Nano/microcarriers, characterized by small sizes, high specific surface areas, and tunable surface properties, enable precise control of aroma delivery in biomedical, cosmetic, food, and agricultural applications. Although numerous studies have investigated the controlled release of encapsulated aroma compounds, a comprehensive review of these carrier systems remains lacking. This review systematically examines various nano/microcarriers designed for different release functions and provides valuable insights into the selection of encapsulation materials. Moreover, aroma release mechanisms, including diffusion, rupture, swelling, dissolution, melting, degradation, and conformational changes, are analyzed to establish structure–function relationships between carrier properties and release performance. Additionally, mathematical models describing aroma release kinetics are summarized to elucidate the underlying release mechanisms. This review integrates carrier design, release mechanisms, and modeling approaches to optimize on-demand aroma release and support the development of next-generation nano/micro-delivery systems. The findings provide a robust framework for achieving precise control over aroma compound release.
{"title":"Controlled-release aroma nano/microcarriers: design strategies, release mechanisms, and kinetic models","authors":"Xingran Kou, Fangyuan Liu, Jiajia Ma, Qinfei Ke, Yunchong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nano/microcarriers, characterized by small sizes, high specific surface areas, and tunable surface properties, enable precise control of aroma delivery in biomedical, cosmetic, food, and agricultural applications. Although numerous studies have investigated the controlled release of encapsulated aroma compounds, a comprehensive review of these carrier systems remains lacking. This review systematically examines various nano/microcarriers designed for different release functions and provides valuable insights into the selection of encapsulation materials. Moreover, aroma release mechanisms, including diffusion, rupture, swelling, dissolution, melting, degradation, and conformational changes, are analyzed to establish structure–function relationships between carrier properties and release performance. Additionally, mathematical models describing aroma release kinetics are summarized to elucidate the underlying release mechanisms. This review integrates carrier design, release mechanisms, and modeling approaches to optimize on-demand aroma release and support the development of next-generation nano/micro-delivery systems. The findings provide a robust framework for achieving precise control over aroma compound release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 765-779"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.032
Sikandar Aftab , Xin Li , Fahmid Kabir , Maria Mukhtari , Iftikhar Hussain , Muhammad Jehanzaib Aslam , H.H. Hegazy , Manesh A. Yewale , Altaf Hussain Rajpar , Erdi Akman
Perovskite thin film (PTF) technology is a rapidly developing field that has made significant strides, leading to breakthroughs in many applications. In this way, PTFs are widely acknowledged for their remarkable optoelectronic characteristics, which have been instrumental in advancing perovskite solar cells (PSCs), photodetectors (PDs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and memory devices. This review first comprehensively introduces PTFs production from lab-scale to large-scale, then addresses the challenges of PTFs and discusses ways to overcome these challenges. Moreover, this review combines significant discoveries from current studies to clarify perovskite-based solar cells’ improved scalability, stability, and efficiency. Additionally, the use of PTFs in developing technologies-such as memory devices, LEDs, and PDs-is discussed, highlighting their role in improving the functionality and performance of these devices. Furthermore, it explains the investigation of PTFs in specific applications, such as x-ray detection, imaging sensing, and polarized detection, highlighting their potential to push the limits of detection technologies. Finally, we discuss the challenges in implementing PTFs for optoelectronic device systems uses and provide our opinions on potential future projects and lines of inquiry.
{"title":"Recent advancements in perovskite thin film technology: From solar cells to optoelectronic devices","authors":"Sikandar Aftab , Xin Li , Fahmid Kabir , Maria Mukhtari , Iftikhar Hussain , Muhammad Jehanzaib Aslam , H.H. Hegazy , Manesh A. Yewale , Altaf Hussain Rajpar , Erdi Akman","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite thin film (PTF) technology is a rapidly developing field that has made significant strides, leading to breakthroughs in many applications. In this way, PTFs are widely acknowledged for their remarkable optoelectronic characteristics, which have been instrumental in advancing perovskite solar cells (PSCs), photodetectors (PDs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and memory devices. This review first comprehensively introduces PTFs production from lab-scale to large-scale, then addresses the challenges of PTFs and discusses ways to overcome these challenges. Moreover, this review combines significant discoveries from current studies to clarify perovskite-based solar cells’ improved scalability, stability, and efficiency. Additionally, the use of PTFs in developing technologies-such as memory devices, LEDs, and PDs-is discussed, highlighting their role in improving the functionality and performance of these devices. Furthermore, it explains the investigation of PTFs in specific applications, such as x-ray detection, imaging sensing, and polarized detection, highlighting their potential to push the limits of detection technologies. Finally, we discuss the challenges in implementing PTFs for optoelectronic device systems uses and provide our opinions on potential future projects and lines of inquiry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 952-995"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.020
Ruiqi Wu , Fuxiang Ma , Bowen Guan , Yazhou Chen , Desi Chen , Jiajun Dong , Yuanfei Jiang , Mingxing Jin , Qingyi Li
The electron–phonon interaction is fundamental to many-particle physics, governing key processes in emergent phenomena like superconductivity, thermoelectrics, optoelectronics, and spintronics. As a fundamental thermodynamic variable, pressure offers a unique platform to explore these phenomena and optimize material properties by modulating electron–phonon coupling. To obtain a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms, a reliable experimental method to quantify the strength of electron–phonon interaction under pressure is urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate a feasible approach to measuring the second moment of the Eliashberg spectral function and the nominal electron–phonon coupling constant in solids under hydrostatic pressure using femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy. Experiments with bismuth sulfide revealed pressure-enhanced electron–phonon interaction, with and increasing from to meV and from to , respectively, as pressure increased from 0.11 to 9.01 GPa. This strategy provides a versatile framework for investigating electron–phonon interaction in other materials, offering new insights into underlying mechanisms and guiding the synthesis of novel materials under extreme conditions.
{"title":"Measurement of electron–phonon coupling constant under hydrostatic pressure","authors":"Ruiqi Wu , Fuxiang Ma , Bowen Guan , Yazhou Chen , Desi Chen , Jiajun Dong , Yuanfei Jiang , Mingxing Jin , Qingyi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electron–phonon interaction is fundamental to many-particle physics, governing key processes in emergent phenomena like superconductivity, thermoelectrics, optoelectronics, and spintronics. As a fundamental thermodynamic variable, pressure offers a unique platform to explore these phenomena and optimize material properties by modulating electron–phonon coupling. To obtain a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms, a reliable experimental method to quantify the strength of electron–phonon interaction under pressure is urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate a feasible approach to measuring the second moment of the Eliashberg spectral function <span><math><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mfenced><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span> and the nominal electron–phonon coupling constant <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span> in solids under hydrostatic pressure using femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy. Experiments with bismuth sulfide revealed pressure-enhanced electron–phonon interaction, with <span><math><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mfenced><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>g</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span> increasing from <span><math><mrow><mn>72</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>17</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>17</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>83</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>22</mn></mrow></math></span> meV<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> and from <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>55</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0056</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>88</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0063</mn></mrow></math></span>, respectively, as pressure increased from 0.11 to 9.01 GPa. This strategy provides a versatile framework for investigating electron–phonon interaction in other materials, offering new insights into underlying mechanisms and guiding the synthesis of novel materials under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 370-376"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.008
Do-Heon Kim , Ji Young Park , Yunjeong Lee , Hyeokgyun Moon , Jinkee Lee , Hye Sung Park , Seok Won Hong , Jeong Min Baik
The remediation of nanoplastic particles (NPPs) from aqueous environments remains a significant challenge, given their small dimensions, limited adsorption affinity, and high mobility. In this work, we report a reusable electrokinetic filtration platform that enables high-flux sequestration of NPPs along with self-sustained operation. The system employs magnesium oxide-coated porous nickel foam, achieving >99 % filtration efficiency (FE) for 50 nm polystyrene particles under a low-voltage (10 V) electric field, with a flux of 39.5 mL·cm−2·min−1. A theoretical framework was developed to describe the electrokinetic transport and surface adsorption, which demonstrated strong agreement with experimental observations. The model was further validated using cationic poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene imine)–carbon dots, whose protonated amine groups exhibited a FE of 97.7 %. The platform enables regeneration by field reversal, consistently maintaining >93 % FE over 20 cycles. Integration with a triboelectric nanogenerator allows for off-grid operation while preserving >96 % FE. The system demonstrates stable performance in both tap and river water, reducing total dissolved and suspended solids to levels below WHO drinking water guidelines. This work offers an energy-independent, scalable solution for the remediation of NPPs in complex, real-world water matrices.
{"title":"High-efficiency, reusable electrokinetic filtration platform for high-Flux nanoplastic sequestration and self-powered operation","authors":"Do-Heon Kim , Ji Young Park , Yunjeong Lee , Hyeokgyun Moon , Jinkee Lee , Hye Sung Park , Seok Won Hong , Jeong Min Baik","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remediation of nanoplastic particles (NPPs) from aqueous environments remains a significant challenge, given their small dimensions, limited adsorption affinity, and high mobility. In this work, we report a reusable electrokinetic filtration platform that enables high-flux sequestration of NPPs along with self-sustained operation. The system employs magnesium oxide-coated porous nickel foam, achieving >99 % filtration efficiency (FE) for 50 nm polystyrene particles under a low-voltage (10 V) electric field, with a flux of 39.5 mL·cm<sup>−2</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>. A theoretical framework was developed to describe the electrokinetic transport and surface adsorption, which demonstrated strong agreement with experimental observations. The model was further validated using cationic poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene imine)–carbon dots, whose protonated amine groups exhibited a FE of 97.7 %. The platform enables regeneration by field reversal, consistently maintaining >93 % FE over 20 cycles. Integration with a triboelectric nanogenerator allows for off-grid operation while preserving >96 % FE. The system demonstrates stable performance in both tap and river water, reducing total dissolved and suspended solids to levels below WHO drinking water guidelines. This work offers an energy-independent, scalable solution for the remediation of NPPs in complex, real-world water matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 282-293"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.036
Muhammad H. Nawaz , Anuj Kumar , Feng-Chuan Chuang , Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy , Phuong V. Pham
The review provides a comprehensive overview of the transition from batch to continuous-flow synthesis of metal nanowires, covering a wide variety of materials, including silver, cobalt, copper, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, aluminum, bismuth, scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, zinc, cadmium, and gallium, and heterostructure nanowires. Their scalability and flexibility have attracted significant interest in large-scale production. Over the past few decades, flow chemistry has proven highly effective for producing nanomaterials, enabling scalable, high-throughput, and reproducible manufacturing. Continuous flow synthesis enhances the quality of NWs for applications in solar cells, sensors, batteries, electrocatalytic reactions, electrochromic window, heaters and optomechanical detection by significantly reducing agglomeration problems in large-scale production. It prevents oxidation and adds stability but requires precise control over the reducing conditions and metal ion concentration to ensure large-scale effectiveness. The various formulations of metal nanowire ink used in this research are critically analyzed to identify performance at reduced metal content. The engineering requirements necessary for designing continuous-flow reactors are presented in the context of challenges associated with large-scale synthesis and related process issues. Concurrently, the biomedical potential of MNWs is explored, with a focus on their use in biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
{"title":"The world of metal nanowires: Recent advances in syntheses, electronic applications, and engineering challenges","authors":"Muhammad H. Nawaz , Anuj Kumar , Feng-Chuan Chuang , Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy , Phuong V. Pham","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The review provides a comprehensive overview of the transition from batch to continuous-flow synthesis of metal nanowires, covering a wide variety of materials, including silver, cobalt, copper, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, aluminum, bismuth, scandium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, zinc, cadmium, and gallium, and heterostructure nanowires. Their scalability and flexibility have attracted significant interest in large-scale production. Over the past few decades, flow chemistry has proven highly effective for producing nanomaterials, enabling scalable, high-throughput, and reproducible manufacturing. Continuous flow synthesis enhances the quality of NWs for applications in solar cells, sensors, batteries, electrocatalytic reactions, electrochromic window, heaters and optomechanical detection by significantly reducing agglomeration problems in large-scale production. It prevents oxidation and adds stability but requires precise control over the reducing conditions and metal ion concentration to ensure large-scale effectiveness. The various formulations of metal nanowire ink used in this research are critically analyzed to identify performance at reduced metal content. The engineering requirements necessary for designing continuous-flow reactors are presented in the context of challenges associated with large-scale synthesis and related process issues. Concurrently, the biomedical potential of MNWs is explored, with a focus on their use in biosensing, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 606-669"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.026
Peng Huang, Xinchun Chen, Wenli Deng, Jianbin Luo
Recent advances in the field of tribology have increasingly focused on superlubricity tribolayers due to their exceptional properties. Despite burgeoning interest, a comprehensive synthesis of research in this area remains elusive. This article aims to bridge this gap by providing a detailed overview of the latest findings on superlubricity tribolayers, with a particular emphasis on their mechanisms across carbon-based, layered-material-based, and polymer-based systems. Initially, we explore the essential characteristics, classifications, and formation processes of tribolayers within the context of superlubricity, summarizing the factors that influence their development. We proceed to assess advancements in carbon-based materials, including diamond-like carbon, graphite-like, polymer-like, and nanostructured tribolayers. The role of layered-material additives such as graphene-related materials, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and MXene in the formation of superlubricity tribolayers is also examined. Furthermore, the evolution of polymer-based superlubricity tribolayers is analyzed. We conclude by delineating future research trajectories in superlubricity tribolayers, underscoring potential applications and the integration challenges in engineering practices. This review illuminates the scientific principles and technical approaches essential for achieving ultra-low friction in each type of superlubricity tribolayer. Additionally, we present current challenges and propose future directions to foster the practical application and development of superlubricity tribolayers.
{"title":"Superlubricity based on tribolayer","authors":"Peng Huang, Xinchun Chen, Wenli Deng, Jianbin Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in the field of tribology have increasingly focused on superlubricity tribolayers due to their exceptional properties. Despite burgeoning interest, a comprehensive synthesis of research in this area remains elusive. This article aims to bridge this gap by providing a detailed overview of the latest findings on superlubricity tribolayers, with a particular emphasis on their mechanisms across carbon-based, layered-material-based, and polymer-based systems. Initially, we explore the essential characteristics, classifications, and formation processes of tribolayers within the context of superlubricity, summarizing the factors that influence their development. We proceed to assess advancements in carbon-based materials, including diamond-like carbon, graphite-like, polymer-like, and nanostructured tribolayers. The role of layered-material additives such as graphene-related materials, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and MXene in the formation of superlubricity tribolayers is also examined. Furthermore, the evolution of polymer-based superlubricity tribolayers is analyzed. We conclude by delineating future research trajectories in superlubricity tribolayers, underscoring potential applications and the integration challenges in engineering practices. This review illuminates the scientific principles and technical approaches essential for achieving ultra-low friction in each type of superlubricity tribolayer. Additionally, we present current challenges and propose future directions to foster the practical application and development of superlubricity tribolayers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 552-580"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.029
Yunxuan Feng , Yuan Yu , Xinyang Yu , Mengyao Li , Jiaqi Lei , Yongcan Li , Zhida Liu , Shaolong Qi , Guocan Yu
Targeting cGAS-STING pathway offers opportunities for cancer immunotherapy, whereas the clinical performance in treating solid tumors remains unsatisfactory. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) severely impedes T cell activation, proliferation and infiltration. The diminished immunogenicity of “cold tumor” complicates the cytotoxicity of T cells, and the rapid metabolism of small-molecule STING agonists accelerates their clearance, thus greatly attenuates the antitumor outcomes. Moreover, the accumulation of endogenous polyamines within tumors considerably suppresses cGAS activity and further weakens the therapeutic efficacy of STING-based immunotherapy. To address these challenges, a supramolecular lipid nanoparticle system (MC7-LNP) has been developed to reprogram the immunosuppressive TME and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of STING agonist. MC7-LNP platform simultaneously incorporates MSA-2 and copper ion through host–guest recognition and metal coordination. A modified cucurbit[7]uril-based lipid facilitates the sustained release of MSA-2 in tumor cells and restricts the function of endogenous polyamines. Concurrently, the oxidative stress induced by copper ion contributes to the formation of damaged DNA and damage-associated molecular patterns, markedly boosting the immunogenicity of tumor cells and revitalizing T cell function. In combination with mRNA encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12, this innovative supramolecular approach dramatically suppresses melanoma progression and evokes a robust cytotoxic T lymphocytes response. Our findings present a promising synergistic modality to amplify the efficacy of STING agonist-based immunotherapy through TME remodeling.
{"title":"Supramolecular lipid nanoparticle reprograms tumor microenvironment by cucurbit[7]uril-based host–guest recognition for STING-activating cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Yunxuan Feng , Yuan Yu , Xinyang Yu , Mengyao Li , Jiaqi Lei , Yongcan Li , Zhida Liu , Shaolong Qi , Guocan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Targeting cGAS-STING pathway offers opportunities for cancer immunotherapy, whereas the clinical performance in treating solid tumors remains unsatisfactory. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) severely impedes T cell activation, proliferation and infiltration. The diminished immunogenicity of “cold tumor” complicates the cytotoxicity of T cells, and the rapid metabolism of small-molecule STING agonists accelerates their clearance, thus greatly attenuates the antitumor outcomes. Moreover, the accumulation of endogenous polyamines within tumors considerably suppresses cGAS activity and further weakens the therapeutic efficacy of STING-based immunotherapy. To address these challenges, a supramolecular lipid nanoparticle system (MC7-LNP) has been developed to reprogram the immunosuppressive TME and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of STING agonist. MC7-LNP platform simultaneously incorporates MSA-2 and copper ion through host–guest recognition and metal coordination. A modified cucurbit[7]uril-based lipid facilitates the sustained release of MSA-2 in tumor cells and restricts the function of endogenous polyamines. Concurrently, the oxidative stress induced by copper ion contributes to the formation of damaged DNA and damage-associated molecular patterns, markedly boosting the immunogenicity of tumor cells and revitalizing T cell function. In combination with mRNA encoding the immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12, this innovative supramolecular approach dramatically suppresses melanoma progression and evokes a robust cytotoxic T lymphocytes response. Our findings present a promising synergistic modality to amplify the efficacy of STING agonist-based immunotherapy through TME remodeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 101-114"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.019
Usman Ali , Qi Zhang , Maoyu Sun , Tingting Wang , Yuehan Hao , Lu Li , Chungang Wang , Bingqiu Liu
Aqueous potassium ion batteries (AKIBs) are a fascinating alternative energy source due to their high safety, low cost, and widespread resources. However, the randomly distributed low-spin [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- vacancies enhance the instability, lattice strain, and phase transition, causing Prussian blue (PB) to dissolve in the aqueous electrolyte, resulting in poor cyclability and a short lifespan. To constrain these issues, an iron hexacyanoferrate (KFHCF) cathode with high-spin (HS) vacancies is developed through defect engineering. The high-spin vacancies in the KFHCF electrode activate new K-storage sites, enhance the structure stability, and minimize polarization during topotactic K-ions insertion, resulting in excellent rate performance and cyclability for both half cells (10,000 cycles at 500 mA g−1) and full cells (13,500 and 23,500 cycles at 500 mA g−1 and 2000 mA g−1). Theoretical calculations and experimental results uncovered the eccentric coordination of the cyanide ligand and modulation of the electronic environment, which prevented the phase transition owing to these HS vacancies, ultimately improving the K-ion migration and diffusion during the (de)potassiation. This study provides the formation of HS vacancy in PB and offers a novel approach for improving the performance and stability of AKIBs, with potential application to other hexacyanometallates.
水钾离子电池因其安全性高、成本低、资源广泛等优点，是一种极具吸引力的替代能源。然而，随机分布的低自旋[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-空位增加了不稳定性、晶格应变和相变，导致普鲁士蓝（PB）溶解于水溶液电解质中，导致循环性差和寿命短。为了解决这些问题，采用缺陷工程的方法研制了高自旋空位的六氰高铁（KFHCF）阴极。KFHCF电极中的高自旋空位激活了新的k -存储位点，增强了结构稳定性，并在拓扑定向k离子插入过程中最大限度地减少了极化，从而在半电池（500 mA g - 1下10,000次循环）和全电池（500 mA g - 1和2000 mA g - 1下13,500和23,500次循环）中获得了优异的倍率性能和可循环性。理论计算和实验结果揭示了氰化物配体的偏心配位和电子环境的调节，阻止了由于这些HS空位而导致的相变，最终改善了k离子在（去）钾化过程中的迁移和扩散。该研究提供了PB中HS空位的形成，为提高akib的性能和稳定性提供了一种新的途径，在其他六氰金属酸盐中具有潜在的应用前景。
{"title":"Unlocking asymmetric coordination of ferrocyanide ligand through high-spin vacancy for ultra-long lifespan aqueous potassium ion batteries","authors":"Usman Ali , Qi Zhang , Maoyu Sun , Tingting Wang , Yuehan Hao , Lu Li , Chungang Wang , Bingqiu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.12.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous potassium ion batteries (AKIBs) are a fascinating alternative energy source due to their high safety, low cost, and widespread resources. However, the randomly distributed low-spin [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3-/4-</sup> vacancies enhance the instability, lattice strain, and phase transition, causing Prussian blue (PB) to dissolve in the aqueous electrolyte, resulting in poor cyclability and a short lifespan. To constrain these issues, an iron hexacyanoferrate (KFHCF) cathode with high-spin (HS) vacancies is developed through defect engineering. The high-spin vacancies in the KFHCF electrode activate new K-storage sites, enhance the structure stability, and minimize polarization during topotactic K-ions insertion, resulting in excellent rate performance and cyclability for both half cells (10,000 cycles at 500 mA g<sup>−1</sup>) and full cells (13,500 and 23,500 cycles at 500 mA g<sup>−1</sup> and 2000 mA g<sup>−1</sup>). Theoretical calculations and experimental results uncovered the eccentric coordination of the cyanide ligand and modulation of the electronic environment, which prevented the phase transition owing to these HS vacancies, ultimately improving the K-ion migration and diffusion during the (de)potassiation. This study provides the formation of HS vacancy in PB and offers a novel approach for improving the performance and stability of AKIBs, with potential application to other hexacyanometallates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 358-369"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.001
Yongfei Fan , Meng Li , Mingjun Li , Siyu Zhu , Yani Li , Xichun Qin , Jiao Chang , Yan Li , Leilei Wu , Kun Li , Dong Xie , Zhongmin Tang , Jianlin Shi
KRAS–LKB1 (KL) co-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by an immunologically “cold” tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and resultantly exhibits intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Developing effective strategies to remodel the TIME and overcome ICI resistance remains an urgent clinical need. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified PGAM5 as a therapeutic target in patients with KL co-mutant NSCLC. Functional inhibition of PGAM5 suppressed mitochondrial autophagy and promoted necroptosis, thus activating the cGAS–STING pathway in synergy with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (DAC). Guided by these findings, we engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) modified with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides (LNP-RGD) to target integrin αvβ3 on tumor cells, enabling co-delivery of mouse Pgam5 siRNA (siPgam5) and DAC (LNP-RGD-DAC). In the KrasLSL−G12D/+Lkb1fl/fl (KrasLkb1) genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM), LNP-RGD-DAC achieved efficient intratumoral delivery, robustly inducing necroptosis of the cancer cells and cGAS–STING activation. Notably, such a combinational therapy featuring LNP-RGD-DAC and programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade has resulted in almost complete tumor regression, accompanied by a progressive increase in tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), and NK1.1+ natural killer (NK) cells, as well as their activated subsets. This rationally designed lipid nanoparticle system not only enables precise tumor targeting but also achieves efficient and selective co-delivery of nucleic acid and small-molecule drugs, offering a highly translationally promising nanotherapeutic platform to overcome immunotherapy resistance in refractory KL co-mutant NSCLC.
{"title":"Remodeling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of KARS-LKB1 co-mutant non-small cell lung cancer via targeted PGAM5 siRNA delivery for enhanced immunotherapy","authors":"Yongfei Fan , Meng Li , Mingjun Li , Siyu Zhu , Yani Li , Xichun Qin , Jiao Chang , Yan Li , Leilei Wu , Kun Li , Dong Xie , Zhongmin Tang , Jianlin Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>KRAS–LKB1 (KL) co-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by an immunologically “cold” tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and resultantly exhibits intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Developing effective strategies to remodel the TIME and overcome ICI resistance remains an urgent clinical need. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified PGAM5 as a therapeutic target in patients with KL co-mutant NSCLC. Functional inhibition of PGAM5 suppressed mitochondrial autophagy and promoted necroptosis, thus activating the cGAS–STING pathway in synergy with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (DAC). Guided by these findings, we engineered a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) modified with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides (LNP-RGD) to target integrin αvβ3 on tumor cells, enabling co-delivery of mouse Pgam5 siRNA (siPgam5) and DAC (LNP-RGD-DAC). In the Kras<sup>LSL−G12D/+</sup>Lkb1<sup>fl/fl</sup> (KrasLkb1) genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM), LNP-RGD-DAC achieved efficient intratumoral delivery, robustly inducing necroptosis of the cancer cells and cGAS–STING activation. Notably, such a combinational therapy featuring LNP-RGD-DAC and programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade has resulted in almost complete tumor regression, accompanied by a progressive increase in tumor infiltration of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, CD11c<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells (DCs), and NK1.1<sup>+</sup> natural killer (NK) cells, as well as their activated subsets. This rationally designed lipid nanoparticle system not only enables precise tumor targeting but also achieves efficient and selective co-delivery of nucleic acid and small-molecule drugs, offering a highly translationally promising nanotherapeutic platform to overcome immunotherapy resistance in refractory KL co-mutant NSCLC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 453-472"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.039
Jiacheng Wen , Bingqian Li , Lei Ren , Kunyang Wang , Yongjing Cao , Luquan Ren
Biological sensing systems exhibit exceptional advantages in sensitivity, multidimensional force decoupling capability, and robustness. However, traditional manufacturing techniques face significant limitations in replicating the hierarchical and heterogeneous microstructures inherent to biological organisms. Additive manufacturing, with its bottom-up material deposition approach—mirroring natural growth processes—has emerged as a transformative tool in the construction of intricate biomimetic sensing architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the tactile perception mechanisms and architectures of humans, animals, and plants, and summarizes the biomimetic tactile sensing systems fabricated with additive manufacturing techniques. Then, a comprehensive analysis of materials for biomimetic additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems are summarized. Additionally, typical additive manufacturing techniques utilized in tactile sensing systems are evaluated in terms of their applicability, performance, and limitations. Subsequently, representative research progress in biomimetic additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems across various application domains is summarized. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems are discussed. In-depth research on biological tactile mechanisms and the optimization of additive manufacturing technologies are proposed to address the challenges of current sensing systems, providing a crucial theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing high-performance tactile sensing systems.
{"title":"Biomimetic additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems: mechanisms, materials, techniques, and prospects","authors":"Jiacheng Wen , Bingqian Li , Lei Ren , Kunyang Wang , Yongjing Cao , Luquan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological sensing systems exhibit exceptional advantages in sensitivity, multidimensional force decoupling capability, and robustness. However, traditional manufacturing techniques face significant limitations in replicating the hierarchical and heterogeneous microstructures inherent to biological organisms. Additive manufacturing, with its bottom-up material deposition approach—mirroring natural growth processes—has emerged as a transformative tool in<!--> <!-->the<!--> <!-->construction of intricate biomimetic sensing architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the tactile perception mechanisms and architectures of humans, animals, and plants, and<!--> <!-->summarizes<!--> <!-->the biomimetic tactile sensing systems fabricated with additive manufacturing techniques. Then, a comprehensive analysis of materials for biomimetic additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems are summarized. Additionally, typical additive manufacturing techniques utilized in tactile sensing systems are evaluated in terms of their applicability,<!--> <!-->performance, and limitations.<!--> <!-->Subsequently,<!--> <!-->representative research progress in biomimetic additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems across various application domains is summarized. Finally, the challenges and<!--> <!-->future prospects<!--> <!-->for additive manufacturing tactile sensing systems are discussed. In-depth research on biological tactile mechanisms and the optimization of additive manufacturing technologies are proposed<!--> <!-->to address the challenges of current sensing systems,<!--> <!-->providing<!--> <!-->a crucial theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing high-performance tactile sensing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 711-750"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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