom electrodes, and are compensated with layers of silicon dioxide within the resonator. The resonators are fabricated with the solidly mounted resonator (SMR) configuration using a sequence of aluminum nitride and silicon dioxide reflector layers. Silicon dioxide has a positive temperature coefficient and can be used to offset the -25 ppm per degree C temperature coefficient of aluminum nitride. Results are reported on hermetic packaging, temperature cycle testing, temperature coefficient measurements, and preliminary ageing. This paper reports on progress made in ageing studies and temperature cycling of 644 MHz temperature compensated resonators.
{"title":"Temperature coefficient and ageing of BAW composite materials","authors":"K. Lakin, K. McCarron, J. McDonald, J. Belsick","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956347","url":null,"abstract":"Thin film resonators have been made that exhibit a high degree of temperature compensation. These resonators are composed of piezoelectric aluminum nitride films, aluminum top and bottom electrodes, and are compensated with layers of silicon dioxide within the resonator. The resonators are fabricated with the solidly mounted resonator (SMR) configuration using a sequence of aluminum nitride and silicon dioxide reflector layers. Silicon dioxide has a positive temperature coefficient and can be used to offset the -25 ppm per degree C temperature coefficient of aluminum nitride. Results are reported on hermetic packaging, temperature cycle testing, temperature coefficient measurements, and preliminary ageing. This paper reports on progress made in ageing studies and temperature cycling of 644 MHz temperature compensated resonators.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126389410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956285
J. Kondoh, T. Muramatsu, T. Nakanishi, S. Shiokawa
In this paper, we describe a liquid sensing system with a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor. The developed sensing system has low standard deviation of noise. The system is applied for the Japanese tea measurements. The results show that the slight differences of tea can be detected by the SH-SAW liquid sensing system. Furthermore, we discuss precise and accurate measurements of liquid properties with the SH-SAW sensing system.
{"title":"Development of surface acoustic wave liquid sensing system and application for japanese tea measurements","authors":"J. Kondoh, T. Muramatsu, T. Nakanishi, S. Shiokawa","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956285","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe a liquid sensing system with a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensor. The developed sensing system has low standard deviation of noise. The system is applied for the Japanese tea measurements. The results show that the slight differences of tea can be detected by the SH-SAW liquid sensing system. Furthermore, we discuss precise and accurate measurements of liquid properties with the SH-SAW sensing system.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"366 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122319584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956154
Y. Sortais, S. Bize, C. Nicolas, C. Mandache, G. Santarelli, A. Clairon, C. Salomon
We have built in experiment to perform a test of the stability of the fine structure constant /spl alpha/=e/sup 2///spl nabla/c. This test is based on high accuracy comparisons between atomic microwave frequency standards using different atomic species. We have first developed a /sup 87/Rb fountain with a relative accuracy of 2/spl times/10/sup -15/ that we compare with BNM-LPTF Cs fountains. This comparison leads to a test of the stability of the fine structure constant at the level of 8/spl times/10/sup -15/ yr/sup -1/. We are now developing a dual fountain that will operate with /sup 87/Rb and /sup 133/Cs simultaneously. Using this device, we expect to improve the accuracy of Rb and Cs fountains and bring the resolution of the test of the stability of /spl alpha/ in the 10/sup -16/ yr/sup -1/ range. The Cs part of this device is giving satisfactory preliminary results.
{"title":"Rubidium and cesium in one fountain: a new tool for the search of the time variation of the fine structure constant","authors":"Y. Sortais, S. Bize, C. Nicolas, C. Mandache, G. Santarelli, A. Clairon, C. Salomon","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956154","url":null,"abstract":"We have built in experiment to perform a test of the stability of the fine structure constant /spl alpha/=e/sup 2///spl nabla/c. This test is based on high accuracy comparisons between atomic microwave frequency standards using different atomic species. We have first developed a /sup 87/Rb fountain with a relative accuracy of 2/spl times/10/sup -15/ that we compare with BNM-LPTF Cs fountains. This comparison leads to a test of the stability of the fine structure constant at the level of 8/spl times/10/sup -15/ yr/sup -1/. We are now developing a dual fountain that will operate with /sup 87/Rb and /sup 133/Cs simultaneously. Using this device, we expect to improve the accuracy of Rb and Cs fountains and bring the resolution of the test of the stability of /spl alpha/ in the 10/sup -16/ yr/sup -1/ range. The Cs part of this device is giving satisfactory preliminary results.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"86 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120835554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956271
K. Mitzner, E. Berkenpas, J. Sternhagen, M. Karlgaard, C. Wold, D. Galipeau
Current designs for surface acoustic wave sensor system electronics are typically based on SAW oscillators, phase detectors, or phase-locked loops to measure changes in SAW velocity. The advantage of SAW oscillators is a high resolution frequency output as compared to phase systems which are more stable and can more easily provide amplitude information. Phase-locked loops offer advantages of both the SAW oscillator and phase detection systems but have the disadvantages of a fixed frequency range and the need for frequency counting circuitry. The objectives of this work were to study the performance of a direct digital synthesis based phase-locked loop system with the advantages of a programmable center frequency, elimination of the need for frequency counting circuitry, and tolerance to large SAW sensor insertion loss. The DDS system had a resolution of 4 Hz and a range of 80 to 120 MHz with 100 MHz SAW sensors in humidity and temperature sensing applications. This indicates that the DDS based PLL is a practical electronic system for SAW sensors.
{"title":"A direct digital synthesis system for surface acoustic wave sensors","authors":"K. Mitzner, E. Berkenpas, J. Sternhagen, M. Karlgaard, C. Wold, D. Galipeau","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956271","url":null,"abstract":"Current designs for surface acoustic wave sensor system electronics are typically based on SAW oscillators, phase detectors, or phase-locked loops to measure changes in SAW velocity. The advantage of SAW oscillators is a high resolution frequency output as compared to phase systems which are more stable and can more easily provide amplitude information. Phase-locked loops offer advantages of both the SAW oscillator and phase detection systems but have the disadvantages of a fixed frequency range and the need for frequency counting circuitry. The objectives of this work were to study the performance of a direct digital synthesis based phase-locked loop system with the advantages of a programmable center frequency, elimination of the need for frequency counting circuitry, and tolerance to large SAW sensor insertion loss. The DDS system had a resolution of 4 Hz and a range of 80 to 120 MHz with 100 MHz SAW sensors in humidity and temperature sensing applications. This indicates that the DDS based PLL is a practical electronic system for SAW sensors.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128259573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956345
Hideaki Itoh, Yoshiaki Aoshima, Tamotsu Egawa
We developed a method for analyzing the frequency of a quartz crystal tuning fork using torsion spring model. In order to calculate the frequency close to the actual frequency of the tuning fork, we approximated the right half of tuning fork to an L-shaped bar, of which two bars at both the base and the arm are in bending vibration. Furthermore, we applied torsion spring model with torsion spring constant R to the joint of beams A corresponding to the base and B corresponding to the arm. A comparison was made of frequencies calculated by this method with experimental results and the relation between R and the width of the base is discussed.
{"title":"Model of a quartz crystal tuning fork using torsion spring at the joint of the arm and the base","authors":"Hideaki Itoh, Yoshiaki Aoshima, Tamotsu Egawa","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956345","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a method for analyzing the frequency of a quartz crystal tuning fork using torsion spring model. In order to calculate the frequency close to the actual frequency of the tuning fork, we approximated the right half of tuning fork to an L-shaped bar, of which two bars at both the base and the arm are in bending vibration. Furthermore, we applied torsion spring model with torsion spring constant R to the joint of beams A corresponding to the base and B corresponding to the arm. A comparison was made of frequencies calculated by this method with experimental results and the relation between R and the width of the base is discussed.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130432376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956274
S. Kurosawa, Dae-Sang Han, Jong-Won Park, H. Aizawa, Minoru Yoshimoto, Chikashi Nakamura, Jun Miyake, Sang‐Mok Chang
Fundamental modes (9 & 50 MHz) and overtone modes of 3rd mode of 33 MHz (100(3) MHz) and 5th mode of 20 MHz (100(5) MHz) of quartz crystal microbalances. (QCMs) with high frequencies are studied to increase the frequency response of QCM gas-sensor. On the fundamental and overtone modes, the ratio of mass sensitivity of QCMs calculated from theory is consistent with that of the experimental results.
{"title":"Gas sensor using high-frequency quartz crystal microbalance","authors":"S. Kurosawa, Dae-Sang Han, Jong-Won Park, H. Aizawa, Minoru Yoshimoto, Chikashi Nakamura, Jun Miyake, Sang‐Mok Chang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956274","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental modes (9 & 50 MHz) and overtone modes of 3rd mode of 33 MHz (100(3) MHz) and 5th mode of 20 MHz (100(5) MHz) of quartz crystal microbalances. (QCMs) with high frequencies are studied to increase the frequency response of QCM gas-sensor. On the fundamental and overtone modes, the ratio of mass sensitivity of QCMs calculated from theory is consistent with that of the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134163972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956207
J. C. King, J.J. Martin
Electrolysis (electrodiffusion, sweeping) in vacuum has been shown to reduce the sensitivity of quartz resonators to pulsed radiation. Vacuum-sweeping is expected to remove the alkalis associated with the aluminum and the hydrogen associated with the growth-defects and replace them with electronic holes. The process is not very well understood and is often incomplete. It has been suggested that sweeping in the presence of ionizing radiation would speed the release of the trapped ions and hydrogen from the defect sites by enhancing the availability of electronic charge carriers over those generated at the electrodes. Quartz subjected to this process should not show any OH-related infrared absorption. Several blocks of Sawyer Special Premium Q quartz were vacuum-swept while being irradiated. Bremstrahlung (continuous) x-rays produced by colliding 1.5 MeV electrons with a Mo target were used for the irradiation. Low-temperature FTIR profiles showed a complete removal of all of the OH-related absorption bands from two of the three blocks that had been vacuum-swept in the radiation-field. Control blocks were vacuum-swept without the radiation-field. FTIR profiles made on these control blocks showed that the sweeping front had moved only a fraction of the way through the blocks. Low-temperature FTIR measurements showed that the block that was only partially swept in the radiation field was less pure than the other blocks. It was also inhomogenous. The removal of hydrogen by vacuum-sweeping in a radiation-field appears to be permanent; annealing a sample in air at 500/spl deg/C did not reintroduce any OH-related absorption bands.
在真空中电解(电扩散，清扫)已被证明可以降低石英谐振器对脉冲辐射的灵敏度。真空清扫有望去除与铝有关的碱和与生长缺陷有关的氢，并用电子空穴代替它们。这个过程不是很好理解，而且往往是不完整的。有人认为，在电离辐射的存在下进行扫描，通过提高电极上产生的电子载流子的可用性，可以加速从缺陷部位释放被捕获的离子和氢。经受此过程的石英不应显示任何与oh相关的红外吸收。几块Sawyer Special Premium Q石英在辐照时被真空扫描。利用1.5 MeV电子与Mo靶碰撞产生的轫致辐射(连续)x射线进行辐照。低温FTIR谱图显示，在辐射场真空扫过的三个块中，有两个块的oh相关吸收带完全去除。对照组在没有辐射场的情况下进行真空扫描。在这些控制块上制作的FTIR剖面显示，横扫锋面只移动了块的一小部分。低温FTIR测量表明，在辐射场中只被部分扫过的块比其他块的纯度低。它也是非齐次的。在辐射场中真空清除氢似乎是永久的;在500/spl℃的空气中退火样品没有重新引入任何与oh相关的吸收带。
{"title":"The effects of ionizing radiation on the vacuum-electrolysis of quartz","authors":"J. C. King, J.J. Martin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956207","url":null,"abstract":"Electrolysis (electrodiffusion, sweeping) in vacuum has been shown to reduce the sensitivity of quartz resonators to pulsed radiation. Vacuum-sweeping is expected to remove the alkalis associated with the aluminum and the hydrogen associated with the growth-defects and replace them with electronic holes. The process is not very well understood and is often incomplete. It has been suggested that sweeping in the presence of ionizing radiation would speed the release of the trapped ions and hydrogen from the defect sites by enhancing the availability of electronic charge carriers over those generated at the electrodes. Quartz subjected to this process should not show any OH-related infrared absorption. Several blocks of Sawyer Special Premium Q quartz were vacuum-swept while being irradiated. Bremstrahlung (continuous) x-rays produced by colliding 1.5 MeV electrons with a Mo target were used for the irradiation. Low-temperature FTIR profiles showed a complete removal of all of the OH-related absorption bands from two of the three blocks that had been vacuum-swept in the radiation-field. Control blocks were vacuum-swept without the radiation-field. FTIR profiles made on these control blocks showed that the sweeping front had moved only a fraction of the way through the blocks. Low-temperature FTIR measurements showed that the block that was only partially swept in the radiation field was less pure than the other blocks. It was also inhomogenous. The removal of hydrogen by vacuum-sweeping in a radiation-field appears to be permanent; annealing a sample in air at 500/spl deg/C did not reintroduce any OH-related absorption bands.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115420493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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