Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10805001
Paul Fahr
This article explores the lexical field of “text” in early China. It argues that words pertaining to it should not be understood as referring to textual genres, but as conveying an abstract notion of “(written) text.” In particular, it treats the word shi 事 in Liu Xiang’s 劉向 (79–8 BCE) editorial reports as well as yu 語 in many different early sources. Especially the second term has been understood as denoting a certain textual genre. This is incorrect as can be shown by analyzing occurrences of this word in relevant contexts. Rather, yu first referred to short proverbs and later, by way of semantic derivation, came to acquire the meaning “text” in general. This meaning also applies to the word’s usage in designations of early compilations such as Lunyu. Accordingly, the latter title should simply be understood as “compiled texts.”
{"title":"On General Terms for Texts in Early China","authors":"Paul Fahr","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10805001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the lexical field of “text” in early China. It argues that words pertaining to it should not be understood as referring to textual genres, but as conveying an abstract notion of “(written) text.” In particular, it treats the word shi 事 in Liu Xiang’s 劉向 (79–8 BCE) editorial reports as well as yu 語 in many different early sources. Especially the second term has been understood as denoting a certain textual genre. This is incorrect as can be shown by analyzing occurrences of this word in relevant contexts. Rather, yu first referred to short proverbs and later, by way of semantic derivation, came to acquire the meaning “text” in general. This meaning also applies to the word’s usage in designations of early compilations such as Lunyu. Accordingly, the latter title should simply be understood as “compiled texts.”","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126529853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10805005
Sheng-Chih Wang
“Shibian” is a famous seventeenth-century horror tale by Pu Songling that culminates in a terror-stricken traveler’s deadly pursuit by a reanimated corpse. This article explores the tale’s close connection to two groups of similar narratives about corpse reanimation, which the author designates as “Temple of Horror” anecdotes and “House of Death” accounts, respectively. Though recognizing “Shibian” as essentially a “House of Death” account, this article argues that a version of “Temple of Horror” also contributed narrative elements that were key to the intricacy and intense horror of Pu Songling’s tale.
{"title":"Pu Songling’s “Shibian” 尸變 and Vampiric Chases in the Chinese Tradition of Strange Narratives","authors":"Sheng-Chih Wang","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10805005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 “Shibian” is a famous seventeenth-century horror tale by Pu Songling that culminates in a terror-stricken traveler’s deadly pursuit by a reanimated corpse. This article explores the tale’s close connection to two groups of similar narratives about corpse reanimation, which the author designates as “Temple of Horror” anecdotes and “House of Death” accounts, respectively. Though recognizing “Shibian” as essentially a “House of Death” account, this article argues that a version of “Temple of Horror” also contributed narrative elements that were key to the intricacy and intense horror of Pu Songling’s tale.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126195769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10805003
Chenru Xue
This article examines the representation of post-Tang identities in Northern Song historiography and provides a precise definition of the concept of “Ten States.” It argues that the “Five Dynasties” and “Ten States,” appellations invented by Northern Song historians, are not reflective of the actual tenth-century political landscape that took shape following the fall of the Tang Empire (618–907). Rather, they were coined to buttress the dynastic legitimacy of the Northern Song. They mirrored the increasingly strong Song central control over regional authorities and a perceived ever-growing cultural division between Song and its neighbors. Through an investigation of how post-Tang regimes were categorized by four representative Northern Song histories, this article questions the constructed binary between the “legitimate” and the “illegitimate” in Song historiography and challenges the resulting “Central Plain”-centric and Han/Chinese-centric ideologies.
{"title":"From the “Five Dynasties” 五代 to the “Ten States” 十國: Interpreting Post-Tang Identities in Northern Song (960–1127) Historiography","authors":"Chenru Xue","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10805003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the representation of post-Tang identities in Northern Song historiography and provides a precise definition of the concept of “Ten States.” It argues that the “Five Dynasties” and “Ten States,” appellations invented by Northern Song historians, are not reflective of the actual tenth-century political landscape that took shape following the fall of the Tang Empire (618–907). Rather, they were coined to buttress the dynastic legitimacy of the Northern Song. They mirrored the increasingly strong Song central control over regional authorities and a perceived ever-growing cultural division between Song and its neighbors. Through an investigation of how post-Tang regimes were categorized by four representative Northern Song histories, this article questions the constructed binary between the “legitimate” and the “illegitimate” in Song historiography and challenges the resulting “Central Plain”-centric and Han/Chinese-centric ideologies.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124114256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10805002
Shao-yun Yang
This essay reexamines late Tang and Northern Song laws that appear to prohibit private trade, communication, and intermarriage with foreigners, and concludes that they were rooted in early Tang policies rather than an increase in anti-foreign or proto-nationalist sentiment. It also argues that in the Northern Song, restrictions on foreign trade and intermarriage gave way to more liberal or targeted approaches, the main exceptions being strategic restrictions on trade along the northern borders and maritime trade with Đại Việt and Koryŏ. When the Song state implemented or contemplated restrictions on intermarriage in certain frontier locations, this was typically for strategic reasons of counterintelligence, not xenophobia or ethnic segregation.
{"title":"Unauthorized Exchanges: Restrictions on Foreign Trade and Intermarriage in the Tang and Northern Song Empires","authors":"Shao-yun Yang","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10805002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This essay reexamines late Tang and Northern Song laws that appear to prohibit private trade, communication, and intermarriage with foreigners, and concludes that they were rooted in early Tang policies rather than an increase in anti-foreign or proto-nationalist sentiment. It also argues that in the Northern Song, restrictions on foreign trade and intermarriage gave way to more liberal or targeted approaches, the main exceptions being strategic restrictions on trade along the northern borders and maritime trade with Đại Việt and Koryŏ. When the Song state implemented or contemplated restrictions on intermarriage in certain frontier locations, this was typically for strategic reasons of counterintelligence, not xenophobia or ethnic segregation.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133720033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10805004
Bony Schachter
In the “Epistle” (“Shang tianfu shenyin jiashu” 上天府神隱家書), the Prince of Ning Zhu Quan 寧王朱權 (1378–1448) presents the book Shenyin 神隱 (Divine Hermitage) to Yongle (Zhu Di 朱棣, 1360–1424). The “Epistle” is the first document to announce Zhu Quan’s transition to the status of divine author True Lord from the Southern Pole. This article argues that the letter must be interpreted as a political act. Its three sections examine the letter in terms of its materiality, context, and purpose. It demonstrates that the letter is the means by which Zhu Quan attempts to bring carefully crafted claims about his alleged competence as an imperial preceptor into reality. In so doing, it reexamines the relevance of Daoism for Ming political culture.
{"title":"Parting Ways: Daoism, Politics, and the Ming Book in Zhu Quan’s Letter to Yongle","authors":"Bony Schachter","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10805004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10805004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the “Epistle” (“Shang tianfu shenyin jiashu” 上天府神隱家書), the Prince of Ning Zhu Quan 寧王朱權 (1378–1448) presents the book Shenyin 神隱 (Divine Hermitage) to Yongle (Zhu Di 朱棣, 1360–1424). The “Epistle” is the first document to announce Zhu Quan’s transition to the status of divine author True Lord from the Southern Pole. This article argues that the letter must be interpreted as a political act. Its three sections examine the letter in terms of its materiality, context, and purpose. It demonstrates that the letter is the means by which Zhu Quan attempts to bring carefully crafted claims about his alleged competence as an imperial preceptor into reality. In so doing, it reexamines the relevance of Daoism for Ming political culture.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124931925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10801005
Marta Hanson
{"title":"Physiognomy in Ming China: Fortune and the Body, by Xing Wang","authors":"Marta Hanson","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10801005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10801005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124535279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10801000
Brandon Beauregard, Abigail Lahvis, J. Blanchard, Mary Christine Mallory, Christa Bunce, Michael Mccluskey, G. Clements, E. Priest, Jian Micah DE Jesus, Sonya Punjwani, Kaleb Degler, C. Rao, Ryan Demarest, Christopher Rogers, Isabelle Dominguez, Abigail Schultz, Kathryn E. Faulk, Skyanne, L., Simonson, Nathan Flanigin, Hunter Simpson, Christian Garcia, Cordell, Benjamin Gerzik, S. Stevens, Maggie Gianvecchio, Michael J. Tardy, E. González, Krista Thompson, A. Guerrero, E. Tooley, Pauline Hodencq, Ariel Veytsman, Allison Hopkins, S. Walden, Ashley Hutcheson, M. Wallace, Emma Jenevein, Nicholas Wang, K. Jones, B. White, Samuel Keltner, N. Wilbur, Stephanie Kim
{"title":"Front matter","authors":"Brandon Beauregard, Abigail Lahvis, J. Blanchard, Mary Christine Mallory, Christa Bunce, Michael Mccluskey, G. Clements, E. Priest, Jian Micah DE Jesus, Sonya Punjwani, Kaleb Degler, C. Rao, Ryan Demarest, Christopher Rogers, Isabelle Dominguez, Abigail Schultz, Kathryn E. Faulk, Skyanne, L., Simonson, Nathan Flanigin, Hunter Simpson, Christian Garcia, Cordell, Benjamin Gerzik, S. Stevens, Maggie Gianvecchio, Michael J. Tardy, E. González, Krista Thompson, A. Guerrero, E. Tooley, Pauline Hodencq, Ariel Veytsman, Allison Hopkins, S. Walden, Ashley Hutcheson, M. Wallace, Emma Jenevein, Nicholas Wang, K. Jones, B. White, Samuel Keltner, N. Wilbur, Stephanie Kim","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10801000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10801000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"50 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134265769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10801007
P. Kroll
One of the more overlooked forms of Chinese poetry is that called by the word zan 讚 or “appreciation.” Here we examine the pre-Tang use of the term in its application both to a summary prose or verse statement in historical texts as well as to a form of verse often regarded as akin to the song 頌 or “laud” but especially associated with illustrations or paintings. Discussion then proceeds to a focus on and analysis of Li Bo’s 李白 seventeen extant zan poems, nearly all of which are about or were inscribed on paintings. These poems can be divided among three categories: those on portrayed individuals, those on objects and scenes, and those on Buddhist topics. Li Bo’s zan give evidence of certain new as well as differently emphasized developments in the form.
{"title":"Li Bo and the zan","authors":"P. Kroll","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10801007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10801007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the more overlooked forms of Chinese poetry is that called by the word zan 讚 or “appreciation.” Here we examine the pre-Tang use of the term in its application both to a summary prose or verse statement in historical texts as well as to a form of verse often regarded as akin to the song 頌 or “laud” but especially associated with illustrations or paintings. Discussion then proceeds to a focus on and analysis of Li Bo’s 李白 seventeen extant zan poems, nearly all of which are about or were inscribed on paintings. These poems can be divided among three categories: those on portrayed individuals, those on objects and scenes, and those on Buddhist topics. Li Bo’s zan give evidence of certain new as well as differently emphasized developments in the form.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134152463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10801006
Eric Greene
This article introduces new evidence concerning how the very earliest Chinese translations of Buddhist texts were read in early medieval China: a Turfan manuscript first made public in 2005 of an otherwise unknown interlinear commentary to the oldest Chinese translation of the Vimalakīrti Sutra. I show that the earliest (pre- ca. 350 CE) translations of Indian Buddhist texts, well known for their problematic literary forms that frequently make them very difficult to understand, sometimes circulated with interlinear commentaries that explained how to manipulate their often tortuous syntax into a more normal Chinese idiom. The earliest readers of Indian Buddhist literature in China did not always approach these texts as purely “Chinese” documents, as it has sometimes been thought. Even though few such readers were themselves learned in Indian languages, the linguistic alterity of Indian Buddhist literature was nevertheless available to them to some degree.
{"title":"Reading Indian Literature in Fourth-Century China: Gleanings from a Newly Available Commentary to the Oldest Chinese Translation of the Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa","authors":"Eric Greene","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10801006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10801006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article introduces new evidence concerning how the very earliest Chinese translations of Buddhist texts were read in early medieval China: a Turfan manuscript first made public in 2005 of an otherwise unknown interlinear commentary to the oldest Chinese translation of the Vimalakīrti Sutra. I show that the earliest (pre- ca. 350 CE) translations of Indian Buddhist texts, well known for their problematic literary forms that frequently make them very difficult to understand, sometimes circulated with interlinear commentaries that explained how to manipulate their often tortuous syntax into a more normal Chinese idiom. The earliest readers of Indian Buddhist literature in China did not always approach these texts as purely “Chinese” documents, as it has sometimes been thought. Even though few such readers were themselves learned in Indian languages, the linguistic alterity of Indian Buddhist literature was nevertheless available to them to some degree.","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129815951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10801010
Pierre-Étienne Will
{"title":"Forced Innovation and Missed Opportunity in the Daoguang Reign","authors":"Pierre-Étienne Will","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10801010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10801010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":378098,"journal":{"name":"T’oung Pao","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132212056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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