A flexible rotor optimization design considering the uncertainty of the unbalance is carried out in this paper. Assuming that the magnitude and phase of unbalance obey normal distribution and uniform distribution respectively, the uncertainty can be quantitatively described. The classical 6 Sigma method is used to perform uncertain optimization design of the rotor system considering this uncertainty. The theoretical results are verified by experiments in which 36 sets of unbalance are artificially distributed to the rotor to simulate the uncertainty. In experiment, the amplitude response of the two disks and the acceleration response of the two bearings are decreased by 14%, 21.5%, 37.2% and 46% respectively in terms of standard deviation. It can be concluded that the optimization design considering the uncertainty can reduce the fluctuation of the response and improving the robustness of the results.
{"title":"Flexible rotor optimization design with considering the uncertainty of unbalance distribution","authors":"Shengxi Jia, L. Zheng, Qing Mei","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020005","url":null,"abstract":"A flexible rotor optimization design considering the uncertainty of the unbalance is carried out in this paper. Assuming that the magnitude and phase of unbalance obey normal distribution and uniform distribution respectively, the uncertainty can be quantitatively described. The classical 6 Sigma method is used to perform uncertain optimization design of the rotor system considering this uncertainty. The theoretical results are verified by experiments in which 36 sets of unbalance are artificially distributed to the rotor to simulate the uncertainty. In experiment, the amplitude response of the two disks and the acceleration response of the two bearings are decreased by 14%, 21.5%, 37.2% and 46% respectively in terms of standard deviation. It can be concluded that the optimization design considering the uncertainty can reduce the fluctuation of the response and improving the robustness of the results.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58001499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The actual use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by aerospace companies is the trade-off result between the perceived costs and benefits. Computational costs are restricted to swamp the design process even if the benefits are widely recognized. The need for fast turnaround, counting the setup time, is also crucial. CFD integrates mathematical relations and algorithms to analyze and solve fluid flow problems. CFD analysis of an airfoil produces results such as the lift and drag forces that determine the performance of an airfoil. Thus, optimizing these aerodynamic performances has proved extremely valuable in practice. The aim of this paper is to model a transonic, compressible and turbulent flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil, using a density based implicit solver, for which a comparison and a validation will be made throught the published experimental data. The numerical results show that the predicted aerodynamic coefficients are in a satisfying agreement with experimental data. Then an aerodynamic shape optimization algorithm, based on a multiobjective algorithm that is an extension of the Backtracking Search Algorithm which was initially developed for single-objective optimization problems only, was used in order to obtain an improved performance control of the aerodynamic coefficients of the optimized airfoil.
{"title":"Multiobjective aerodynamic shape optimization of NACA0012 airfoil based mesh morphing","authors":"R. Maani, Soufiane Elouardi, B. Radi, A. Hami","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020006","url":null,"abstract":"The actual use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by aerospace companies is the trade-off result between the perceived costs and benefits. Computational costs are restricted to swamp the design process even if the benefits are widely recognized. The need for fast turnaround, counting the setup time, is also crucial. CFD integrates mathematical relations and algorithms to analyze and solve fluid flow problems. CFD analysis of an airfoil produces results such as the lift and drag forces that determine the performance of an airfoil. Thus, optimizing these aerodynamic performances has proved extremely valuable in practice. The aim of this paper is to model a transonic, compressible and turbulent flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil, using a density based implicit solver, for which a comparison and a validation will be made throught the published experimental data. The numerical results show that the predicted aerodynamic coefficients are in a satisfying agreement with experimental data. Then an aerodynamic shape optimization algorithm, based on a multiobjective algorithm that is an extension of the Backtracking Search Algorithm which was initially developed for single-objective optimization problems only, was used in order to obtain an improved performance control of the aerodynamic coefficients of the optimized airfoil.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2020006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58002320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat exchanger is an essential component of an engine cooling system. Radiators are compact heat exchangers used to transfer the heat absorbed from engine to the cooling media. The jacket cooling water gets cooled and re-circulated into system after exchanging the heat with cooling water in a heat exchanger. Conventional fluids like water, oil, ethylene glycol, etc. possess less heat transfer performance; therefore, it is essential to have a compact and effective heat transfer system to obtain the required heat transfer. A reduction in energy consumption is possible by improving the performance of heat exchanging systems and incorporating various heat transfer enhancement techniques. In this paper, the heat transfer rate using nano-sized ferrofluid with and without magnetization is analysed using CFD simulation and compared with the experimental values obtained from a heat exchanger using water as base fluid. The heat transfer rate is measured using different combinations by varying the percentage of nano particles and by introduction of different magnetic intensity (gauss) on to the ferrofluid. The optimum heat transfer rate and efficiency of heat exchanger is calculated with the different combinations and the values are compared with the values of CFD simulation. CFD simulation was undertaken for water alone as cooling media and for water with ferro particle addition from 2% to 5%. The difference in temperature observed to be similar with experimental values. The deviation is within the acceptable limit and therefore the experimental findings are validated. The experiment was conducted on a parallel flow heat exchanger with water alone as cooling media, water with varying percentage of ferro fluid and water with varying magnetic intensity on ferrofluid. Percentage of ferro particles added up to where the optimum temperature difference could be obtained and the magnetic intensity also varied up to the optimum value.
{"title":"CFD simulation for evaluation of optimum heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger of an internal combustion engine","authors":"Rajesh Kocheril, Jacob Elias","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2019017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2019017","url":null,"abstract":"Heat exchanger is an essential component of an engine cooling system. Radiators are compact heat exchangers used to transfer the heat absorbed from engine to the cooling media. The jacket cooling water gets cooled and re-circulated into system after exchanging the heat with cooling water in a heat exchanger. Conventional fluids like water, oil, ethylene glycol, etc. possess less heat transfer performance; therefore, it is essential to have a compact and effective heat transfer system to obtain the required heat transfer. A reduction in energy consumption is possible by improving the performance of heat exchanging systems and incorporating various heat transfer enhancement techniques. In this paper, the heat transfer rate using nano-sized ferrofluid with and without magnetization is analysed using CFD simulation and compared with the experimental values obtained from a heat exchanger using water as base fluid. The heat transfer rate is measured using different combinations by varying the percentage of nano particles and by introduction of different magnetic intensity (gauss) on to the ferrofluid. The optimum heat transfer rate and efficiency of heat exchanger is calculated with the different combinations and the values are compared with the values of CFD simulation. CFD simulation was undertaken for water alone as cooling media and for water with ferro particle addition from 2% to 5%. The difference in temperature observed to be similar with experimental values. The deviation is within the acceptable limit and therefore the experimental findings are validated. The experiment was conducted on a parallel flow heat exchanger with water alone as cooling media, water with varying percentage of ferro fluid and water with varying magnetic intensity on ferrofluid. Percentage of ferro particles added up to where the optimum temperature difference could be obtained and the magnetic intensity also varied up to the optimum value.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2019017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58001772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steering knuckle connects steering system, suspension system and braking system to the chassis. The steering knuckle contributes a significant weight to the total weight of a vehicle. Increasing the efficiency of an automobile without compromising the performances is the major challenge faced by the manufacturers. This paper presents an effective topology optimization of steering knuckle used in a vehicle with the primary objective of minimizing weight. The study on optimization of knuckle is divided into two phases, the first phase involves making of a computer-aided design model of the original steering knuckle and carry out finite element analysis on the knuckle by estimating the loads, which are acting on the component. In the second phase, design optimization of the model of steering knuckle is carried out, and excess material is removed at the region where induced stress is negligible as obtained in finite element analysis assuming standard boundary and loading conditions. The paper describes a research work carried out to optimize structural topology giving the essential details. The methodology may be applied to optimize structural components used in applications where the ratio of desired properties to the cost, generally in terms of weight, is to be optimized. In the case of automobiles, strength to weight ratio has to be maximized. New researchers working in the area will have an understanding of the procedures, and further, the techniques may be applied to design in general.
{"title":"Topology optimization of steering knuckle structure","authors":"S. Srivastava, S. Salunkhe, S. Pande, B. Kapadiya","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2019018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2019018","url":null,"abstract":"Steering knuckle connects steering system, suspension system and braking system to the chassis. The steering knuckle contributes a significant weight to the total weight of a vehicle. Increasing the efficiency of an automobile without compromising the performances is the major challenge faced by the manufacturers. This paper presents an effective topology optimization of steering knuckle used in a vehicle with the primary objective of minimizing weight. The study on optimization of knuckle is divided into two phases, the first phase involves making of a computer-aided design model of the original steering knuckle and carry out finite element analysis on the knuckle by estimating the loads, which are acting on the component. In the second phase, design optimization of the model of steering knuckle is carried out, and excess material is removed at the region where induced stress is negligible as obtained in finite element analysis assuming standard boundary and loading conditions. The paper describes a research work carried out to optimize structural topology giving the essential details. The methodology may be applied to optimize structural components used in applications where the ratio of desired properties to the cost, generally in terms of weight, is to be optimized. In the case of automobiles, strength to weight ratio has to be maximized. New researchers working in the area will have an understanding of the procedures, and further, the techniques may be applied to design in general.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2019018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58001897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Dagamseh, Q. Al‐Bataineh, Z. Albataineh, Nermeen S. Daoud, A. Alsaad, A. Omari
In this paper, mathematical modeling and simulation of a MEMS-based clamped square-shape membrane for capacitive pressure sensors have been performed. Three types of membrane materials were investigated (i.e. Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) and Aluminum Nitride (AlN)). Various performance parameters such as capacitance changes, deflection, nonlinearity, the sensitivity of the membrane structure for different materials and film-thicknesses have been considered using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and analytically determined using the FORTRAN environment. The simulation model outperforms in terms of the effective capacitance value. The results show that the membrane deflection is linearly related to the applied pressure. The ZnS membrane provides a capacitance of 0.023 pico-Farad at 25 kPa with a 42.5% relative capacitance changes to reference capacitance. Additionally, the results show that for ZnO and AlN membranes the deflection with no thermal stress is higher than that with thermal stress. However, an opposite behavior for the ZnS membrane structure has been observed. The mechanical and capacitance sensitivities are affected by the membrane thickness as the capacitance changes are inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. Such results open possibilities to utilize various materials for pressure sensor applications by means of the capacitance-based detection technique.
{"title":"Modeling of a square-shape ZnO, ZnS and AlN membrane for mems capacitive pressure-sensor applications","authors":"A. Dagamseh, Q. Al‐Bataineh, Z. Albataineh, Nermeen S. Daoud, A. Alsaad, A. Omari","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020010","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, mathematical modeling and simulation of a MEMS-based clamped square-shape membrane for capacitive pressure sensors have been performed. Three types of membrane materials were investigated (i.e. Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) and Aluminum Nitride (AlN)). Various performance parameters such as capacitance changes, deflection, nonlinearity, the sensitivity of the membrane structure for different materials and film-thicknesses have been considered using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and analytically determined using the FORTRAN environment. The simulation model outperforms in terms of the effective capacitance value. The results show that the membrane deflection is linearly related to the applied pressure. The ZnS membrane provides a capacitance of 0.023 pico-Farad at 25 kPa with a 42.5% relative capacitance changes to reference capacitance. Additionally, the results show that for ZnO and AlN membranes the deflection with no thermal stress is higher than that with thermal stress. However, an opposite behavior for the ZnS membrane structure has been observed. The mechanical and capacitance sensitivities are affected by the membrane thickness as the capacitance changes are inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. Such results open possibilities to utilize various materials for pressure sensor applications by means of the capacitance-based detection technique.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2020010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58002141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we deal an elasticity model in 2D and 3D dimension for deformation under constraint by taking into account the direction of the deformation displacement. This work is a result of an article [A. Azzayani et al., Br. J. Math. Comput. Sci. (2016)] in which we use the same mathematical model by fixing the fiber orientation. Then, if we considered the case of eignvalue and eigenvector, and which is the case of this work, we can be able to control the deformation of the heart in the image processing. This mathematical model can be used to describe the heart deformation taking into account the orientation of the fibers for estimating global and regional parameters of the left ventricular function. In first, we start by presenting the proposed mathematical model on a domain Ω ⊂ ℝn (n = 2 or 3), and we give the existence and uniqueness of solution to the mathematical model is given (in both 2D and 3D dimension). Secondly, we give numerical simulations with FreeFem software, simulations results and comments are given in the end. In the end, we will discuss about the image treatment with this model and its feasibility to help doctors in the diagnosis of heart disease.
{"title":"A numerical model of elasticity for cardiovascular system that includes 2/3D displacements and deformations","authors":"Ayoub Azzayani","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020014","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we deal an elasticity model in 2D and 3D dimension for deformation under constraint by taking into account the direction of the deformation displacement. This work is a result of an article [A. Azzayani et al., Br. J. Math. Comput. Sci. (2016)] in which we use the same mathematical model by fixing the fiber orientation. Then, if we considered the case of eignvalue and eigenvector, and which is the case of this work, we can be able to control the deformation of the heart in the image processing. This mathematical model can be used to describe the heart deformation taking into account the orientation of the fibers for estimating global and regional parameters of the left ventricular function. In first, we start by presenting the proposed mathematical model on a domain Ω ⊂ ℝn (n = 2 or 3), and we give the existence and uniqueness of solution to the mathematical model is given (in both 2D and 3D dimension). Secondly, we give numerical simulations with FreeFem software, simulations results and comments are given in the end. In the end, we will discuss about the image treatment with this model and its feasibility to help doctors in the diagnosis of heart disease.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2020014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58002221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the framework of the parameterized level set method, the structural analysis and topology representation can be implemented in a decoupling way. A parameterized level set function, typically, using radial basis functions (RBFs), is a linear combination of a set of prescribed RBFs and coefficients. Once the coefficients are determined, the theoretical level set function is determined. Exploiting this inherent property, we propose a multi-discretization method based on the parameterized level set method. In this approach, a coarse discretization is applied to do the structural analysis whereas another dense discretization is employed to represent the structure topology. As a result, both efficient analysis and high-resolution topological design are available. Note that the dense discretization only accounts for a more precise and smooth description of the theoretical level set function rather than introduce extra design freedom or incur interference to structural analysis or the optimization process. In other words, this decoupling way will not add to the computational burden of structural analysis or result in non-uniqueness of converged results for a particular analysis setting. Numerical examples in both two-dimension and three-dimension show effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.
{"title":"A multi-discretization scheme for topology optimization based on the parameterized level set method","authors":"P. Wei, Yang Liu, Zuyu Li","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2019019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2019019","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of the parameterized level set method, the structural analysis and topology representation can be implemented in a decoupling way. A parameterized level set function, typically, using radial basis functions (RBFs), is a linear combination of a set of prescribed RBFs and coefficients. Once the coefficients are determined, the theoretical level set function is determined. Exploiting this inherent property, we propose a multi-discretization method based on the parameterized level set method. In this approach, a coarse discretization is applied to do the structural analysis whereas another dense discretization is employed to represent the structure topology. As a result, both efficient analysis and high-resolution topological design are available. Note that the dense discretization only accounts for a more precise and smooth description of the theoretical level set function rather than introduce extra design freedom or incur interference to structural analysis or the optimization process. In other words, this decoupling way will not add to the computational burden of structural analysis or result in non-uniqueness of converged results for a particular analysis setting. Numerical examples in both two-dimension and three-dimension show effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2019019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58001466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brief history of a perfect optimization with the oscillation condition and microwave tube as well as contributions to oscillators at the occasion of the centenary of a great step forward thanks to genius Heinrich Barkhausen with his pages of glory in the years 1919–1920.
{"title":"Celebration of the centenary of a major scientific milestone thanks to Heinrich Barkhausen","authors":"P. Salzenstein, E. Pavlyuchenko","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020018","url":null,"abstract":"Brief history of a perfect optimization with the oscillation condition and microwave tube as well as contributions to oscillators at the occasion of the centenary of a great step forward thanks to genius Heinrich Barkhausen with his pages of glory in the years 1919–1920.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58002089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aicha Koulou, M. Zemzami, Norelislam El Hami, A. Elmir, N. Hmina
Today's constraints on collaborative enterprises are often directly reflected in the interoperability of their information systems. The goal is to improve and effectively evolve the global interoperability of collaboration by distributing the required effort in an optimal way on different information systems to achieve the target goal. This method of enhancement will be realized by applying an IMA (Interoperability Measurement Approach) to generate a ratio representing the degree of interoperability of an information system within the collaboration, as well as applying the heuristic optimization method PPSO (Paralleled Particle Swarm Optimization) to reach the optimal distribution of effort.
{"title":"Optimization in collaborative information systems for an enhanced interoperability network","authors":"Aicha Koulou, M. Zemzami, Norelislam El Hami, A. Elmir, N. Hmina","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2019021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2019021","url":null,"abstract":"Today's constraints on collaborative enterprises are often directly reflected in the interoperability of their information systems. The goal is to improve and effectively evolve the global interoperability of collaboration by distributing the required effort in an optimal way on different information systems to achieve the target goal. This method of enhancement will be realized by applying an IMA (Interoperability Measurement Approach) to generate a ratio representing the degree of interoperability of an information system within the collaboration, as well as applying the heuristic optimization method PPSO (Paralleled Particle Swarm Optimization) to reach the optimal distribution of effort.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2019021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58001666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inherent toxicity makes lead a banned material in solder alloy making process. Lead-tin alloy was a favorable alloy used for soldering in electronic packaging manufacturers. As a result of the ban on lead, electronics package industries were looking for novel lead free alloys which can substitute the conventional Sn-Pb alloy. Many alloys were discovered by the scientists. None of them were able to substitute the Sn-Pb alloy and become the market leader. In this paper a new composition with Sn, Cu and Ni is made to analyze which can potentially replace the lead containing solder alloy. Using the design of experiments method, the optimized composition of Cu and Ni is predicted. The full factorial design of experiments with two replications is used to find the optimized composition. Melting temperature, contact angle and hardness were taken as the critical output parameters. Results obtained shows that the optimum composition of Cu and Ni are 1 and 1% by wt.
{"title":"Factorial design and design of experiments for developing novel lead free solder alloy with Sn, Cu and Ni","authors":"J. S, Jacob Elias, M. Guru","doi":"10.1051/smdo/2020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020013","url":null,"abstract":"Inherent toxicity makes lead a banned material in solder alloy making process. Lead-tin alloy was a favorable alloy used for soldering in electronic packaging manufacturers. As a result of the ban on lead, electronics package industries were looking for novel lead free alloys which can substitute the conventional Sn-Pb alloy. Many alloys were discovered by the scientists. None of them were able to substitute the Sn-Pb alloy and become the market leader. In this paper a new composition with Sn, Cu and Ni is made to analyze which can potentially replace the lead containing solder alloy. Using the design of experiments method, the optimized composition of Cu and Ni is predicted. The full factorial design of experiments with two replications is used to find the optimized composition. Melting temperature, contact angle and hardness were taken as the critical output parameters. Results obtained shows that the optimum composition of Cu and Ni are 1 and 1% by wt.","PeriodicalId":37601,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/smdo/2020013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58002207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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