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Optimization of chip level clock tree performance by using simultaneous drivers and wire sizing 芯片级时钟树性能的优化使用同步驱动和线尺寸
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399707
S. Greenberg, Ido Bloch, M. Horwitz, A. Maman
Defining the optimal clock-distribution network in VLSI is one of the most important aspects of high-speed SoC design. The existing design flows for clock tree network implementation are manual based and require long development cycle time. This long and iterative design flow is not optimized in terms of: clock-skew, insertion delay, clock signal rise/fall time, power dissipation, route resources, sensitivity to technology/design variations and time to market. This paper demonstrates a new approach which uses preliminary HSPICE simulations and dramatically improves the clock tree performance. This is done by smartly choosing the following parameters: number of driver levels, driver size, wire width/space and wire length between levels. These parameters are used as inputs to an automatic clock tree synthesis tool in order to get better results by the automatic synthesis tool. This approach is applied to a chip level clock tree network of the new Freescale Semiconductor MSC8122 Quad Core DSP (500 MHz, 90 nm CMOS technology, 0.9686 cm/spl times/1.1792 cm die size). This results in saving 12% power dissipation and 15% route area without performance decreasing compared to the manual based flow.
在VLSI中定义最佳的时钟分配网络是高速SoC设计的重要方面之一。现有时钟树网络实现的设计流程以手工为主,开发周期长。这种漫长而反复的设计流程在以下方面没有得到优化:时钟倾斜、插入延迟、时钟信号上升/下降时间、功耗、路由资源、对技术/设计变化的敏感性和上市时间。本文演示了一种新的方法,该方法使用了初步的HSPICE模拟,并显着提高了时钟树的性能。这是通过明智地选择以下参数来完成的:驱动器级别的数量,驱动器尺寸,线宽/空间和级别之间的线长。将这些参数作为自动时钟树合成工具的输入,以便自动合成工具获得更好的结果。该方法应用于新型飞思卡尔半导体MSC8122四核DSP (500 MHz, 90 nm CMOS技术,0.9686 cm/spl次/1.1792 cm芯片尺寸)的芯片级时钟树网络。与手工流相比,可节省12%的功耗和15%的路由面积,且性能不下降。
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引用次数: 3
Analysis of the probability distribution of the baseline wander effect for baseband PAM transmission with application to gigabit Ethernet 基带PAM传输基线漂移效应的概率分布分析及其在千兆以太网中的应用
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399621
N. Sommer, Itay Lusky, M. Miller
Communication systems that employ baseband transmission (i.e. signal spectrum centered around 0 Hz) may suffer from the baseline wander (BLW) phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs when the signal has to pass through a highpass filter element in the transmission path (e.g. a transformer in the line interface). A long sequence of symbols with constant value should generate a signal with constant level, but the signal will decay towards zero due to the highpass element. An example of a communication standard where baseband transmission is used with a DC-coupled channel is Ethernet. It can be shown that for baseband pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), the baseline wander phenomenon increases the dynamic range of the signal by a factor of 2, in worst case. This increases the cost of the receiver (for example, another bit may be needed in the analog to digital converter). However, the signal will reach its extreme values with very low probability, so it seems wasteful to design for worst case. It may be more economical to design for a smaller dynamic range, but then there must be a way to understand the probability that the signal will exceed this range. This can be done by using the probability distribution of the signal in the presence of BLW, which is calculated approximately in this paper.
采用基带传输(即以0 Hz为中心的信号频谱)的通信系统可能遭受基线漂移(BLW)现象。当信号必须通过传输路径中的高通滤波元件(例如线路接口中的变压器)时,就会发生这种现象。一长串具有恒定值的符号应该产生一个电平恒定的信号,但由于高通元件的作用,信号将向零衰减。基带传输与直流耦合信道一起使用的通信标准的一个例子是以太网。可以看出,对于基带脉冲幅度调制(PAM),在最坏的情况下,基线漂移现象使信号的动态范围增加了2倍。这增加了接收机的成本(例如,在模数转换器中可能需要另一个比特)。然而,信号到达极值的概率非常低,所以为最坏情况设计似乎是浪费的。设计一个更小的动态范围可能更经济,但必须有一种方法来理解信号将超过这个范围的概率。这可以通过利用存在BLW时信号的概率分布来实现,本文对其进行了近似计算。
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引用次数: 4
Towards a spiking VLSI implementation of Freeman's olfactory model 迈向Freeman嗅觉模型的峰值VLSI实现
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399649
T. A. Holz, J. Harris
We introduce the Freeman model - a nonlinear dynamic system proposed to model the operation of the cortex - and explain how its interconnected nature complicates physical realizations. We propose changing the Freeman model so that it is a spiking network in order to alleviate the implementation problems while preserving the important dynamic characteristics. We include simulation results showing that our modified spiking model demonstrates those dynamics. Finally, we show experimental results from a VLSI chip implementation of the spiking model as a proof-of-concept.
我们介绍了Freeman模型——一个用来模拟大脑皮层运作的非线性动态系统——并解释了其相互联系的本质是如何使物理实现复杂化的。为了在保留重要的动态特性的同时减轻实现问题,我们建议将Freeman模型改为一个峰值网络。我们的仿真结果表明,我们改进的尖峰模型证明了这些动力学。最后,我们展示了来自VLSI芯片实现的峰值模型的实验结果作为概念验证。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating and comparing simulation verification vs. formal verification approach on block level design 评估和比较块级设计的仿真验证与形式验证方法
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399731
Eyal Segev, Sharon Goldshlager, H. Miller, Oren Shua, Olga Sher, S. Greenberg
Logic design has become very complex in term of logic functionality. System-on-chip (SOC) designs are an integration of multiple modules and cores. In many cases, SOC integration is a result of integrating a few chips together. Each piece (module or core) must be verified separately (stand alone) prior to chip level verification. Standalone logic verification of the design is one of the most important steps in the overall design effort. Following the increase of the amount of functionality at each module, the logic verification effort has become a very resource-consuming task. Two logic verification methods are commonly used when verifying a SOC, simulation based verification and formal based verification. The two methods are explored and compared with respect to the time required for setup and running the environment, ease of debugging the reported failures, power, coverage and confidence level. Our main goal is to establish criteria for optimal use of simulation based verification and formal based verification and implement both methods on a block for a PCMCIA interface card. We have derived important conclusions concerning the matching of these methods for the verification of blocks of a similar type.
逻辑设计在逻辑功能方面变得非常复杂。片上系统(SOC)设计是多个模块和核心的集成。在许多情况下,SOC集成是将几个芯片集成在一起的结果。在芯片级验证之前,每个部件(模块或核心)必须单独验证(独立)。设计的独立逻辑验证是整个设计工作中最重要的步骤之一。随着每个模块功能的增加,逻辑验证工作已经成为一项非常消耗资源的任务。在验证SOC时,通常使用两种逻辑验证方法:基于仿真的验证和基于形式化的验证。从设置和运行环境所需的时间、调试报告的故障的难易程度、功率、覆盖范围和置信度等方面对这两种方法进行了探讨和比较。我们的主要目标是建立基于仿真的验证和基于形式的验证的最佳使用标准,并在PCMCIA接口卡的块上实现这两种方法。我们已经得出了重要的结论,关于这些方法的匹配,以验证类似类型的块。
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引用次数: 8
New chaotic third-order log-domain oscillator with tanh nonlinearity 新型tanh非线性混沌三阶对数域振荡器
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399618
A. Ascoli, P. Curran, O. Feely
Log-domain filters are an intriguing form of current-mode circuit in which the large-signal exponential current-voltage relationship of the bipolar junction transistor is used first to convert the input currents to logarithmic form, where the analog processing takes place, and then to map the output voltage waveforms back to the current domain at the end of the filtering process. The log-domain filter synthesis technique can be extremely useful in the design of chaotic oscillators suitable for low-power high-speed integrated circuit implementations. This paper presents a new third-order log-domain chaotic oscillator, which may be used in chaos-based communication systems. Although the design of the proposed oscillator stems from a known nonlinear dynamical system which may be subject to chaotic oscillations, its dynamics differ from those of the model and, as a result, are worth investigating.
对数域滤波器是电流模式电路的一种有趣形式,其中首先使用双极结晶体管的大信号指数电流-电压关系将输入电流转换为对数形式,在此进行模拟处理,然后在滤波过程结束时将输出电压波形映射回电流域。对数域滤波器合成技术在设计适用于低功耗高速集成电路的混沌振荡器时非常有用。本文提出了一种新的三阶对数域混沌振荡器,可用于混沌通信系统。虽然所提出的振荡器的设计源于一个已知的非线性动力系统,该系统可能受到混沌振荡的影响,但其动力学与模型的动力学不同,因此值得研究。
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引用次数: 3
Controlling an electrical motion system by a load instruction decoding algorithm using FPGA 基于FPGA的负载指令解码算法控制电动运动系统
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399713
Simon R. Cooper, A. Kuperman, R. Rabinovici
This paper presents a motion control system which employs a load decoder, capable of analyzing the load value and changes, applied to the motor's rotor, decoding them into an instruction set for the controller input. The system is implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device, which have recently become affordable for implementing complicated motion control algorithms. All motion control logic is implemented in hardware (no software at all) and executes functions by the dedicated hardware logic. In such a case execution time becomes inherently fast and deterministic. This complicates the design, compared to the rather simple solution in software on DSP but offers reduced control system price which is essential for mass production applications. Moreover it can be easily transformed into ASIC for further cost reduction.
本文提出了一种运动控制系统,该系统采用负载解码器,能够分析电机转子的负载值和变化,并将其解码成指令集作为控制器的输入。该系统在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)器件中实现,该器件最近已成为实现复杂运动控制算法的负担得起的器件。所有的运动控制逻辑都是在硬件中实现的(根本没有软件),并由专用的硬件逻辑执行功能。在这种情况下,执行时间本质上变得快速和确定。与相当简单的DSP软件解决方案相比,这使设计复杂化,但降低了控制系统的价格,这对大规模生产应用至关重要。此外,它可以很容易地转化为ASIC,进一步降低成本。
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引用次数: 1
A novel design and fabrication method of a pyramidal shape chip for scanning micro mirror 一种新型扫描微镜锥体芯片的设计与制造方法
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399720
O. Cohen, A. Shai, Y. Nemirovsky
In this paper, we present a novel scheme for designing and fabricating a base chip, which is an approximation of a pyramid shape, and is not limited by the natural slope of 54.7/spl deg/ obtained with wet anisotropic etching of silicon. The application for such a pyramid shape, in our case, is for a single axis scanning micro mirror. The paper presents the methodology for designing and fabricating a surface with an arbitrary slope, as required by the application. In our case, it is an approximation of a desired very moderate slope. The moderate slope serves as an electrostatic actuator with relatively low operating voltage. On top of the base, we bond a mirror chip that includes the opposite side of the actuator, the reflector of the mirror, the mechanical structure of the mirror and the hinges. We present in this paper the motivation to use a pyramidal shaped base. The design is simple and requires knowledge of etch rates in several crystal planes, which can be easily measured. The fabrication tools and methods used herein are based on wet etching of silicon wafers. There is no need for DRIE processes or SOI wafers.
在本文中,我们提出了一种设计和制造基片的新方案,该方案近似于金字塔形状,并且不受硅湿各向异性蚀刻获得的54.7/spl度/的自然斜率的限制。这种金字塔形状的应用,在我们的例子中,是用于单轴扫描微镜。本文介绍了根据应用要求设计和制作任意斜率曲面的方法。在我们的例子中,它是期望的非常适中的斜率的近似值。坡度适中作为静电执行器,工作电压相对较低。在底座的顶部,我们粘接一个镜子芯片,包括驱动器的反面、镜子的反射面、镜子的机械结构和铰链。在本文中,我们提出了使用金字塔形基底的动机。该设计很简单,需要了解几个晶体平面的蚀刻速率,这可以很容易地测量。本文使用的制造工具和方法是基于硅片的湿法蚀刻。不需要DRIE工艺或SOI晶圆。
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引用次数: 2
Computer aided design using CGH of a three-dimensional objects 利用计算机辅助CGH设计一个三维物体
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399737
D. Abookasis, Joseph Rosen
A new method of synthesizing computer-generated holograms of 3D objects is proposed. Several projections of the 3D object are numerically processed to yield a 2D complex function, which is then encoded as a computer-generated hologram. When this hologram is illuminated by a plane wave, a 3D real image of the object is reconstructed. Although the hologram initially belongs to the type of Fourier holograms, Fresnel and image holograms are also generated by computing the propagation of the wave front from the Fourier plane to any other desired plane. Computer and optical constructions of 3D objects, both of which show the feasibility of the proposed approach, are presented herein.
提出了一种合成三维物体计算机生成全息图的新方法。3D物体的几个投影经过数字处理,生成一个2D复杂函数,然后将其编码为计算机生成的全息图。当这个全息图被平面波照射时,物体的三维实像被重建。虽然全息图最初属于傅里叶全息图的类型,但菲涅耳全息图和图像全息图也是通过计算波前从傅里叶平面到任何其他所需平面的传播而生成的。本文给出了三维物体的计算机和光学结构,两者都表明了该方法的可行性。
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引用次数: 1
Differential tuning oscillators with reduced flicker noise upconversion 具有减少闪烁噪声上转换的差分调谐振荡器
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399607
S. Levantino, A. Bonfanti, L. Romanò, C. Samori, A. Lacaita
The adoption of differential tuning in oscillators provides cancellation of common-mode disturbances, and thus, it is expected to lower phase noise and power supply pulling. However, the direct application of differential tuning increases the capacitor nonlinearity, and in turn, it can raise the flicker-induced phase noise. This upconversion mechanism, based on non-linearities, is quantitatively assessed and a modified configuration circumventing this phenomenon is proposed and applied to the design of a 1.8-GHz LC oscillator in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The simulated 1/f/sup 3/, phase noise is reduced by 20 dB, without impairing the tuning range and supply pulling.
在振荡器中采用差分调谐可消除共模干扰,因此有望降低相位噪声和电源牵引。然而,直接应用差分调谐增加了电容的非线性,进而提高了闪变相位噪声。对这种基于非线性的上转换机制进行了定量评估,并提出了一种改进的配置,以避免这种现象,并应用于0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS技术的1.8 ghz LC振荡器的设计。模拟的1/f/sup 3/,相位噪声降低了20 dB,而不影响调谐范围和电源拉力。
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引用次数: 1
Sparse approximations with a high resolution greedy algorithm 稀疏逼近与高分辨率贪婪算法
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2004-12-13 DOI: 10.1109/ICECS.2004.1399685
B. G. Salomon, H. Ur
Signal decomposition with an overcomplete dictionary is nonunique. Computation of the best approximation is known to be NP-hard problem. The matching pursuit (MP) algorithm is a popular iterative greedy algorithm that finds a sub-optimal approximation, by picking at each iteration the vector that best correlates with the present residual. Choosing approximation vectors by optimizing a correlation inner product can produce a loss of time and frequency resolution. We propose a modified MP, based on a post processing step applied on the resulting MP approximation, using the backward greedy algorithm, to achieve higher resolution than the original MP.
使用过完全字典的信号分解是非唯一的。最佳近似的计算被认为是np困难问题。匹配追踪(MP)算法是一种流行的迭代贪婪算法,它通过在每次迭代中挑选与当前残差最相关的向量来找到次优逼近。通过优化相关内积来选择近似向量会造成时间和频率分辨率的损失。我们提出了一种改进的MP,基于后处理步骤应用于得到的MP近似,使用后向贪婪算法,以获得比原始MP更高的分辨率。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Giornale di Storia Costituzionale
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