Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.77112
Rommel Igor León Pacheco, Ender Manuel Correa Álvarez, Jorge Luis Romero Ferrer, Heriberto Arias Bonilla, J. C. Gómez-Correa, Marlon Jose Yacomelo Hernández, Lumey Pérez Artiles
The growing degree-days (GDD) provide an estimate of the accumulated thermal energy available for the development of a crop. The use of GDD allows measuring the heat requirements associated with the phenological stages of the crop, which allows in turn, to predict when a certain plant stage will occur knowing the daily temperatures. The aim of this study was to establish relationships among the effect of degree days (DD) to vegetative growth, first flowering and fructification (VG, Fl and Fr), on total yield per plant (TY/P) of eggplant grown under open-field conditions employing a randomized complete block design with 15 genotypes and four replicates. The results showed that: 1) The genotypes that initiated fruit production in less time required fewer GDD (892.14-1,077.71 °C) for this phenological phase, obtaining higher productivity. 2) The genotypes C035 and C040 had an average yield higher than the national average with values of 83.75 and 84.86 t ha-1, being identified as future varieties to be produced in the Caribbean region. 3) The Caribbean region is suitable for the establishment of the crop as there were no events with limiting temperatures for this species (higher than 35 °C and lower than 15 °C). 4) The principal component analysis showed associations among the variable YT/P with the genotypes C011, C042, and C015; meanwhile, C032, C025, and C028 were associated with the variables DD to VG, Fl, and Fr. These results would be useful in developing a model to estimate yield with DD.
生长度日(GDD)提供了作物生长所需的累积热能的估计值。使用GDD可以测量与作物物候阶段相关的热量需求，从而可以在知道每日温度的情况下预测某个植物阶段何时发生。本试验采用15个基因型、4个重复的随机完全区组设计，旨在研究开放区栽培茄子的营养生长、初花期和结实期(VG、Fl和Fr)与单株总产量(TY/P)之间的关系。结果表明:1)启动时间较短的基因型在该物候期所需的GDD(892.14 ~ 1077.71°C)较少，产量较高;2) C035和C040基因型的平均产量分别为83.75和84.86 t hm -1，高于全国平均水平，被确定为加勒比地区未来生产的品种。3)加勒比地区适合种植该作物，因为该物种没有限制温度(高于35°C和低于15°C)的事件。4)主成分分析表明，变量YT/P与C011、C042、C015基因型相关;同时，C032、C025和C028与变量DD、VG、Fl和Fr相关。这些结果将有助于建立基于DD的产量估算模型。
{"title":"Accumulation of degree days and their effect on the potential yield of 15 eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) accessions in the Colombian Caribbean","authors":"Rommel Igor León Pacheco, Ender Manuel Correa Álvarez, Jorge Luis Romero Ferrer, Heriberto Arias Bonilla, J. C. Gómez-Correa, Marlon Jose Yacomelo Hernández, Lumey Pérez Artiles","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.77112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.77112","url":null,"abstract":"The growing degree-days (GDD) provide an estimate of the accumulated thermal energy available for the development of a crop. The use of GDD allows measuring the heat requirements associated with the phenological stages of the crop, which allows in turn, to predict when a certain plant stage will occur knowing the daily temperatures. The aim of this study was to establish relationships among the effect of degree days (DD) to vegetative growth, first flowering and fructification (VG, Fl and Fr), on total yield per plant (TY/P) of eggplant grown under open-field conditions employing a randomized complete block design with 15 genotypes and four replicates. The results showed that: 1) The genotypes that initiated fruit production in less time required fewer GDD (892.14-1,077.71 °C) for this phenological phase, obtaining higher productivity. 2) The genotypes C035 and C040 had an average yield higher than the national average with values of 83.75 and 84.86 t ha-1, being identified as future varieties to be produced in the Caribbean region. 3) The Caribbean region is suitable for the establishment of the crop as there were no events with limiting temperatures for this species (higher than 35 °C and lower than 15 °C). 4) The principal component analysis showed associations among the variable YT/P with the genotypes C011, C042, and C015; meanwhile, C032, C025, and C028 were associated with the variables DD to VG, Fl, and Fr. These results would be useful in developing a model to estimate yield with DD.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81703594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76558
S. Vargas-Díaz, José U. Sepúlveda-V, Héctor J. Ciro-V., A. Mosquera, Edinson Bejarano
Whey is a dairy industry by-product with an adverse environmental impact; therefore, obtaining sweeteners from it promote a circular economy and is an alternative to mitigate the environmental problems. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different inclusions (10%, 20%, and 30%) of Glucose-Galactose syrup (GGS), obtained from whey, on the physicochemical, sensory, and stability properties of a milk caramel spread. Results showed that the syrup has a significant effect on the techno-functional properties of the final product since it turns into a darker color when the concentrations of syrup increased. Besides, the yield of the product was higher (41.4%), providing a higher volume. In a replacement of 30% GGS, the milk caramel spread at a lower amount of soluble solids achieved a texture similar to the other inclusions. At a sensory level, consumers accepted all formulations with an acceptance higher than 90%. During the storage time (60 d), different evaluated parameters increased.
{"title":"Physicochemical, sensory and stability properties of a milk caramel spread sweetened with a glucose- galactose syrup from sweet whey","authors":"S. Vargas-Díaz, José U. Sepúlveda-V, Héctor J. Ciro-V., A. Mosquera, Edinson Bejarano","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76558","url":null,"abstract":"Whey is a dairy industry by-product with an adverse environmental impact; therefore, obtaining sweeteners from it promote a circular economy and is an alternative to mitigate the environmental problems. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different inclusions (10%, 20%, and 30%) of Glucose-Galactose syrup (GGS), obtained from whey, on the physicochemical, sensory, and stability properties of a milk caramel spread. Results showed that the syrup has a significant effect on the techno-functional properties of the final product since it turns into a darker color when the concentrations of syrup increased. Besides, the yield of the product was higher (41.4%), providing a higher volume. In a replacement of 30% GGS, the milk caramel spread at a lower amount of soluble solids achieved a texture similar to the other inclusions. At a sensory level, consumers accepted all formulations with an acceptance higher than 90%. During the storage time (60 d), different evaluated parameters increased.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":" 702","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72378298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74862
E. Cuenca-Cuenca, Yina Jazbleidi Puentes-Páramo, J. C. Menjivar-Flores
Soil nutrients are vital to high production of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.); however, excessive use of fertilizers affects the environment and profitability of this crop. This research aimed to determine the efficient use of nutrients (EUN) for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in four fine aroma cacao clones (EET-576, EET-575, EET-103, and CCN-51), which are economically important in Ecuador. The experiment design used split plots, with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of applications of different doses of N-P-K (kg ha-1): TR (control), T1 (N59-P29-K118), T2 (N74-P37-K148), and T3 (N88-P44-K176). The results showed highly significant differences for the agronomic (AE) and recovery (RE) efficiency of N-P-K in terms of the clone and treatment. The highest efficiencies were presented for clone CCN-51 and the lowest in clone EET-103. The treatment that obtained the highest efficiency was T2 for clones CCN-51, EET-575 and EET-576, except for EET-103 that reached the highest efficiency with T1. The lowest efficiencies were obtained in T3. The highest yields were presented in clone CCN-51, followed by EET-575, later EET-576, and finally EET-103. Influence of the genotypes on the maximum limit of nutrient absorption was evident under the studied conditions, suggesting that it determines the efficient use of nutrients for each clone in interaction with this specific cultivation area.
{"title":"Efficient use of nutrients in fine aroma cacao in the Province of Los Ríos-Ecuador","authors":"E. Cuenca-Cuenca, Yina Jazbleidi Puentes-Páramo, J. C. Menjivar-Flores","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74862","url":null,"abstract":"Soil nutrients are vital to high production of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.); however, excessive use of fertilizers affects the environment and profitability of this crop. This research aimed to determine the efficient use of nutrients (EUN) for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in four fine aroma cacao clones (EET-576, EET-575, EET-103, and CCN-51), which are economically important in Ecuador. The experiment design used split plots, with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of applications of different doses of N-P-K (kg ha-1): TR (control), T1 (N59-P29-K118), T2 (N74-P37-K148), and T3 (N88-P44-K176). The results showed highly significant differences for the agronomic (AE) and recovery (RE) efficiency of N-P-K in terms of the clone and treatment. The highest efficiencies were presented for clone CCN-51 and the lowest in clone EET-103. The treatment that obtained the highest efficiency was T2 for clones CCN-51, EET-575 and EET-576, except for EET-103 that reached the highest efficiency with T1. The lowest efficiencies were obtained in T3. The highest yields were presented in clone CCN-51, followed by EET-575, later EET-576, and finally EET-103. Influence of the genotypes on the maximum limit of nutrient absorption was evident under the studied conditions, suggesting that it determines the efficient use of nutrients for each clone in interaction with this specific cultivation area.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"508 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74460
C. I. Medina Cano, Enrique Martínez Bustamante, Carlos A. López Orozco
Mortiño, Vaccinium meridionale Swartz, represents a viable alternative for fruit growing because of the presence of appropriate ecological niches and spontaneous populations in the Colombian Andean zone. The knowledge of plants’ phenology is useful to identify the response to critical periods (stages and phases) to different biotic or abiotic factors and to define agronomic practices adjusted to their requirements. Only the different phenological stages have been recognized in the mortiño; therefore, it is necessary to detail the phases within each one of them. The identification of the phenological stages and phases of the mortiño’s canopy evolution was based on the scale of the blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum. It was adjusted between 2008 and 2011 to describe in detail the phenological stages of mortiño through monthly photographic records in five natural populations of three Colombian departments; where 48 individuals were randomly identified in each one. The purpose of the elaboration of this scale was to describe and visually identify the phenological phases of natural populations in similar climatic conditions. Four stages were found, the first one comprised the vegetative button formation (VB) with 5 phases, which ends with the formation of shoots. The second stage was the development of the inflorescence (ID) distributed in 5 phases as well, from floral bud to floral anthesis. In the third stage, the floral development (FD) took place, also with 5 phases, from flowering to the beginning of berry formation. The last stage, the berries were developed (BD) through 4 phases, from fruit formation until harvest maturity.
{"title":"Phenological scale for the mortiño or agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) in the high Colombian Andean area","authors":"C. I. Medina Cano, Enrique Martínez Bustamante, Carlos A. López Orozco","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.74460","url":null,"abstract":"Mortiño, Vaccinium meridionale Swartz, represents a viable alternative for fruit growing because of the presence of appropriate ecological niches and spontaneous populations in the Colombian Andean zone. The knowledge of plants’ phenology is useful to identify the response to critical periods (stages and phases) to different biotic or abiotic factors and to define agronomic practices adjusted to their requirements. Only the different phenological stages have been recognized in the mortiño; therefore, it is necessary to detail the phases within each one of them. The identification of the phenological stages and phases of the mortiño’s canopy evolution was based on the scale of the blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum. It was adjusted between 2008 and 2011 to describe in detail the phenological stages of mortiño through monthly photographic records in five natural populations of three Colombian departments; where 48 individuals were randomly identified in each one. The purpose of the elaboration of this scale was to describe and visually identify the phenological phases of natural populations in similar climatic conditions. Four stages were found, the first one comprised the vegetative button formation (VB) with 5 phases, which ends with the formation of shoots. The second stage was the development of the inflorescence (ID) distributed in 5 phases as well, from floral bud to floral anthesis. In the third stage, the floral development (FD) took place, also with 5 phases, from flowering to the beginning of berry formation. The last stage, the berries were developed (BD) through 4 phases, from fruit formation until harvest maturity.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75843578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of Efficient Microorganisms (EM) can be an effective alternative to improve plant growth and yield in the bean cultivation. Therefore, different forms of application of efficient microorganisms were evaluated in the production of two cultivars of the common bean from November of 2013 to March of 2014. Two factors were studied; the first one was comprised of the two cultivars, Velazco Largo (VL) and Cuba Cueto (CC-25-9-N). The second factor consisted of four treatments with EM; without EM (control), soil inoculation (100 mL L-1), foliage applications (100 mL L-1), and the combined soil inoculation (100 mL L-1) plus foliar applications (100 mL L-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in factorial outline 2×4, with three repetitions. The agronomic indicators were evaluated as the number of leaves per plant, the height of plants, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, the mass of 100 seeds (g) and the yield (t ha-1). The results showed that the different forms of application of efficient microorganisms stimulated the agronomic indicators evaluated in both crops. The associated applications between the inoculation of the soil and foliage applications of efficient microorganisms provided better results, producing increments in the yield of 1.13 t ha-1 in VL and 2.15 t ha-1 in CC-25-9-N.
在大豆栽培中，利用高效微生物(EM)可以有效地改善植物的生长和产量。因此，在2013年11月至2014年3月的两个普通豆品种生产中，对不同形式的高效微生物施用进行了评价。研究了两个因素;第一个由Velazco Largo (VL)和Cuba Cueto (CC-25-9-N)两个品种组成。第二个因素包括四种EM治疗;无EM(对照)，土壤接种(100 mL L-1)，叶片接种(100 mL L-1)，土壤接种(100 mL L-1)加叶片接种(100 mL L-1)。实验采用随机区组设计，按因子大纲2×4进行，重复3次。农艺指标评价为单株叶数、株高、单株荚果数、每荚种子数、百粒质量(g)和产量(t ha-1)。结果表明，施用不同形式的高效微生物对两种作物的农艺指标均有显著影响。土壤接种和叶施高效微生物的联合施用效果较好，VL增产1.13 t ha-1, CC-25-9-N增产2.15 t ha-1。
{"title":"Effect of different application forms of efficient microorganisms on the agricultural productive of two bean cultivars","authors":"Alexander Calero Hurtado, Yanery Pérez Díaz, Dilier Olivera Viciedo, Elieni Quintero Rodríguez, Kolima Peña Calzada, Luke Leroy Theodore Nedd, Janet Jiménez Hernández","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.76272","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Efficient Microorganisms (EM) can be an effective alternative to improve plant growth and yield in the bean cultivation. Therefore, different forms of application of efficient microorganisms were evaluated in the production of two cultivars of the common bean from November of 2013 to March of 2014. Two factors were studied; the first one was comprised of the two cultivars, Velazco Largo (VL) and Cuba Cueto (CC-25-9-N). The second factor consisted of four treatments with EM; without EM (control), soil inoculation (100 mL L-1), foliage applications (100 mL L-1), and the combined soil inoculation (100 mL L-1) plus foliar applications (100 mL L-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in factorial outline 2×4, with three repetitions. The agronomic indicators were evaluated as the number of leaves per plant, the height of plants, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, the mass of 100 seeds (g) and the yield (t ha-1). The results showed that the different forms of application of efficient microorganisms stimulated the agronomic indicators evaluated in both crops. The associated applications between the inoculation of the soil and foliage applications of efficient microorganisms provided better results, producing increments in the yield of 1.13 t ha-1 in VL and 2.15 t ha-1 in CC-25-9-N.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80214468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.73140
Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, A. D. Zapata Zapata
In the present investigation, the effects of the substrate composition, organic load, medium acidification time, operation pH, and temperature on the production of hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation with fruits and vegetable waste, and fresh mucilage of coffee was evaluated. For this purpose, tests were carried out in a 20-liter bioreactor operated in batch mode, under a central composite experimental design (CCD). The fermentations were conducted under mesophilic conditions, without adding inoculum, and without sterilizing the substrate. The results for maximum daily hydrogen production (MDP), the maximum hydrogen content in the gas (MHC) and cumulative production (CHP) showed an acceptable fit to second-order polynomial models. All the independent variables were significant, especially the operation pH and the acidification time. Also, the premises for a model obtained by regression, according to error analysis, were fulfilled. In the same way, it was possible to optimize the response variables. The maximum specific production concerning the organic load was 5511 mL H2 gCODremoved-1, and regarding the volatile solids was of 670 mL H2 gVSadded-1. These values are higher than those reported with similar substrates in continuous fermentation, with cell retention, use of inoculum, and substrate pretreatment.
本研究考察了底物组成、有机负荷、培养基酸化时间、操作pH和温度对果蔬废弃物厌氧发酵产氢和咖啡新鲜粘液的影响。为此目的，在中央复合实验设计(CCD)下，在一个20升生物反应器中以批处理模式进行了测试。发酵在中温条件下进行，没有添加接种物，也没有对底物进行灭菌。最大日产氢量(MDP)、气体中最大氢含量(MHC)和累积产氢量(CHP)的拟合结果符合二阶多项式模型。各自变量均显著，尤其是操作pH和酸化时间。通过误差分析，得到了回归模型成立的前提条件。同样，优化响应变量也是可能的。有机负载的最大比产率为5511 mL H2 gcodeleted -1，挥发性固体的最大比产率为670 mL H2 gv萨德-1。这些数值高于类似底物连续发酵、细胞保留、使用接种物和底物预处理的结果。
{"title":"Biohydrogen production by co-digestion of fruits and vegetable waste and coffee mucilage","authors":"Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, A. D. Zapata Zapata","doi":"10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.73140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.73140","url":null,"abstract":"In the present investigation, the effects of the substrate composition, organic load, medium acidification time, operation pH, and temperature on the production of hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation with fruits and vegetable waste, and fresh mucilage of coffee was evaluated. For this purpose, tests were carried out in a 20-liter bioreactor operated in batch mode, under a central composite experimental design (CCD). The fermentations were conducted under mesophilic conditions, without adding inoculum, and without sterilizing the substrate. The results for maximum daily hydrogen production (MDP), the maximum hydrogen content in the gas (MHC) and cumulative production (CHP) showed an acceptable fit to second-order polynomial models. All the independent variables were significant, especially the operation pH and the acidification time. Also, the premises for a model obtained by regression, according to error analysis, were fulfilled. In the same way, it was possible to optimize the response variables. The maximum specific production concerning the organic load was 5511 mL H2 gCODremoved-1, and regarding the volatile solids was of 670 mL H2 gVSadded-1. These values are higher than those reported with similar substrates in continuous fermentation, with cell retention, use of inoculum, and substrate pretreatment.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88698387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75362
Maria Isabel Arango Torres, Misael Cortés Rodríguez, Esteban Largo Ávila
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuber with a high content of active compounds that offer health benefits, so its productive chain seeks new alternatives to generate yacon products with added value; however, it tends to be a perishable product due to its high aw, chemical composition, and enzymatic activity. The influence of both composition and homogenization in the colloidal stability of yacon suspensions was evaluated for later use in spray drying. Response surface methodology and a central composite design were used, considering three independent variables: homogenization time (TH) (4-6 min), xanthan gum (XG) (0.1-0.2%), and acidity (0.1-0.3%); and the following dependent variables: zeta potential (ζ), color (CIELab), viscosity (μ), stability index by spectral absorption (R), and particle size (D10, D50, and D90). The values of the independent variables that best fit the experimental optimization criteria were: XG=0.16%, acid=0.3%, and TH=4.8 min. The values of the experimental dependent variables and the variables predicted by the quadratic model were ζ=-33.8±4.0 and -37.6 mV, µ=1143.0±93.4 and 1000 cP, R=0.45±0.1 and 0.48, D10=127.8±8.2 and 138.1 µm, D50=251.2±16.3 and 267.7 µm, D90=424.3±28.7 mm and 463.9 µm, L*=41.7±1.4 and 41.8, a*=0.02±0.85 and 1.6, and b*=15.0±1.3 and 14.8, respectively. The colloidal suspension showed adequate physicochemical stability, favored mainly by repulsive forces, homogenization, and rheology of the continuous phase; reaching a content of total solids of 12.5%.
{"title":"Stability of a colloidal suspension of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) intended for spray drying","authors":"Maria Isabel Arango Torres, Misael Cortés Rodríguez, Esteban Largo Ávila","doi":"10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75362","url":null,"abstract":"Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is a tuber with a high content of active compounds that offer health benefits, so its productive chain seeks new alternatives to generate yacon products with added value; however, it tends to be a perishable product due to its high aw, chemical composition, and enzymatic activity. The influence of both composition and homogenization in the colloidal stability of yacon suspensions was evaluated for later use in spray drying. Response surface methodology and a central composite design were used, considering three independent variables: homogenization time (TH) (4-6 min), xanthan gum (XG) (0.1-0.2%), and acidity (0.1-0.3%); and the following dependent variables: zeta potential (ζ), color (CIELab), viscosity (μ), stability index by spectral absorption (R), and particle size (D10, D50, and D90). The values of the independent variables that best fit the experimental optimization criteria were: XG=0.16%, acid=0.3%, and TH=4.8 min. The values of the experimental dependent variables and the variables predicted by the quadratic model were ζ=-33.8±4.0 and -37.6 mV, µ=1143.0±93.4 and 1000 cP, R=0.45±0.1 and 0.48, D10=127.8±8.2 and 138.1 µm, D50=251.2±16.3 and 267.7 µm, D90=424.3±28.7 mm and 463.9 µm, L*=41.7±1.4 and 41.8, a*=0.02±0.85 and 1.6, and b*=15.0±1.3 and 14.8, respectively. The colloidal suspension showed adequate physicochemical stability, favored mainly by repulsive forces, homogenization, and rheology of the continuous phase; reaching a content of total solids of 12.5%.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"448 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75805143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.69897
Eddie Yacir Álvarez Albanés, Roberto Antonio González Gordon, Jaiver Danilo Sánchez, Darío Antonio Castañeda Sánchez
The aim of this research was to identify and evaluate socioeconomic and agronomic indicators of plantain agro-systems in 14 municipalities located in the Southwest and Urabá subregions of Antioquia. These subregions present high commitment on the plantain crop, but with different levels in its management and trade. In order to address this research 197 socio-agronomic surveys were conducted; the survey was composed by 93 questions covering the following topics: general information, sources of income, plantain crop management, marketing of the fruit and environmental management. It was found that the production of Dominico Harton in the Southwest varies between 3 and 5 t year-1. On the other hand, it was observed that 84% of the plots established with plantain crops are classified as small producers, with areas sown under 5 ha. In addition, it was determined that the farms that sold to traders, in general, presented higher gross income than those who offer to collection centers. The production of Harton in Urabá was between 7 and 23 t year-1. The lands with the highest income were those who sold their products to traders or by direct sales in the modalities fruit in cases or fruit infield, respectively. In both sub-regions, the largest proportion of the area established in plantain corresponds to the premises of peasant economy, small producers that till for the agronomic maintenance of the crops. However, the yields presented in the Southwest subregion suggest the necessity for higher technical intervention in the crop.
{"title":"Characterization, performance and level of technology adoption of the plantain agro-systems in Antioquia, Colombia","authors":"Eddie Yacir Álvarez Albanés, Roberto Antonio González Gordon, Jaiver Danilo Sánchez, Darío Antonio Castañeda Sánchez","doi":"10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.69897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.69897","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to identify and evaluate socioeconomic and agronomic indicators of plantain agro-systems in 14 municipalities located in the Southwest and Urabá subregions of Antioquia. These subregions present high commitment on the plantain crop, but with different levels in its management and trade. In order to address this research 197 socio-agronomic surveys were conducted; the survey was composed by 93 questions covering the following topics: general information, sources of income, plantain crop management, marketing of the fruit and environmental management. It was found that the production of Dominico Harton in the Southwest varies between 3 and 5 t year-1. On the other hand, it was observed that 84% of the plots established with plantain crops are classified as small producers, with areas sown under 5 ha. In addition, it was determined that the farms that sold to traders, in general, presented higher gross income than those who offer to collection centers. The production of Harton in Urabá was between 7 and 23 t year-1. The lands with the highest income were those who sold their products to traders or by direct sales in the modalities fruit in cases or fruit infield, respectively. In both sub-regions, the largest proportion of the area established in plantain corresponds to the premises of peasant economy, small producers that till for the agronomic maintenance of the crops. However, the yields presented in the Southwest subregion suggest the necessity for higher technical intervention in the crop.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78962174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75155
Manuela Gallón, Misael Cortés Rodríguez, José Miguel Cotes Torres
Potatoes are one of the crops with the greatest influence worldwide, and Colombia is the most important exporter of “Criolla” or diploid potato. Universidad Nacional de Colombia has developed varieties of new diploid potatoes with high antioxidant properties and colored flesh: Primavera, Paola, Violeta, Milagros, and Paysandú. The aim of this research was to characterize and evaluate the stability of physicochemical properties of the raw potato cv Primavera during storage at 4 °C. It was used the potato variety Primavera grown in Santa Elena, Antioquia, during season mayo-august 2016. The evaluated properties were the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS), phenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu method), moisture, texture in whole tuber and slices, and color in the pulp (CIELab). Samples were stored in bags at a constant temperature of 4 °C and were evaluated for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 d. Polynomial regression was performed for each variable vs time. In general, properties for potato variety Primavera did not show a defined trend; otherwise, they were fluctuating; this may be associated with various factors such as primary production and the interaction of physic-chemical phenomena of the matter with its environment. Potato presented an important content of antioxidant compounds compared with other varieties (ABTS: 2.89→2.94 mg Trolox g-1; DPPH: 2.33→1.48 mg Trolox g-1; phenolic compounds: 6.09→6.27 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1). The “criolla” potato cv Primavera has a lot of important antioxidant properties which could confer it an agro-industrial potential in a short and medium term.
{"title":"Evaluation and modeling of the properties and antioxidant characteristics of a new potato variety (Primavera) during storage at 4 °C","authors":"Manuela Gallón, Misael Cortés Rodríguez, José Miguel Cotes Torres","doi":"10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.75155","url":null,"abstract":"Potatoes are one of the crops with the greatest influence worldwide, and Colombia is the most important exporter of “Criolla” or diploid potato. Universidad Nacional de Colombia has developed varieties of new diploid potatoes with high antioxidant properties and colored flesh: Primavera, Paola, Violeta, Milagros, and Paysandú. The aim of this research was to characterize and evaluate the stability of physicochemical properties of the raw potato cv Primavera during storage at 4 °C. It was used the potato variety Primavera grown in Santa Elena, Antioquia, during season mayo-august 2016. The evaluated properties were the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS), phenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu method), moisture, texture in whole tuber and slices, and color in the pulp (CIELab). Samples were stored in bags at a constant temperature of 4 °C and were evaluated for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 d. Polynomial regression was performed for each variable vs time. In general, properties for potato variety Primavera did not show a defined trend; otherwise, they were fluctuating; this may be associated with various factors such as primary production and the interaction of physic-chemical phenomena of the matter with its environment. Potato presented an important content of antioxidant compounds compared with other varieties (ABTS: 2.89→2.94 mg Trolox g-1; DPPH: 2.33→1.48 mg Trolox g-1; phenolic compounds: 6.09→6.27 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1). The “criolla” potato cv Primavera has a lot of important antioxidant properties which could confer it an agro-industrial potential in a short and medium term.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74167930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-01DOI: 10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.74691
J. G. Ramírez-Gil
Gmelina arborea is a forest species of increasing use in the establishment of commercial plantations in Colombia. The areas where it is currently planted are deficient in nutrients, so the use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can be an alternative to improve phosphoric fertilization. The aim of this work was to determine the mycorrhizal dependency, colonization, and growth of G. arborea when it is inoculated with Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Rhizoglomus aggregatum, Rhizoglomus irregulare, Glomus fistulosum, and Entrophospora colombiana, under different concentrations of phosphorus (P) in a soil solution. A completely randomized design was used with a 6×3 factorial arrangement, five AFM strains + control (uninoculated) and three P doses (0.002, 0.02, and 0.2 mg L-1) with five replicates per each treatment and twice through time. Mycorrhizal colonization and dependency, foliar concentration of P, dry biomass, leaf area, and height were evaluated. A moderate mycorrhizal dependency was obtained under a P concentration of 0.002 and 0.02 mg L-1 and inoculation with R. fasciculatum, R. aggregatum, and R. irregulare while inoculation with G. fistulosum and E. colombiana produced a marginal dependency. It was found a negative effect on G. arborea inoculated with all AMF strains under 0.2 mg L-1 of P. Mycorrhizal colonization presented values between 62.5 - 2.5% for all the AMF evaluated, influenced by AFM strains and P concentration. Plants inoculated with R. fasciculatum, R. aggregatum, and R. irregulare showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in their growth. Mycorrhizal dependency and colonization in G. arborea and its growth were highly influenced by species of AMF and amount of P.
{"title":"Dependency, colonization, and growth in Gmelina arborea inoculated with five strains of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi","authors":"J. G. Ramírez-Gil","doi":"10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.74691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/RFNAM.V72N2.74691","url":null,"abstract":"Gmelina arborea is a forest species of increasing use in the establishment of commercial plantations in Colombia. The areas where it is currently planted are deficient in nutrients, so the use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can be an alternative to improve phosphoric fertilization. The aim of this work was to determine the mycorrhizal dependency, colonization, and growth of G. arborea when it is inoculated with Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Rhizoglomus aggregatum, Rhizoglomus irregulare, Glomus fistulosum, and Entrophospora colombiana, under different concentrations of phosphorus (P) in a soil solution. A completely randomized design was used with a 6×3 factorial arrangement, five AFM strains + control (uninoculated) and three P doses (0.002, 0.02, and 0.2 mg L-1) with five replicates per each treatment and twice through time. Mycorrhizal colonization and dependency, foliar concentration of P, dry biomass, leaf area, and height were evaluated. A moderate mycorrhizal dependency was obtained under a P concentration of 0.002 and 0.02 mg L-1 and inoculation with R. fasciculatum, R. aggregatum, and R. irregulare while inoculation with G. fistulosum and E. colombiana produced a marginal dependency. It was found a negative effect on G. arborea inoculated with all AMF strains under 0.2 mg L-1 of P. Mycorrhizal colonization presented values between 62.5 - 2.5% for all the AMF evaluated, influenced by AFM strains and P concentration. Plants inoculated with R. fasciculatum, R. aggregatum, and R. irregulare showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in their growth. Mycorrhizal dependency and colonization in G. arborea and its growth were highly influenced by species of AMF and amount of P.","PeriodicalId":37747,"journal":{"name":"Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85574382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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