Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622665
Mingda Yue;Shuting Le;Yuhu Wu;Xun Shen
This letter investigates a duopolistic market where firms compete through both pricing and advertising strategies. Due to customer attrition and the effects of advertising, each firm’s loyal customer segment evolves dynamically. This leads to a dynamic market segment competition in which firms aim to maximize profits through optimal strategies. Our analysis of the one-stage game reveals at most two Nash equilibria. Notably, even with symmetric initial positions, firms adopt asymmetric strategies in equilibrium: one employs greater advertising intensity and higher pricing to secure more profits. In the two-stage game, our analysis shows that firms optimally increase first-stage advertising to sustain larger loyal segments, thereby boosting subsequent profits. These findings have important implications for multi-stage competition.
{"title":"Optimal Competitive Strategies: Pricing and Advertising in Dynamic Market Segments","authors":"Mingda Yue;Shuting Le;Yuhu Wu;Xun Shen","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622665","url":null,"abstract":"This letter investigates a duopolistic market where firms compete through both pricing and advertising strategies. Due to customer attrition and the effects of advertising, each firm’s loyal customer segment evolves dynamically. This leads to a dynamic market segment competition in which firms aim to maximize profits through optimal strategies. Our analysis of the one-stage game reveals at most two Nash equilibria. Notably, even with symmetric initial positions, firms adopt asymmetric strategies in equilibrium: one employs greater advertising intensity and higher pricing to secure more profits. In the two-stage game, our analysis shows that firms optimally increase first-stage advertising to sustain larger loyal segments, thereby boosting subsequent profits. These findings have important implications for multi-stage competition.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2447-2452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622516
Aditya Kale;Marcos Netto;Xinyang Zhou
We propose a reformulation of the streaming dynamic mode decomposition method that requires maintaining a single orthonormal basis, thereby reducing computational redundancy. The proposed efficient streaming dynamic mode decomposition method results in a constant-factor reduction in computational complexity and memory storage requirements. Numerical experiments on representative canonical dynamical systems show that the enhanced computational efficiency does not compromise the accuracy of the proposed method.
{"title":"Efficient Streaming Dynamic Mode Decomposition","authors":"Aditya Kale;Marcos Netto;Xinyang Zhou","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622516","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a reformulation of the streaming dynamic mode decomposition method that requires maintaining a single orthonormal basis, thereby reducing computational redundancy. The proposed efficient streaming dynamic mode decomposition method results in a constant-factor reduction in computational complexity and memory storage requirements. Numerical experiments on representative canonical dynamical systems show that the enhanced computational efficiency does not compromise the accuracy of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2387-2392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622078
Gongfei Song;Zirong Yin;Hao Shen;Tao Li
This letter presents a thorough study on stability in distribution(SID) for two distinct classes of nonlinear hybrid stochastic delay systems. To stabilize these inherently unstable systems in distribution, we propose a periodic intermittent feedback controller utilizing discrete-time state observations. By employing M-matrix theory, the It$hat {o}$ formula, and related analytical tools, we demonstrate that the probability measure of the solution to the controlled system converges to a stationary distribution, signifying SID. This establishes the SID of the addressed hybrid stochastic delay systems. Subsequently, the validity of the theoretical findings is confirmed through two numerical simulations and an application to a stochastic delayed SEIR model in epidemiology.
{"title":"Stabilization in Distribution of Hybrid Stochastic Delay Systems via Discontinuous Control and Application","authors":"Gongfei Song;Zirong Yin;Hao Shen;Tao Li","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3622078","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a thorough study on stability in distribution(SID) for two distinct classes of nonlinear hybrid stochastic delay systems. To stabilize these inherently unstable systems in distribution, we propose a periodic intermittent feedback controller utilizing discrete-time state observations. By employing M-matrix theory, the It<inline-formula> <tex-math>$hat {o}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> formula, and related analytical tools, we demonstrate that the probability measure of the solution to the controlled system converges to a stationary distribution, signifying SID. This establishes the SID of the addressed hybrid stochastic delay systems. Subsequently, the validity of the theoretical findings is confirmed through two numerical simulations and an application to a stochastic delayed SEIR model in epidemiology.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2399-2404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this letter, firstly a necessary and sufficient condition for delay independent stability of fractional-order systems with delays is presented. It is essentially based on the continuity of the characteristic roots. Then, by the generalized Kalman–Yakubovic–Popov lemma, the proposed condition is transformed into linear matrix inequalities without additional conservatism. Compared with the existing stability criteria, our results are free of conservatism and computationally efficient. Besides, the derived conditions can be applied to the cases with orders between $text {(}0,2text {)}$ . Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed conditions.
{"title":"Novel Necessary and Sufficient Delay-Independent Conditions for Stability of Fractional-Order Time-Delay Systems","authors":"Qing-Hao Zhang;Xiao-Chuang Jin;Jun-Guo Lu;Zhen Zhu","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3620881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3620881","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, firstly a necessary and sufficient condition for delay independent stability of fractional-order systems with delays is presented. It is essentially based on the continuity of the characteristic roots. Then, by the generalized Kalman–Yakubovic–Popov lemma, the proposed condition is transformed into linear matrix inequalities without additional conservatism. Compared with the existing stability criteria, our results are free of conservatism and computationally efficient. Besides, the derived conditions can be applied to the cases with orders between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {(}0,2text {)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed conditions.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2393-2398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614081
Yongcan Cao;Lixian Zhang;Abhinav Sinha;Xiaocong Li;Yanan Li;Jun Ma;Silu Chen;Zhaodan Kong
{"title":"Guest Editorial: Special Section on Safety, Robustness, and Effectiveness in Human–Machine Teaming","authors":"Yongcan Cao;Lixian Zhang;Abhinav Sinha;Xiaocong Li;Yanan Li;Jun Ma;Silu Chen;Zhaodan Kong","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2271-2272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11195958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3617038
S. P. O’Neil;E. A. Jonckheere;S. Schirmer
Differential sensitivity techniques originally developed to study the robustness of energy landscape controllers are generalized to the important case of closed quantum systems subject to continuously varying controls. Vanishing sensitivity to parameter variation is shown to coincide with perfect fidelity, as was the case for time-invariant controls. Upper bounds on the magnitude of the differential sensitivity to any parameter variation are derived based simply on knowledge of the system Hamiltonian and the maximum size of the control inputs.
{"title":"Robustness Analysis for Quantum Systems Controlled by Continuous-Time Pulses","authors":"S. P. O’Neil;E. A. Jonckheere;S. Schirmer","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3617038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3617038","url":null,"abstract":"Differential sensitivity techniques originally developed to study the robustness of energy landscape controllers are generalized to the important case of closed quantum systems subject to continuously varying controls. Vanishing sensitivity to parameter variation is shown to coincide with perfect fidelity, as was the case for time-invariant controls. Upper bounds on the magnitude of the differential sensitivity to any parameter variation are derived based simply on knowledge of the system Hamiltonian and the maximum size of the control inputs.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2345-2350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3615593
Barbara Franci
We study variance reduction schemes for stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium problems. Specifically, we consider two instances of the extragradient algorithm to find a Nash equilibrium and show their convergence under weaker assumptions than the literature. In the particular case where we can write the cost function as a finite sum, we also propose a novel approximation scheme that sensibly lowers the computational burden. Numerical simulations suggest that the performance of the new approximation scheme can improve the computations also in the fully stochastic (infinite) case.
{"title":"On Variance-Reduced Extragradient Methods for Stochastic Generalized Nash Equilibrium Problems","authors":"Barbara Franci","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3615593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3615593","url":null,"abstract":"We study variance reduction schemes for stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium problems. Specifically, we consider two instances of the extragradient algorithm to find a Nash equilibrium and show their convergence under weaker assumptions than the literature. In the particular case where we can write the cost function as a finite sum, we also propose a novel approximation scheme that sensibly lowers the computational burden. Numerical simulations suggest that the performance of the new approximation scheme can improve the computations also in the fully stochastic (infinite) case.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2333-2338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614183
K. P. Sunny;Rakesh R. Warier
This letter proposes a distributed control method for matrix-scaled multi-agent networks aimed at achieving practical convergence within a user-defined time frame. The control law of each individual agent relies only on information from neighboring agents and is updated at discrete intervals determined by state-dependent triggering functions, reducing the frequency of agent interactions. To this end, first, the controller is augmented with a time-varying gain. Then, the dynamics of the closed-loop system over the finite-time interval is transformed into an infinite-time frame using time scaling. Lyapunov-based analysis is employed to derive suitable triggering conditions that guarantee the asymptotic convergence of the time-transformed system, thereby ensuring the prescribed-time convergence of the original system. Furthermore, a practical prescribed-time event-triggered control scheme is proposed that excludes Zeno behavior. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, even in the presence of external disturbances.
{"title":"Time-Constrained Consensus With Reduced Agent Interactions for Matrix-Scaled Networks","authors":"K. P. Sunny;Rakesh R. Warier","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3614183","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a distributed control method for matrix-scaled multi-agent networks aimed at achieving practical convergence within a user-defined time frame. The control law of each individual agent relies only on information from neighboring agents and is updated at discrete intervals determined by state-dependent triggering functions, reducing the frequency of agent interactions. To this end, first, the controller is augmented with a time-varying gain. Then, the dynamics of the closed-loop system over the finite-time interval is transformed into an infinite-time frame using time scaling. Lyapunov-based analysis is employed to derive suitable triggering conditions that guarantee the asymptotic convergence of the time-transformed system, thereby ensuring the prescribed-time convergence of the original system. Furthermore, a practical prescribed-time event-triggered control scheme is proposed that excludes Zeno behavior. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, even in the presence of external disturbances.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2259-2264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3613753
Dylan Hirsch;Sylvia Herbert
Bistable genetic circuits have long been studied in systems and synthetic biology, with notable recent work focused on controlling the phenotypic composition of populations with such circuits. Here, we build on previous literature to theoretically characterize a mechanism by which cells with bistable circuits can use quorum sensing to drive the population to arbitrary phenotypic compositions. We in particular investigate the ability of a proportional controller to accomplish this task on ideal and non-ideal plants, providing performance guarantees and, under additional assumptions, guarantees of almost-global convergence to a desirable population equilibrium.
{"title":"Control of Subpopulation Fractions in a Population of Bistable Cells","authors":"Dylan Hirsch;Sylvia Herbert","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3613753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3613753","url":null,"abstract":"Bistable genetic circuits have long been studied in systems and synthetic biology, with notable recent work focused on controlling the phenotypic composition of populations with such circuits. Here, we build on previous literature to theoretically characterize a mechanism by which cells with bistable circuits can use quorum sensing to drive the population to arbitrary phenotypic compositions. We in particular investigate the ability of a proportional controller to accomplish this task on ideal and non-ideal plants, providing performance guarantees and, under additional assumptions, guarantees of almost-global convergence to a desirable population equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2253-2258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3612938
Tochukwu E. Ogri;Muzaffar Qureshi;Zachary I. Bell;Wanjiku A. Makumi;Rushikesh Kamalapurkar
This letter presents an output feedback approach to distributed optimal formation control of linear time-invariant multiagent systems. The formation control problem is formulated as a differential graphical game problem. It is assumed that each agent receives partial error-states of its immediate neighbors. To account for the dependence of the value function of each agent on the error-states of its extended neighbors, a robust observer that estimates the error-states of the extended neighbors using partial error-states of the immediate neighbors is designed. The observer is integrated with a controller to approximate a global feedback Nash equilibrium (FNE) solution of the differential graphical game. Stability of the closed-loop system and convergence of the estimated value functions to the approximate FNE solution are established using a Lyapunov-based analysis. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the developed approach.
{"title":"An Output Feedback Approach to Differential Graphical Games in Linear Multiagent Systems","authors":"Tochukwu E. Ogri;Muzaffar Qureshi;Zachary I. Bell;Wanjiku A. Makumi;Rushikesh Kamalapurkar","doi":"10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3612938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2025.3612938","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents an output feedback approach to distributed optimal formation control of linear time-invariant multiagent systems. The formation control problem is formulated as a differential graphical game problem. It is assumed that each agent receives partial error-states of its immediate neighbors. To account for the dependence of the value function of each agent on the error-states of its extended neighbors, a robust observer that estimates the error-states of the extended neighbors using partial error-states of the immediate neighbors is designed. The observer is integrated with a controller to approximate a global feedback Nash equilibrium (FNE) solution of the differential graphical game. Stability of the closed-loop system and convergence of the estimated value functions to the approximate FNE solution are established using a Lyapunov-based analysis. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the developed approach.","PeriodicalId":37235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Control Systems Letters","volume":"9 ","pages":"2265-2270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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