Materials Today最新文献_第4页

Surface mount technology-compatible ultra-compact multi-layer composite battery 表面贴装技术兼容超紧凑型多层复合电池

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103209

Rae-Hyun Lee , Chea-Yun Kang , Woong-Jae Jeon , Jong-Kyu Lee , Ha-Na Jo , Xiang-Yan Jin , Su-Jin Kim , Jung-Rag Yoon , Seung-Hwan Lee

The rapid evolution of ultra-miniaturized electronics demands compact energy storage solutions compatible with surface mount technology (SMT). However, conventional components such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) fall short in energy density and long-term power delivery. Here, we introduce solid-state-based multi-layer composite batteries (MLCBs) that achieve high energy/power densities and full SMT integration. To address the limitations of existing energy storage systems, key material and structural innovations were integrated into all components of the MLCB. Specifically, a polymer-based mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) coating was applied to NCM and LTO active materials, enabling high-loading electrodes with enhanced interfacial stability. In parallel, we developed a PVDF-HFP-based hybrid polymer electrolyte reinforced with ceramic fillers and a LiOH·H₂O additive. This combination promoted the formation of a stable pre-SEI via a controlled Li⁺ coordination environment. Based on these design strategies, the resulting prototype MLCB with 10-unit cells demonstrates an areal energy density of 34.6 mWh cm⁻² and a power density of 89.3 mW cm⁻², with excellent cycling retention (89.5% over 200 cycles, at 0.2C-rate). Taken together, this work presents a brand-new SMT-compatible energy device, demonstrating the practical application and high potential of MLCBs for next-generation electronics.

超小型电子产品的快速发展需要与表面贴装技术（SMT）兼容的紧凑型储能解决方案。然而，传统的组件，如多层陶瓷电容器（mlcc）在能量密度和长期电力输送方面存在不足。在这里，我们介绍固态多层复合电池（MLCBs），实现高能量/功率密度和完全SMT集成。为了解决现有储能系统的局限性，关键材料和结构创新被集成到MLCB的所有组件中。具体来说，将基于聚合物的混合离子电子导电（MIEC）涂层应用于NCM和LTO活性材料上，使高负载电极具有增强的界面稳定性。同时，我们开发了一种基于pvdf - hfp的混合聚合物电解质，该电解质由陶瓷填料和LiOH·H2O添加剂增强。这种结合通过可控的Li+配位环境促进了稳定的pre-SEI的形成。基于这些设计策略，得到的10单元电池的原型MLCB显示出34.6 mWh cm - 2的面能密度和89.3 mW cm - 2的功率密度，具有出色的循环保持率（在0.2C-rate下，200次循环89.5%）。综上所述，这项工作提出了一种全新的smt兼容能量器件，展示了mlcb在下一代电子产品中的实际应用和巨大潜力。

{"title":"Surface mount technology-compatible ultra-compact multi-layer composite battery","authors":"Rae-Hyun Lee , Chea-Yun Kang , Woong-Jae Jeon , Jong-Kyu Lee , Ha-Na Jo , Xiang-Yan Jin , Su-Jin Kim , Jung-Rag Yoon , Seung-Hwan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid evolution of ultra-miniaturized electronics demands compact energy storage solutions compatible with surface mount technology (SMT). However, conventional components such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) fall short in energy density and long-term power delivery. Here, we introduce solid-state-based multi-layer composite batteries (MLCBs) that achieve high energy/power densities and full SMT integration. To address the limitations of existing energy storage systems, key material and structural innovations were integrated into all components of the MLCB. Specifically, a polymer-based mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) coating was applied to NCM and LTO active materials, enabling high-loading electrodes with enhanced interfacial stability. In parallel, we developed a PVDF-HFP-based hybrid polymer electrolyte reinforced with ceramic fillers and a LiOH·H<sub>2</sub>O additive. This combination promoted the formation of a stable pre-SEI via a controlled Li<sup>+</sup> coordination environment. Based on these design strategies, the resulting prototype MLCB with 10-unit cells demonstrates an areal energy density of 34.6 mWh cm<sup>−2</sup> and a power density of 89.3 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>, with excellent cycling retention (89.5% over 200 cycles, at 0.2C-rate). Taken together, this work presents a brand-new SMT-compatible energy device, demonstrating the practical application and high potential of MLCBs for next-generation electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103209"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advanced triboelectric aerogels: mechanisms, structures and applications 先进摩擦电气凝胶：机理、结构和应用

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103219

Shunli Chen, Xujun Zhou, Song Zhang, Yanhua Liu, Tao Liu, Bin Luo, Xiangjiang Meng, Jinlong Wang, Chenchen Cai, Shuangxi Nie

Lightweight and robust aerogels represent a promising material platform for next generation energy harvesting and multifunctional electronic systems. Benefiting from ultralow density, high specific surface area, and tunable physicochemical properties, they enable efficient charge interaction and mechanical deformability. However, balancing lightweight architecture, structural robustness, and charge stability remains a core challenge. This review summarizes recent advances in high-performance aerogels for triboelectric nanogenerators, emphasizing the intrinsic correlations among microstructure, charge transfer behavior, and mechanical reinforcement. First, the charge generation and transfer mechanisms within porous architectures are clarified, followed by discussion of how mechanical robustness supports stable charge retention and repeatable triboelectric output. The review then discusses reinforcement strategies, particularly molecular interaction modulation and multiscale structural design, to clarify their roles in enhancing toughness and charge stability. Triboelectric aerogels are also classified according to material composition. Furthermore, the applications of energy harvesting and emerging fields, including motion monitoring, high-temperature sensing, biomedicine, thermal management, and electromagnetic interference shielding, are introduced. Finally, key challenges and future research directions are outlined to guide the continued development of aerogels triboelectric materials.

轻质和坚固的气凝胶代表了下一代能量收集和多功能电子系统的有前途的材料平台。得益于超低密度、高比表面积和可调的物理化学性质，它们能够实现高效的电荷相互作用和机械变形性。然而，平衡轻量级架构、结构稳健性和电荷稳定性仍然是核心挑战。本文综述了用于摩擦电纳米发电机的高性能气凝胶的最新进展，强调了其微观结构、电荷转移行为和机械增强之间的内在联系。首先，澄清了多孔结构中的电荷产生和转移机制，然后讨论了机械鲁棒性如何支持稳定的电荷保留和可重复的摩擦电输出。然后讨论了增强策略，特别是分子相互作用调制和多尺度结构设计，以阐明它们在增强韧性和电荷稳定性方面的作用。摩擦电气凝胶也根据材料成分进行分类。介绍了能量收集在运动监测、高温传感、生物医学、热管理、电磁干扰屏蔽等新兴领域的应用。最后，提出了气凝胶摩擦电材料研究面临的主要挑战和未来的研究方向，以指导气凝胶摩擦电材料的进一步发展。

{"title":"Advanced triboelectric aerogels: mechanisms, structures and applications","authors":"Shunli Chen, Xujun Zhou, Song Zhang, Yanhua Liu, Tao Liu, Bin Luo, Xiangjiang Meng, Jinlong Wang, Chenchen Cai, Shuangxi Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightweight and robust aerogels represent a promising material platform for next generation energy harvesting and multifunctional electronic systems. Benefiting from ultralow density, high specific surface area, and tunable physicochemical properties, they enable efficient charge interaction and mechanical deformability. However, balancing lightweight architecture, structural robustness, and charge stability remains a core challenge. This review summarizes recent advances in high-performance aerogels for triboelectric nanogenerators, emphasizing the intrinsic correlations among microstructure, charge transfer behavior, and mechanical reinforcement. First, the charge generation and transfer mechanisms within porous architectures are clarified, followed by discussion of how mechanical robustness supports stable charge retention and repeatable triboelectric output. The review then discusses reinforcement strategies, particularly molecular interaction modulation and multiscale structural design, to clarify their roles in enhancing toughness and charge stability. Triboelectric aerogels are also classified according to material composition. Furthermore, the applications of energy harvesting and emerging fields, including motion monitoring, high-temperature sensing, biomedicine, thermal management, and electromagnetic interference shielding, are introduced. Finally, key challenges and future research directions are outlined to guide the continued development of aerogels triboelectric materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103219"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhanced strength and plasticity with high thermoelectric performance in Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 by microstructure design 通过显微结构设计提高了Mg3(Sb, Bi)2的强度和塑性，并具有较高的热电性能

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103207

Lifeng Jiang , Shuyue Tan , Tongzheng Xin , Peng Xie , Shuyan Shi , Donghu Zhou , Jiehe Sui , Shijian Zheng , Zongning Chen , Enyu Guo , Rongchun Chen , Huijun Kang , Ming Liu , Yuan Yu , Tongmin Wang

The intrinsic trade-off between strength and plasticity is a major obstacle to improving the mechanical performance of materials, particularly brittle thermoelectric compounds. Developing intrinsically plastic thermoelectric materials with improved machinability and functionality has received increasing attention. Yet, the existing plastic thermoelectrics often show low strength and poor thermoelectric performance at elevated temperatures. Here, we introduce a microstructure-engineering strategy that integrates nanopore architectonics with heterointerface design to achieve a synergistic enhancement of strength, plasticity, and thermoelectric performance in Mg₃(Sb, Bi)₂. Dispersed nanopores improve both strength and plasticity by promoting dislocation-surface interactions. In parallel, TiB₂ hetero-particles strengthen the material via pinning dislocations at phase interfaces while preserving plasticity via interfacial complexions that facilitate dislocation slip. These heteroparticles also enhance phonon scattering and provide charge compensation, thereby significantly improving the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT). As a consequence, polycrystalline Mg_3.2Sb_1.5Bi_0.49Te_0.01–0.03 TiB₂ achieves an exceptional strength of ∼ 730 MPa and a superior strain of ∼ 45%, alongside zT above 1 across 400–723 K and a peak zT of ∼ 1.55 at 723 K. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for simultaneously optimizing mechanical robustness and thermoelectric performance through microstructure manipulation, offering a pathway toward the design of next-generation high-performance plastic thermoelectrics.

强度和塑性之间的内在权衡是提高材料机械性能的主要障碍，特别是脆性热电化合物。开发具有改进可加工性和功能性的塑性热电材料已受到越来越多的关注。然而，现有的塑料热电材料在高温下往往表现出低强度和较差的热电性能。在这里，我们介绍了一种微结构工程策略，将纳米孔结构与异质界面设计相结合，以实现Mg3(Sb, Bi)2的强度、塑性和热电性能的协同增强。分散的纳米孔通过促进位错-表面相互作用来提高强度和塑性。同时，TiB2异质颗粒通过在相界面上钉住位错来增强材料，同时通过促进位错滑移的界面络合来保持材料的塑性。这些异质粒子还增强声子散射并提供电荷补偿，从而显著提高热电性能值（zT）。因此，多晶Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.49Te0.01-0.03 TiB2在400-723 K范围内具有优异的强度（~ 730 MPa）和优异的应变（~ 45%），zT在1以上，723 K时zT峰值为~ 1.55。这项工作展示了一种有效的策略，通过微观结构操纵同时优化机械稳健性和热电性能，为下一代高性能塑料热电器件的设计提供了一条途径。

{"title":"Enhanced strength and plasticity with high thermoelectric performance in Mg3(Sb, Bi)2 by microstructure design","authors":"Lifeng Jiang , Shuyue Tan , Tongzheng Xin , Peng Xie , Shuyan Shi , Donghu Zhou , Jiehe Sui , Shijian Zheng , Zongning Chen , Enyu Guo , Rongchun Chen , Huijun Kang , Ming Liu , Yuan Yu , Tongmin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic trade-off between strength and plasticity is a major obstacle to improving the mechanical performance of materials, particularly brittle thermoelectric compounds. Developing intrinsically plastic thermoelectric materials with improved machinability and functionality has received increasing attention. Yet, the existing plastic thermoelectrics often show low strength and poor thermoelectric performance at elevated temperatures. Here, we introduce a microstructure-engineering strategy that integrates nanopore architectonics with heterointerface design to achieve a synergistic enhancement of strength, plasticity, and thermoelectric performance in Mg<sub>3</sub>(Sb, Bi)<sub>2</sub>. Dispersed nanopores improve both strength and plasticity by promoting dislocation-surface interactions. In parallel, TiB<sub>2</sub> hetero-particles strengthen the material via pinning dislocations at phase interfaces while preserving plasticity via interfacial complexions that facilitate dislocation slip. These heteroparticles also enhance phonon scattering and provide charge compensation, thereby significantly improving the thermoelectric figure of merit (<em>zT</em>). As a consequence, polycrystalline Mg<sub>3.2</sub>Sb<sub>1.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.49</sub>Te<sub>0.01</sub>–0.03 TiB<sub>2</sub> achieves an exceptional strength of ∼ 730 MPa and a superior strain of ∼ 45%, alongside <em>zT</em> above 1 across 400–723 K and a peak <em>zT</em> of ∼ 1.55 at 723 K. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for simultaneously optimizing mechanical robustness and thermoelectric performance through microstructure manipulation, offering a pathway toward the design of next-generation high-performance plastic thermoelectrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103207"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Solar-blind deep UV photodetector based on β-Ga2O3/AlN/p-Si nBp tunneling photodiode for extreme temperature applications 基于β-Ga2O3/AlN/p-Si nBp隧道光电二极管的极端温度应用太阳盲深紫外光电探测器

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103220

Chong Gao , Yuefei Wang , Youheng Song , Yujie Wang , Shihao Fu , Yurui Han , Zhe Wu , Weizhe Cui , Ruize Gao , Bingsheng Li , Aidong Shen , Yichun Liu

The authors report high gain solar-blind deep UV photodetector of a β-Ga₂O₃/AlN/p-Si nBp heterojunction exhibits high-efficiency and stable operation across an extreme temperature range from 173 K to 373 K with ultra-high detectivity of 4.39 × 10¹⁵ – 1.06 × 10¹⁶ Jones as well as high ultraviolet–visible rejection ratio surpassing 10⁵. At room temperature, the nbp device shows a peak responsivity of 18.92 A/W, an extremely high ultraviolet–visible rejection ratio of 6.87 × 10⁵, and a detectivity of 7.83 × 10¹⁵Jones. Upon the application of an external reverse bias voltage of 46 V, a pronounced abrupt increase in the current is observed, signifying the presence of a substantial gain. Under a bias voltage of −70 V, the gain achieves 9 × 10⁴. Variable-temperature I-V characterization reveals that the threshold voltage corresponding to abrupt current onset in the nbp heterojunction exhibits a negative temperature coefficient, which provides the evidence for tunneling effect as the dominant carrier transport mechanism. This operational principle diverges from the avalanche multiplication mechanism reported previously in β-Ga₂O₃/AlN/ Si nBn heterostructures. Notably, this result demonstrates a design strategy for Si-based β-Ga₂O₃ solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors by engineering the Fermi level offset at the β-Ga₂O₃/Si interface. Through precise modulation of the band alignment, the depletion layer width is controlled, enabling a transition between distinct gain mechanisms.

作者报道了β-Ga2O3/AlN/p-Si nBp异质结的高增益太阳盲深紫外光电探测器在173 K至373 K的极端温度范围内具有高效率和稳定的工作，具有4.39 × 1015 - 1.06 × 1016 Jones的超高探测率和超过105的高紫外可见光抑制比。在室温下，nbp器件的峰值响应率为18.92 a /W，紫外可见光抑制比为6.87 × 105，探测率为7.83 × 1015Jones。在施加46 V的外部反向偏置电压后，观察到电流的显著突然增加，表明存在大量增益。在−70 V的偏置电压下，增益达到9 × 104。变温I-V表征表明，nbp异质结中突变电流起始对应的阈值电压呈现负温度系数，这为隧道效应是主导的载流子输运机制提供了证据。这种工作原理不同于先前在β-Ga2O3/AlN/ Si nBn异质结构中报道的雪崩倍增机制。值得注意的是，这一结果证明了通过在β-Ga2O3/Si界面处设计费米能级偏移来设计Si基β-Ga2O3太阳盲紫外探测器的策略。通过精确调制的带对准，耗尽层的宽度是可控的，使不同的增益机制之间的过渡。

{"title":"Solar-blind deep UV photodetector based on β-Ga2O3/AlN/p-Si nBp tunneling photodiode for extreme temperature applications","authors":"Chong Gao , Yuefei Wang , Youheng Song , Yujie Wang , Shihao Fu , Yurui Han , Zhe Wu , Weizhe Cui , Ruize Gao , Bingsheng Li , Aidong Shen , Yichun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The authors report high gain solar-blind deep UV photodetector of a β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AlN/p-Si nBp heterojunction exhibits high-efficiency and stable operation across an extreme temperature range from 173 K to 373 K with ultra-high detectivity of 4.39 × 10<sup>15</sup> – 1.06 × 10<sup>16</sup> Jones as well as high ultraviolet–visible rejection ratio surpassing 10<sup>5</sup>. At room temperature, the nbp device shows a peak responsivity of 18.92 A/W, an extremely high ultraviolet–visible rejection ratio of 6.87 × 10<sup>5</sup>, and a detectivity of 7.83 × 10<sup>15</sup>Jones. Upon the application of an external reverse bias voltage of 46 V, a pronounced abrupt increase in the current is observed, signifying the presence of a substantial gain. Under a bias voltage of −70 V, the gain achieves 9 × 10<sup>4</sup>. Variable-temperature I-V characterization reveals that the threshold voltage corresponding to abrupt current onset in the nbp heterojunction exhibits a negative temperature coefficient, which provides the evidence for tunneling effect as the dominant carrier transport mechanism. This operational principle diverges from the avalanche multiplication mechanism reported previously in β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AlN/ Si nBn heterostructures. Notably, this result demonstrates a design strategy for Si-based β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors by engineering the Fermi level offset at the β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Si interface. Through precise modulation of the band alignment, the depletion layer width is controlled, enabling a transition between distinct gain mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103220"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review on novel materials in optical waveguide sensors: opportunities and challenges for the next decade 光波导传感器新材料研究进展：未来十年的机遇与挑战

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103226

Muhammad Ali Butt

Optical waveguide sensors have emerged as powerful platforms for monitoring chemical, biological, and environmental processes owing to their high sensitivity, compactness, and compatibility with integrated photonics. Conventional materials such as silicon, silicon nitride, silica, and polymers have enabled decades of progress, but their intrinsic limitations in sensitivity, flexibility, and surface functionalization have motivated the exploration of new material systems. This article provides a perspective on the opportunities and challenges associated with novel materials for optical waveguide sensing. Emerging classes include polymers and hydrogels, two-dimensional materials, nanostructured coatings, metamaterials, and hybrid porous frameworks offer pathways to enhance light-matter interaction, improve selectivity, enable flexible and wearable formats, and support multifunctional integration with microfluidics and electronics. At the same time, issues of reproducibility, stability, large scale manufacturability, and standardization remain significant barriers to translation. By critically examining both the promise and the practical challenges of these material platforms, this work outlines a roadmap for the next decade of research. Progress will depend not only on material innovation but also on hybrid integration strategies and cross sector collaboration to move optical waveguide sensors from laboratory demonstrations to widespread deployment in healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring.

光波导传感器由于其高灵敏度、紧凑性和与集成光子学的兼容性，已成为监测化学、生物和环境过程的强大平台。传统材料如硅、氮化硅、二氧化硅和聚合物已经取得了几十年的进步，但它们在灵敏度、柔韧性和表面功能化方面的内在局限性促使人们探索新的材料体系。本文对新型光波导传感材料的机遇和挑战进行了展望。新兴类别包括聚合物和水凝胶，二维材料，纳米结构涂层，超材料和混合多孔框架，提供了增强光物质相互作用，提高选择性，实现灵活和可穿戴格式的途径，并支持与微流体和电子的多功能集成。与此同时，可重复性、稳定性、大规模可制造性和标准化问题仍然是翻译的重大障碍。通过批判性地审视这些材料平台的前景和实际挑战，这项工作概述了未来十年研究的路线图。进展不仅取决于材料创新，还取决于混合集成策略和跨部门合作，将光波导传感器从实验室演示转移到医疗保健、食品安全和环境监测领域的广泛部署。

{"title":"A review on novel materials in optical waveguide sensors: opportunities and challenges for the next decade","authors":"Muhammad Ali Butt","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical waveguide sensors have emerged as powerful platforms for monitoring chemical, biological, and environmental processes owing to their high sensitivity, compactness, and compatibility with integrated photonics. Conventional materials such as silicon, silicon nitride, silica, and polymers have enabled decades of progress, but their intrinsic limitations in sensitivity, flexibility, and surface functionalization have motivated the exploration of new material systems. This article provides a perspective on the opportunities and challenges associated with novel materials for optical waveguide sensing. Emerging classes include polymers and hydrogels, two-dimensional materials, nanostructured coatings, metamaterials, and hybrid porous frameworks offer pathways to enhance light-matter interaction, improve selectivity, enable flexible and wearable formats, and support multifunctional integration with microfluidics and electronics. At the same time, issues of reproducibility, stability, large scale manufacturability, and standardization remain significant barriers to translation. By critically examining both the promise and the practical challenges of these material platforms, this work outlines a roadmap for the next decade of research. Progress will depend not only on material innovation but also on hybrid integration strategies and cross sector collaboration to move optical waveguide sensors from laboratory demonstrations to widespread deployment in healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103226"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strong, tough, and dynamically reversible hydrogels enabled by a freeze–thawing, densification, and crosslinking strategy 坚固，坚韧，动态可逆的水凝胶，通过冻融，致密化和交联策略实现

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.006

Abbas Ahmed , Weikang Xian , Muhammad Faheem Hassan , Rudin Lloga , Aadil Shahzad , Chong Xiang , Mu-Ping Nieh , Ying Li , Luyi Sun

Achieving a combination of high strength, toughness, reversibility, and fatigue resistance in hydrogels remains a challenge, as most current designs rely on irreversible or slowly recovering energy-dissipation mechanisms. Here, we report a versatile freeze–thawing, densification, and crosslinking (FDC) strategy that enables simultaneous enhancement of these mechanical properties by modulating polymer crystallinity and dynamic metal–oxygen coordination. Using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a model system, we demonstrate that diverse metal cations (Li⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺) markedly increase crystalline domain formation and crosslinking density, yielding hydrogels with exceptional tensile strength (up to 64.7 MPa), toughness (up to 109.7 MJ m⁻³), and fracture energy (up to 44.2 kJ m⁻²). Remarkably, these hydrogels exhibit rapid and high reversibility (>95 %) under cyclic loading with minimal hysteresis, and achieve outstanding fatigue thresholds up to 9.3 kJ m⁻². Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the mechanical reinforcement arises from synergistic contributions of crystallization, metal–oxygen interactions, and densified chain packing. The FDC strategy is generalizable across multiple polymer systems and cation species, enabling broad tunability of mechanical properties and extending this platform to gelatin-, alginate-, and polyacrylamide-based hydrogels. This work establishes a general and programmable design framework for creating hydrogels that combine high mechanical robustness with dynamic reversibility, offering strong potential for applications in soft robotics, biomedical engineering, and wearable or implantable devices.

在水凝胶中实现高强度、韧性、可逆性和抗疲劳性的结合仍然是一个挑战，因为目前大多数设计依赖于不可逆或缓慢恢复的能量耗散机制。在这里，我们报告了一种多功能的冻融、致密化和交联（FDC）策略，该策略可以通过调节聚合物结晶度和动态金属-氧配位来同时增强这些机械性能。以聚乙烯醇（PVA）为模型体系，我们证明了不同的金属阳离子（Li+, Zn2+, Fe3+）显著增加了晶体结构域的形成和交联密度，产生了具有优异抗拉强度（高达64.7 MPa），韧性（高达109.7 MJ m−3）和断裂能（高达44.2 kJ m−2）的水凝胶。值得注意的是，这些水凝胶在循环载荷下表现出快速和高可逆性（> 95%），具有最小的迟滞，并且达到出色的疲劳阈值，高达9.3 kJ m−2。分子动力学模拟表明，机械强化来自结晶、金属-氧相互作用和致密链堆积的协同作用。FDC策略可推广到多种聚合物体系和阳离子种类，使机械性能具有广泛的可调性，并将该平台扩展到明胶、海藻酸盐和聚丙烯酰胺基水凝胶。这项工作为创建水凝胶建立了一个通用的可编程设计框架，该框架结合了高机械稳健性和动态可逆性，为软机器人、生物医学工程和可穿戴或植入式设备的应用提供了强大的潜力。

{"title":"Strong, tough, and dynamically reversible hydrogels enabled by a freeze–thawing, densification, and crosslinking strategy","authors":"Abbas Ahmed , Weikang Xian , Muhammad Faheem Hassan , Rudin Lloga , Aadil Shahzad , Chong Xiang , Mu-Ping Nieh , Ying Li , Luyi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving a combination of high strength, toughness, reversibility, and fatigue resistance in hydrogels remains a challenge, as most current designs rely on irreversible or slowly recovering energy-dissipation mechanisms. Here, we report a versatile freeze–thawing, densification, and crosslinking (FDC) strategy that enables simultaneous enhancement of these mechanical properties by modulating polymer crystallinity and dynamic metal–oxygen coordination. Using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a model system, we demonstrate that diverse metal cations (Li<sup>+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>) markedly increase crystalline domain formation and crosslinking density, yielding hydrogels with exceptional tensile strength (up to 64.7 MPa), toughness (up to 109.7 MJ m<sup>−3</sup>), and fracture energy (up to 44.2 kJ m<sup>−2</sup>). Remarkably, these hydrogels exhibit rapid and high reversibility (>95 %) under cyclic loading with minimal hysteresis, and achieve outstanding fatigue thresholds up to 9.3 kJ m<sup>−2</sup>. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the mechanical reinforcement arises from synergistic contributions of crystallization, metal–oxygen interactions, and densified chain packing. The FDC strategy is generalizable across multiple polymer systems and cation species, enabling broad tunability of mechanical properties and extending this platform to gelatin-, alginate-, and polyacrylamide-based hydrogels. This work establishes a general and programmable design framework for creating hydrogels that combine high mechanical robustness with dynamic reversibility, offering strong potential for applications in soft robotics, biomedical engineering, and wearable or implantable devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103185"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A mucosal mRNA-LNP vaccine platform for broad-spectrum protection against Mycoplasma pneumoniae 广谱保护肺炎支原体的粘膜mRNA-LNP疫苗平台

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103188

Haowei Zu , Qiyue Sun , Tianyu Song , Xingdi Cheng , Shuai Liu , Chen Yang , Yixing Wen , Jingjiao Li , Rui Xie , Gongchen Wang , Jiaqi Lin , Jing Sun , Xueguang Lu

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) remains a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children and older adults, yet no licensed vaccine exists and intramuscular approaches fail to intercept infection at its mucosal portal. Here, we engineered an mRNA vaccine encoding four conserved MP antigens, formulated in tamibarotene-loaded lipid nanoparticles optimized for both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration. In mice, IM vaccination elicited high serum IgG and splenic T cell responses but generated negligible mucosal immunity. By contrast, IN administration induced robust bronchoalveolar IgA and expanded lung-resident memory T cells, while systemic IgG levels remained lower than with IM. Functionally, IN immunization conferred superior protection against MP challenge compared to IM immunization, reducing pulmonary MP load and lung pathology while demonstrating broad–spectrum efficacy against both MP strains 1 and 2. These head-to-head comparisons position intranasal mRNA‐LNP vaccination as a transformative strategy for safe, broadly protective vaccine for MP.

肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma pneumoniae， MP）仍然是儿童和老年人社区获得性肺炎的主要原因，但目前还没有获得许可的疫苗，肌内注射方法也无法阻断其粘膜门静脉的感染。在这里，我们设计了一种mRNA疫苗，编码四种保守的MP抗原，在他米巴罗汀负载的脂质纳米颗粒中配制，优化了肌内（IM）和鼻内（in）给药。在小鼠中，IM疫苗接种引起高血清IgG和脾T细胞反应，但产生微不足道的粘膜免疫。相比之下，IN诱导支气管肺泡IgA增强，肺驻留记忆T细胞扩增，而全身IgG水平仍低于IM。在功能上，与IM免疫相比，IN免疫对MP攻击具有更好的保护作用，减少肺部MP负荷和肺部病理，同时对MP菌株1和2表现出广谱疗效。这些头对头比较表明，鼻内mRNA - LNP疫苗接种是一种安全、广泛保护的MP疫苗的变革性策略。

{"title":"A mucosal mRNA-LNP vaccine platform for broad-spectrum protection against Mycoplasma pneumoniae","authors":"Haowei Zu , Qiyue Sun , Tianyu Song , Xingdi Cheng , Shuai Liu , Chen Yang , Yixing Wen , Jingjiao Li , Rui Xie , Gongchen Wang , Jiaqi Lin , Jing Sun , Xueguang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> (MP) remains a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children and older adults, yet no licensed vaccine exists and intramuscular approaches fail to intercept infection at its mucosal portal. Here, we engineered an mRNA vaccine encoding four conserved MP antigens, formulated in tamibarotene-loaded lipid nanoparticles optimized for both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration. In mice, IM vaccination elicited high serum IgG and splenic T cell responses but generated negligible mucosal immunity. By contrast, IN administration induced robust bronchoalveolar IgA and expanded lung-resident memory T cells, while systemic IgG levels remained lower than with IM. Functionally, IN immunization conferred superior protection against MP challenge compared to IM immunization, reducing pulmonary MP load and lung pathology while demonstrating broad–spectrum efficacy against both MP strains 1 and 2. These head-to-head comparisons position intranasal mRNA‐LNP vaccination as a transformative strategy for safe, broadly protective vaccine for MP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103188"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering robust solvation sheath for reversible 4 mAh cm−2 AEM-free Cu–Li batteries 工程稳健溶剂化护套可逆4毫安时cm - 2无aem铜锂电池

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103200

Kaiming Xue , Sihan Zheng , Qingyi Lu , Hongfei Li , Xiangyong Zhang

Copper–lithium (Cu–Li) batteries have historically suffered from severe Cu⁺ shuttle effects, which degrade lithium anode stability. While physical isolation strategies—exemplified by anion-exchange membranes (AEMs)—have proven effective in mitigating this issue, their implementation is hindered by high cost and limitations in high areal capacity and fast ion dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose a novel “chemical protection” strategy through the design of a robust solvation sheath-dominated strongly solvating electrolyte (SSE). Highly stable solvation shells are formed around Cu⁺ ions, effectively shielding them from direct contact with the lithium anode and suppressing detrimental side reactions. Moreover, the SSE effectively accommodates fluctuations in Cu⁺ concentration during the charge–discharge process and remains less affected by high Cu⁺ concentration at elevated areal capacities compared to AEM-based systems with carbonate ester electrolytes. Notably, the SSE-based battery demonstrates remarkable reversibility over 1600 cycles at 1 mAh cm⁻², while maintaining sustained operation for over 150 cycles at 4 mA h cm⁻². At 3 mA cm⁻² and 0.1mAh cm⁻², over 12,000 stable cycles are recorded. This work establishes a paradigm shift toward chemically stabilized Cu–Li batteries, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution to longstanding challenges in metal-based energy storage systems.

铜锂（Cu - li）电池历来遭受严重的Cu+穿梭效应，这降低了锂阳极的稳定性。虽然以阴离子交换膜（AEMs）为例的物理隔离策略已被证明可以有效缓解这一问题，但其实施受到高成本和高面积容量和快速离子动力学限制的阻碍。为了解决这些挑战，我们提出了一种新的“化学保护”策略，通过设计一种强大的溶剂化鞘主导的强溶剂化电解质（SSE）。Cu+离子周围形成了高度稳定的溶剂化壳层，有效地屏蔽了它们与锂阳极的直接接触，抑制了有害的副反应。此外，SSE有效地适应了充放电过程中Cu+浓度的波动，并且与基于碳酸酯电解质的aem体系相比，在提高面容量时受高Cu+浓度的影响较小。值得注意的是，基于sse的电池在1mah / cm - 2下表现出超过1600个循环的可逆性，同时在4ma / cm - 2下保持超过150个循环的持续运行。在3ma cm - 2和0.1mAh cm - 2时，记录了超过12,000个稳定循环。这项工作建立了向化学稳定的Cu-Li电池的范式转变，为金属基储能系统的长期挑战提供了一种具有成本效益和可扩展的解决方案。

{"title":"Engineering robust solvation sheath for reversible 4 mAh cm−2 AEM-free Cu–Li batteries","authors":"Kaiming Xue , Sihan Zheng , Qingyi Lu , Hongfei Li , Xiangyong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper<strong>–</strong>lithium (Cu–Li) batteries have historically suffered from severe Cu<sup>+</sup> shuttle effects, which degrade lithium anode stability. While physical isolation strategies—exemplified by anion-exchange membranes (AEMs)—have proven effective in mitigating this issue, their implementation is hindered by high cost and limitations in high areal capacity and fast ion dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose a novel “chemical protection” strategy through the design of a robust solvation sheath-dominated strongly solvating electrolyte (SSE). Highly stable solvation shells are formed around Cu<sup>+</sup> ions, effectively shielding them from direct contact with the lithium anode and suppressing detrimental side reactions. Moreover, the SSE effectively accommodates fluctuations in Cu<sup>+</sup> concentration during the charge–discharge process and remains less affected by high Cu<sup>+</sup> concentration at elevated areal capacities compared to AEM-based systems with carbonate ester electrolytes. Notably, the SSE-based battery demonstrates remarkable reversibility over 1600 cycles at 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>, while maintaining sustained operation for over 150 cycles at 4 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup>. At 3 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 0.1mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>, over 12,000 stable cycles are recorded. This work establishes a paradigm shift toward chemically stabilized Cu–Li batteries, offering a cost-effective and scalable solution to longstanding challenges in metal-based energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103200"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Robust neuromorphic memristors with reconfigurable light-electric control ferroelectric polarization based on epitaxial LiNbO3 films 基于外延LiNbO3薄膜的可重构光电控制铁电极化鲁棒神经形态忆阻器

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103191

Yifei Pei , Kunpeng He , Chao Liu , Biao Yang , Hui He , Kaiyang Wang , Changliang Li , Yue Hou , Jianhui Zhao , Linxia Wang , Jianxin Guo , Xiaobing Yan

Light-controllable ferroelectric synapse devices have received widespread attention due to their amazing low power consumption, low crosstalk, and high-speed properties. However, traditional perovskite (ABX₃) materials are not easily controlled by light under a single-ion displacement mechanism and are prone to fatigue after repeated polarization reversals, which limit the application of ferroelectric memristors. The ferroelectricity of LiNbO₃ originates from the synergistic displacement of Li⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ ions, a process that homogenizes stress, suppresses defect clustering, enables light-controlled polarization switching, and significantly enhances device endurance. Here, we have fabricated a low-electric-field, robust, and reconfigurable ferroelectric memristor based on epitaxial LiNbO₃ films. By electrically controlling the dual-ion movement of Li⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ in LiNbO₃, the device demonstrates a high yield rate of over 95 % and an endurance exceeding 10¹² cycles at an electric field of 13.13 V/

μ m

. Even after 10 days of continuous testing, the performance remains stable. And through the incomplete reversal of polarization under light control, the device’s volatility is achieved, and at the microscopic level, the ferroelectric polarization induced by light and electricity is observed, with theoretical calculations revealing the underlying physical mechanisms. Furthermore, the photo-tunability of the device allows us to perform image edge detection without the need for erasure and enables the rapid replacement of operators at the software level, with an SSIM of 0.83 and a PSNR of 36.45 dB. This research provides a new strategy for the development of optoelectronically synergistic neuromorphic visual systems.

光可控铁电突触器件以其惊人的低功耗、低串扰和高速特性而受到广泛关注。然而，传统的钙钛矿（ABX3）材料在单离子位移机制下不易受光控制，且极化反复逆转后容易产生疲劳，限制了铁电记忆电阻器的应用。LiNbO3的铁电性源于Li+和Nb5+离子的协同位移，这一过程使应力均匀化，抑制缺陷聚集，实现光控极化开关，并显著提高器件的耐用性。在这里，我们制作了一个基于外延LiNbO3薄膜的低电场、鲁棒和可重构的铁电忆阻器。该器件通过控制LiNbO3中Li+和Nb5+的双离子运动，在13.13 V/μm的电场下，其产率高达95%以上，续航时间超过1012次。即使经过10天的连续测试，性能仍然稳定。并通过光控制下的极化不完全反转，实现器件的挥发性，在微观层面上观察到光和电诱导的铁电极化，通过理论计算揭示了其潜在的物理机制。此外，该设备的光可调谐性使我们能够在不需要擦除的情况下进行图像边缘检测，并能够在软件级别快速更换操作员，SSIM为0.83，PSNR为36.45 dB。本研究为光电协同神经形态视觉系统的发展提供了新的思路。

{"title":"Robust neuromorphic memristors with reconfigurable light-electric control ferroelectric polarization based on epitaxial LiNbO3 films","authors":"Yifei Pei , Kunpeng He , Chao Liu , Biao Yang , Hui He , Kaiyang Wang , Changliang Li , Yue Hou , Jianhui Zhao , Linxia Wang , Jianxin Guo , Xiaobing Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light-controllable ferroelectric synapse devices have received widespread attention due to their amazing low power consumption, low crosstalk, and high-speed properties. However, traditional perovskite (ABX<sub>3</sub>) materials are not easily controlled by light under a single-ion displacement mechanism and are prone to fatigue after repeated polarization reversals, which limit the application of ferroelectric memristors. The ferroelectricity of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> originates from the synergistic displacement of Li<sup>+</sup> and Nb<sup>5+</sup> ions, a process that homogenizes stress, suppresses defect clustering, enables light-controlled polarization switching, and significantly enhances device endurance. Here, we have fabricated a low-electric-field, robust, and reconfigurable ferroelectric memristor based on epitaxial LiNbO<sub>3</sub> films. By electrically controlling the dual-ion movement of Li<sup>+</sup> and Nb<sup>5+</sup> in LiNbO<sub>3</sub>, the device demonstrates a high yield rate of over 95 % and an endurance exceeding 10<sup>12</sup> cycles at an electric field of 13.13 V/<span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>. Even after 10 days of continuous testing, the performance remains stable. And through the incomplete reversal of polarization under light control, the device’s volatility is achieved, and at the microscopic level, the ferroelectric polarization induced by light and electricity is observed, with theoretical calculations revealing the underlying physical mechanisms. Furthermore, the photo-tunability of the device allows us to perform image edge detection without the need for erasure and enables the rapid replacement of operators at the software level, with an SSIM of 0.83 and a PSNR of 36.45 dB. This research provides a new strategy for the development of optoelectronically synergistic neuromorphic visual systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103191"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stretchable materials show high crack-initiation resistance that exceeds soft tissues 可拉伸材料表现出比软组织更强的抗裂性

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103199

Xi Chen , Fengkai Liu , Yidi Lu , Zhigang Suo , Jingda Tang

Mimicking soft tissues, various stretchable materials with fibrous structure have been developed for applications in artificial tissues and soft robotics. However, a fundamental issue in these stretchable composites has long been overlooked: the crack-initiation resistance is much lower than that of soft tissues. The crack can easily initiate and grow in the matrix of stretchable composites. This low crack-initiation resistance severely damages the integrity and function of stretchable composites. Here, we demonstrate a design principle to develop stretchable materials with high crack-initiation resistance. To illustrate the principle, we develop a stretchable composite of a knitted fabric and a highly entangled matrix. The matrix is tough to prevent damage caused by the large movement of fibers. The interface is strengthened to prevent fiber pullout from the matrix. Synergistically, the initiation toughness of this stretchable material is improved to 46.9 kJ/m², much higher than that of bovine pericardium. The principle of stretchable material for achieving high crack-initiation resistance may aid the applications in artificial tissues, soft robotics, and flexible electronics.

模拟软组织，各种具有纤维结构的可拉伸材料已被开发用于人工组织和软机器人。然而，这些可拉伸复合材料的一个基本问题长期以来被忽视：抗裂性远低于软组织。裂纹在可拉伸复合材料基体中容易萌生和扩展。这种低抗裂性严重破坏了可拉伸复合材料的完整性和功能。在这里，我们展示了一种设计原理来开发具有高抗裂起爆性的可拉伸材料。为了说明这一原理，我们开发了一种针织织物和高度纠缠矩阵的可拉伸复合材料。基体坚韧，可防止纤维大运动造成的损伤。强化了界面，防止纤维从基体中拔出。协同作用下，该可拉伸材料的起始韧性提高到46.9 kJ/m2，远高于牛心包。可拉伸材料的原理可以实现高抗裂性，有助于在人工组织、软机器人和柔性电子领域的应用。

{"title":"Stretchable materials show high crack-initiation resistance that exceeds soft tissues","authors":"Xi Chen , Fengkai Liu , Yidi Lu , Zhigang Suo , Jingda Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mimicking soft tissues, various stretchable materials with fibrous structure have been developed for applications in artificial tissues and soft robotics. However, a fundamental issue in these stretchable composites has long been overlooked: the crack-initiation resistance is much lower than that of soft tissues. The crack can easily initiate and grow in the matrix of stretchable composites. This low crack-initiation resistance severely damages the integrity and function of stretchable composites. Here, we demonstrate a design principle to develop stretchable materials with high crack-initiation resistance. To illustrate the principle, we develop a stretchable composite of a knitted fabric and a highly entangled matrix. The matrix is tough to prevent damage caused by the large movement of fibers. The interface is strengthened to prevent fiber pullout from the matrix. Synergistically, the initiation toughness of this stretchable material is improved to 46.9 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>, much higher than that of bovine pericardium. The principle of stretchable material for achieving high crack-initiation resistance may aid the applications in artificial tissues, soft robotics, and flexible electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"93 ","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147400729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0