A practical reliability analysis method is described for a reliability block diagram (RBD) in which some components appear more than once in the diagram, i.e. have multiple blocks. The reliability analysis method for a RBD with multiple blocks must include the effect of the multiple blocks, if not, the resulting downtime can be significantly underestimated. An example is given to show the effects of including and not including the multiple-block effect in the reliability analysis.<>
{"title":"Analysis of reliability block diagrams with multiple blocks per component","authors":"Robert F. Forche","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67947","url":null,"abstract":"A practical reliability analysis method is described for a reliability block diagram (RBD) in which some components appear more than once in the diagram, i.e. have multiple blocks. The reliability analysis method for a RBD with multiple blocks must include the effect of the multiple blocks, if not, the resulting downtime can be significantly underestimated. An example is given to show the effects of including and not including the multiple-block effect in the reliability analysis.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133027554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cost-effective method of qualifying and improving the reliability of adapted designs through the evaluation of design performance under simulated military environmental stresses is demonstrated. The example discussed is the implementation of an Avionics Instrument Incorporated AI/sup 2/ static inverter as part of the Traffic Jam electronic countermeasures system. In the case of the AI/sup 2/ static inverter employed in the AN/TLQ-17A(V)3 system, the iterative process of test and design modification has allowed the procurement of systems with the required functionality and reliability at minimum cost to the government.<>
{"title":"Reliability improvement of power inverters through environmental stress simulation","authors":"M. Delmont, S. Welby","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67933","url":null,"abstract":"A cost-effective method of qualifying and improving the reliability of adapted designs through the evaluation of design performance under simulated military environmental stresses is demonstrated. The example discussed is the implementation of an Avionics Instrument Incorporated AI/sup 2/ static inverter as part of the Traffic Jam electronic countermeasures system. In the case of the AI/sup 2/ static inverter employed in the AN/TLQ-17A(V)3 system, the iterative process of test and design modification has allowed the procurement of systems with the required functionality and reliability at minimum cost to the government.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133075024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discussed is a retrospective study of the errors uncovered in developing a multiple-release industrial software product of some 60000 lines of C source code. The purpose of the study was to determine what changes in existing software development procedures would detect errors earlier in the life cycle, where they are less expensive to correct. The study procedure consisted of three tasks: establishing criteria for sorting the problems into software development errors and other problems/errors, determining error classes for categorizing the development errors, and identifying a series of ten error-detection steps within the software development process. A number of results specific to this study are presented, and conclusions are drawn and recommendations made regarding functional and design errors.<>
{"title":"Practical lessons for improving software quality","authors":"J. Bukowski, W. Goble","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67998","url":null,"abstract":"Discussed is a retrospective study of the errors uncovered in developing a multiple-release industrial software product of some 60000 lines of C source code. The purpose of the study was to determine what changes in existing software development procedures would detect errors earlier in the life cycle, where they are less expensive to correct. The study procedure consisted of three tasks: establishing criteria for sorting the problems into software development errors and other problems/errors, determining error classes for categorizing the development errors, and identifying a series of ten error-detection steps within the software development process. A number of results specific to this study are presented, and conclusions are drawn and recommendations made regarding functional and design errors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134061450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soft failure is defined in terms of event, and a definition of its repair is provided to clarify the nature of its recovery to a successful system performance are given. An analysis of some 30 failure modes with their taxonomy, classification, and causality is presented. A general reliability-modeling technique is proposed which permits the analyst to characterize the reliability solution based on the definition of soft failure. An example based on recent findings in the area of recovery-block schemes is presented.<>
{"title":"Soft failures and reliability","authors":"H. Chenoweth","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67995","url":null,"abstract":"Soft failure is defined in terms of event, and a definition of its repair is provided to clarify the nature of its recovery to a successful system performance are given. An analysis of some 30 failure modes with their taxonomy, classification, and causality is presented. A general reliability-modeling technique is proposed which permits the analyst to characterize the reliability solution based on the definition of soft failure. An example based on recent findings in the area of recovery-block schemes is presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125650982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Logisticians at the Westinghouse Electronic Systems Group prepared a visual aid for their customers in the form of a spares calculator. The calculator portrays required spares quantities based upon the customer's required level of protection. The calculator is appropriate for users of a variety of commercial and defense products. Selected as most appropriate to the needs of the provisioner was a moving-scale device with numerical values appearing in an open window. For compactness, a circular slide rule 8 in. in diameter was selected. The Gothic font bolt black-on-white makes the device easily readable.<>
西屋电子系统集团(Westinghouse Electronic Systems Group)的物流人员为他们的客户准备了一个备件计算器的视觉辅助工具。计算器根据客户所需的保护级别描绘所需备件的数量。该计算器适用于各种商业和国防产品的用户。根据提供方的需要，选择了一种移动刻度装置，其数值显示在打开的窗口上。为了紧凑，一个8英寸的圆形计算尺。直径选择。黑配白的哥特字体使设备易于阅读。
{"title":"The spares calculator: a visual aid to provisioning","authors":"L. Mickel, R. Heim","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67993","url":null,"abstract":"Logisticians at the Westinghouse Electronic Systems Group prepared a visual aid for their customers in the form of a spares calculator. The calculator portrays required spares quantities based upon the customer's required level of protection. The calculator is appropriate for users of a variety of commercial and defense products. Selected as most appropriate to the needs of the provisioner was a moving-scale device with numerical values appearing in an open window. For compactness, a circular slide rule 8 in. in diameter was selected. The Gothic font bolt black-on-white makes the device easily readable.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121401961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has recommended a nation-wide maintenance automation system (MAS), which will include maintenance control centers (MCCs). Three operational concepts were developed to consolidate the real-time monitoring, coordination, and remote maintenance at the MCCs. The three concepts were then evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Surveys and questionnaires were used to develop the qualitative criteria for evaluation of the concepts and included such concerns as the service to air traffic controllers and the users of the National Airspace System, impact on the maintenance workforce and, impact on risks and costs. The remote-maintenance workload was then assigned to the MCC or the local work centers in order to compare the staffing implications. The results suggest an MCC starting with an initial staff-type facilitator MCC performing only monitoring and coordination and evolving into a super MCC responsible for most remote maintenance and control functions.<>
{"title":"Analysis of maintenance control center operations","authors":"R. Loh, P. Wroblewski","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67992","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has recommended a nation-wide maintenance automation system (MAS), which will include maintenance control centers (MCCs). Three operational concepts were developed to consolidate the real-time monitoring, coordination, and remote maintenance at the MCCs. The three concepts were then evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Surveys and questionnaires were used to develop the qualitative criteria for evaluation of the concepts and included such concerns as the service to air traffic controllers and the users of the National Airspace System, impact on the maintenance workforce and, impact on risks and costs. The remote-maintenance workload was then assigned to the MCC or the local work centers in order to compare the staffing implications. The results suggest an MCC starting with an initial staff-type facilitator MCC performing only monitoring and coordination and evolving into a super MCC responsible for most remote maintenance and control functions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121700591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several different alternatives are under consideration by the ANSI X3T9.5 committee for the implementation of a concentrator in a fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) ring. The alternatives differ in the number of MAC (medium access control) chips present in the concentrator. The three alternatives are compared by evaluating the availability of simple networks constructed with concentrators of each type. The analysis considers the variations in the failure rates introduced by the different alternatives as well as variations in other parameters such as repair times and coverage factors.<>
{"title":"An availability comparison of three concentrator alternatives in a fiber distributed data interface ring network","authors":"E. Cortes","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67953","url":null,"abstract":"Several different alternatives are under consideration by the ANSI X3T9.5 committee for the implementation of a concentrator in a fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) ring. The alternatives differ in the number of MAC (medium access control) chips present in the concentrator. The three alternatives are compared by evaluating the availability of simple networks constructed with concentrators of each type. The analysis considers the variations in the failure rates introduced by the different alternatives as well as variations in other parameters such as repair times and coverage factors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121975642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An overview is presented of the state of the art in generating analytical models for fatigue life estimation due to mechanical wear-out. The applicability of these models to reliability prediction for electronic packages is examined. In discussing the failure mechanics of common electronic materials, it is convenient to classify the fatigue damage models into brittle damage, ductile damage, and damage in heterogeneous composite materials. Often the failure may not be in the bulk of any individual material but at the interface of two or more materials, and may require a fourth type of damage model.<>
{"title":"Reliability prediction of electronic packages","authors":"A. Dasgupta, D. Barker, M. Pecht","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67977","url":null,"abstract":"An overview is presented of the state of the art in generating analytical models for fatigue life estimation due to mechanical wear-out. The applicability of these models to reliability prediction for electronic packages is examined. In discussing the failure mechanics of common electronic materials, it is convenient to classify the fatigue damage models into brittle damage, ductile damage, and damage in heterogeneous composite materials. Often the failure may not be in the bulk of any individual material but at the interface of two or more materials, and may require a fourth type of damage model.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129362034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For equipment experiencing a constant failure rate, providing failure-free production for a given time results in greater customer satisfaction than providing a system with a high mean time between failures. A powerful tool in providing failure-free production for a given time is the capability to predict failure modes. In fact, major efforts to increase the mean time between failures while equipment is in a constant-failure-rate mode can result in increased customer frustration. The main task in improving customer satisfaction is identifying the real customer requirements and then providing for those requirements.<>
{"title":"Predicting failure modes to improve reliability","authors":"J.M. Reid","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.68008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.68008","url":null,"abstract":"For equipment experiencing a constant failure rate, providing failure-free production for a given time results in greater customer satisfaction than providing a system with a high mean time between failures. A powerful tool in providing failure-free production for a given time is the capability to predict failure modes. In fact, major efforts to increase the mean time between failures while equipment is in a constant-failure-rate mode can result in increased customer frustration. The main task in improving customer satisfaction is identifying the real customer requirements and then providing for those requirements.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129732285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A methodology is described for evaluating the logistical supportability of complex systems. Specifically, the supportability of the US Army's mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) is described. MSE is a good example of a complex military system which employs many continuity-of-operations (CONOPS) features, i.e. system networking, component redundancy, and functional bypass capabilities. The MSE supportability analysis determined that the additional procurement of specific spare parts could greatly increase MSE performance. The MSE analysis provided a means to increase the expected call-completion rate of the Army's primary corps and division common-user voice-communication system significantly. The increased cost associated with acquiring the additional spares was virtually negligible when compared to the MSE procurement cost.<>
{"title":"Analysis of logistic supportability for complex systems (military communications)","authors":"D. Mortin","doi":"10.1109/ARMS.1990.67965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARMS.1990.67965","url":null,"abstract":"A methodology is described for evaluating the logistical supportability of complex systems. Specifically, the supportability of the US Army's mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) is described. MSE is a good example of a complex military system which employs many continuity-of-operations (CONOPS) features, i.e. system networking, component redundancy, and functional bypass capabilities. The MSE supportability analysis determined that the additional procurement of specific spare parts could greatly increase MSE performance. The MSE analysis provided a means to increase the expected call-completion rate of the Army's primary corps and division common-user voice-communication system significantly. The increased cost associated with acquiring the additional spares was virtually negligible when compared to the MSE procurement cost.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":383597,"journal":{"name":"Annual Proceedings on Reliability and Maintainability Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130074398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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