This study explores the dry ball milling activation of tungsten‑molybdenum tailings (TMT) and coal bottom ash (CBA) to enhance their reactivity for use in alkali-activated aluminosilicate binders. CBA-TMT mixture was activated at varying rotational speeds and durations to assess the effects on microstructure, phase composition, and the mechanical performance of the resulting binders. The optimal regime (450 rpm, 30 min) yielded a binder with a compressive strength of 52 MPa. This enhancement is attributed to significant particle size reduction, increased defect density, and surface amorphization, which synergistically enhanced the dissolution of aluminosilicate and Ca-bearing phases. The findings demonstrate that dry co-milling is an efficient, low-energy approach for activating industrial by-products, facilitating the production of sustainable high-performance cementitious materials.
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