Materials Today最新文献_第8页

Entanglement–crosslinking synergy for superior tear resistance in photocurable 3D‑printed elastomers 纠缠交联协同作用，在光固化3D打印弹性体优越的抗撕裂性

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.041

Xianmei Huang , Weiqiang Chen , Xuan Zhou , Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel , Shuqiang Peng , Longhui Zheng , Herfried Lammer , Xiaohong Ding , Zixiang Weng , Lixin Wu

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) elastomers often suffer from poor tear resistance due to the limited ability of entangled polymer chain segments formed by free radical curing to guide crack propagation. While elastomers prepared through photo-thermal dual-curing mechanisms with highly entangled polymer chains have improved tensile properties, their permanent radical‑derived crosslinks restrict toughness optimization. Here, ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties were incorporated in dynamic polyurethane acrylate, introducing quadruple hydrogen bonds as sacrificial physical crosslinking points to achieve full molecular chain extension. This strategy avoids permanent radical-derived chemical crosslinks by incorporating UPy-based reversible interactions, leading to dual improvements in crack propagation guidance and tensile performance. Unlike conventional methods relying on monomer to reduce viscosity for vat photopolymerization compatibility, the hydrogen bond-rich high-viscosity oligomer developed in this work supports direct monomer-free printing through linear scan-based vat photopolymerization (LSVP) system. Corresponding results demonstrate that 3D-printed parts achieved a tensile strength of 40.31 MPa, elongation at break of 992 %, and crucially, fracture energy reaching 189.42 kJ m⁻², which comparable to thermoplastic polyurethane. Moreover, the synergistic effect of chain entanglement and reversible bonding imparts thermoplastic-like self-healing and recyclability. This work offers a new strategy for developing photopolymerizable elastomers with integrated strength, tear resistance, and reprocessability, advancing their potential in flexible electronics and functional 3D printing.

由于自由基固化形成的纠缠聚合物链段引导裂纹扩展的能力有限，还原光聚合（VPP）弹性体通常具有较差的抗撕裂性。虽然通过光热双固化机制制备的具有高度纠缠聚合物链的弹性体具有改善的拉伸性能，但其永久自由基衍生交联限制了韧性优化。本研究将脲嘧啶（UPy）基团加入到动态聚氨酯丙烯酸酯中，引入四重氢键作为牺牲的物理交联点，以实现完整的分子链延伸。该策略通过结合基于upp的可逆相互作用，避免了永久性自由基衍生的化学交联，从而双重改善了裂纹扩展引导和拉伸性能。与传统的依靠单体降低粘度来实现还原光聚合相容性的方法不同，本研究开发的富氢键高粘度低聚物通过基于线性扫描的还原光聚合（LSVP）系统支持直接无单体印刷。结果表明，3d打印零件的抗拉强度为40.31 MPa，断裂伸长率为992%，断裂能达到189.42 kJ m−2，与热塑性聚氨酯相当。此外，链缠结和可逆键合的协同效应赋予了热塑性类自愈性和可回收性。这项工作为开发具有综合强度、抗撕裂性和可再加工性的光聚合弹性体提供了一种新的策略，提高了它们在柔性电子和功能性3D打印方面的潜力。

{"title":"Entanglement–crosslinking synergy for superior tear resistance in photocurable 3D‑printed elastomers","authors":"Xianmei Huang , Weiqiang Chen , Xuan Zhou , Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel , Shuqiang Peng , Longhui Zheng , Herfried Lammer , Xiaohong Ding , Zixiang Weng , Lixin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vat photopolymerization (VPP) elastomers often suffer from poor tear resistance due to the limited ability of entangled polymer chain segments formed by free radical curing to guide crack propagation. While elastomers prepared through photo-thermal dual-curing mechanisms with highly entangled polymer chains have improved tensile properties, their permanent radical‑derived crosslinks restrict toughness optimization. Here, ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties were incorporated in dynamic polyurethane acrylate, introducing quadruple hydrogen bonds as sacrificial physical crosslinking points to achieve full molecular chain extension. This strategy avoids permanent radical-derived chemical crosslinks by incorporating UPy-based reversible interactions, leading to dual improvements in crack propagation guidance and tensile performance. Unlike conventional methods relying on monomer to reduce viscosity for vat photopolymerization compatibility, the hydrogen bond-rich high-viscosity oligomer developed in this work supports direct monomer-free printing through linear scan-based vat photopolymerization (LSVP) system. Corresponding results demonstrate that 3D-printed parts achieved a tensile strength of 40.31 MPa, elongation at break of 992 %, and crucially, fracture energy reaching 189.42 kJ m<sup>−2</sup>, which comparable to thermoplastic polyurethane. Moreover, the synergistic effect of chain entanglement and reversible bonding imparts thermoplastic-like self-healing and recyclability. This work offers a new strategy for developing photopolymerizable elastomers with integrated strength, tear resistance, and reprocessability, advancing their potential in flexible electronics and functional 3D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 191-204"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microhole array metasurface-enhanced InAs/GaSb superlattice LWIR detectors with boosted photoresponse via guided-mode resonance coupling 微孔阵列超表面增强InAs/GaSb超晶格LWIR探测器，通过导模共振耦合增强光响应

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005

Xiangyu Zhang , Dongwei Jiang , Ye Zhang , Yaqi Zhao , Feng Gao , Chen Li , Wen He , Dongbo Wang , Hongyue Hao , Donghai Wu , Guowei Wang , Yingqiang Xu , Xiaoning Guan , Jinzhong Wang , Zhichuan Niu

InAs/GaSb superlattices emerge as a competitive platform for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detection, featuring tailorable bandgaps and suppressed Auger recombination. Despite their advantages, InAs/GaSb superlattice-based LWIR detectors suffer from limited absorption coefficients, constraining their photoresponse efficiency. The study demonstrates a guided-mode resonance-engineered metasurface detector that overcomes this limitation through a two-dimensional microhole array architecture. By resonantly coupling incident light with guided modes, our design achieves broadband (8–12 μm) absorption enhancement in the LWIR regime. Under a reverse bias of −20 mV, the resonance-enhanced detector demonstrates 29.4 % quantum efficiency at its spectral response peak of 9.35 μm, representing a 1.32 times improvement over conventional detectors. Importantly, the metasurface integration enhances specific detectivity (3.42 × 10¹⁰ Jones) while maintaining baseline noise levels, resolving the traditional responsivity-noise trade-off. This nanophotonic engineering approach establishes a paradigm for developing high-performance superlattice infrared detectors without complex epitaxial redesign.

InAs/GaSb超晶格是长波红外（LWIR）探测的竞争平台，具有可定制的带隙和抑制俄歇复合。尽管有这些优点，InAs/GaSb超晶格LWIR探测器的吸收系数有限，限制了它们的光响应效率。该研究展示了一种导模共振工程超表面探测器，该探测器通过二维微孔阵列架构克服了这一限制。通过将入射光与导模共振耦合，我们的设计在低波长红外区实现了宽带（8-12 μm）吸收增强。在−20 mV的反向偏置下，谐振增强探测器在9.35 μm的光谱响应峰处的量子效率为29.4%，比传统探测器提高了1.32倍。重要的是，元表面集成在保持基线噪声水平的同时提高了特定的探测率（3.42 × 1010 Jones），解决了传统的响应性-噪声权衡问题。这种纳米光子工程方法为开发高性能超晶格红外探测器建立了一个范例，无需复杂的外延重新设计。

{"title":"Microhole array metasurface-enhanced InAs/GaSb superlattice LWIR detectors with boosted photoresponse via guided-mode resonance coupling","authors":"Xiangyu Zhang , Dongwei Jiang , Ye Zhang , Yaqi Zhao , Feng Gao , Chen Li , Wen He , Dongbo Wang , Hongyue Hao , Donghai Wu , Guowei Wang , Yingqiang Xu , Xiaoning Guan , Jinzhong Wang , Zhichuan Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>InAs/GaSb superlattices emerge as a competitive platform for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detection, featuring tailorable bandgaps and suppressed Auger recombination. Despite their advantages, InAs/GaSb superlattice-based LWIR detectors suffer from limited absorption coefficients, constraining their photoresponse efficiency. The study demonstrates a guided-mode resonance-engineered metasurface detector that overcomes this limitation through a two-dimensional microhole array architecture. By resonantly coupling incident light with guided modes, our design achieves broadband (8–12 μm) absorption enhancement in the LWIR regime. Under a reverse bias of −20 mV, the resonance-enhanced detector demonstrates 29.4 % quantum efficiency at its spectral response peak of 9.35 μm, representing a 1.32 times improvement over conventional detectors. Importantly, the metasurface integration enhances specific detectivity (3.42 × 10<sup>10</sup> Jones) while maintaining baseline noise levels, resolving the traditional responsivity-noise trade-off. This nanophotonic engineering approach establishes a paradigm for developing high-performance superlattice infrared detectors without complex epitaxial redesign.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 298-305"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nano-structured thin-film reversible solid oxide cells (TF-RSOCs) with exceptionally high performance at low temperatures (≤600℃) 低温（≤600℃）下性能优异的纳米结构薄膜可逆固体氧化物电池（tf - rsoc）

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.018

Wonjong Yu , Sanghoon Lee , Ryosuke Shimizu , Sangwook Joo , Tuyen Q. Tran , Weikang Li , Guomin Zhu , Y. Shirley Meng , Nguyen Q. Minh

This study investigates the fabrication, electrochemical performance, and operation of an all-sputtered thin-film reversible solid oxide cell (TF-RSOC). This TF-RSOC incorporates new LNC (La_0.97Ni_0.5Co_0.5O_3-δ)-GDC (Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_{2– δ}) oxygen electrode with conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, GDC interlayer, and Ni-GDC hydrogen electrode. The LNC-GDC electrode, which contains no Sr, is formed with a nano-columnar and nano-porous structure by co-sputtering LNC oxide and Gd-Ce metal alloy targets. The all-sputtered TF-RSOC with LNC-GDC oxygen electrode has demonstrated extraordinarily high performance in the temperature range of 500–600 ℃, e.g., a peak power density of 2.49 W/cm² at 600℃ with H₂-3 % H₂O and air in fuel cell mode and a current density of 1.68 A/cm² at 600 ℃ and 1.29 V with 50 % H₂O–50 % H₂ in electrolysis mode. This performance vastly surpasses that of conventionally sintered RSOCs and TF-RSOCs with state-of-the-art oxygen electrodes, such as LSC (lanthanum strontium cobalt perovskite)-GDC. Cell/electrode structural analysis, electrochemical evaluation, and other characterizations have attributed the exceptional performance enhancement at low temperatures to the nano-columnar and nano-porous structure (with enlarged active area and low tortuosity for oxygen gas transport in electrolysis) and Sr-free composition (without Sr segregation which can cause performance to degrade) of the LNC-GDC electrode. This TF-RSOC has also shown stable performance in short-term (about 40 h) operation without structural failure or defects.

本文研究了全溅射薄膜可逆固体氧化物电池（TF-RSOC）的制备、电化学性能和操作。该TF-RSOC由新型LNC (La0.97Ni0.5Co0.5O3-δ)-GDC （Ce0.8Gd0.2O2 -δ）氧电极、传统的钇稳定氧化锆（YSZ）电解质、GDC中间层和Ni-GDC氢电极组成。通过共溅射LNC氧化物和Gd-Ce金属合金靶材，制备了不含Sr的LNC- gdc电极，电极具有纳米柱状和纳米多孔结构。采用LNC-GDC氧电极的全溅射TF-RSOC在500-600℃的温度范围内表现出了优异的性能，在燃料电池模式下，在600℃、H2-3 % H2O和空气条件下，峰值功率密度为2.49 W/cm2；在电解模式下，在600℃、50% H2O - 50% H2条件下，电流密度为1.68 a /cm2。这种性能大大超过了传统烧结rsoc和使用最先进的氧电极（如LSC（镧锶钴钙钛矿）-GDC）的tf - rsoc。电池/电极结构分析、电化学评价和其他表征都将低温下卓越的性能增强归功于LNC-GDC电极的纳米柱状和纳米多孔结构（在电解过程中具有较大的活性面积和较低的弯曲度，便于氧气输送）和无Sr成分（没有可能导致性能下降的Sr偏析）。该TF-RSOC在短期（约40小时）运行中也表现出稳定的性能，没有结构故障或缺陷。

{"title":"Nano-structured thin-film reversible solid oxide cells (TF-RSOCs) with exceptionally high performance at low temperatures (≤600℃)","authors":"Wonjong Yu , Sanghoon Lee , Ryosuke Shimizu , Sangwook Joo , Tuyen Q. Tran , Weikang Li , Guomin Zhu , Y. Shirley Meng , Nguyen Q. Minh","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the fabrication, electrochemical performance, and operation of an all-sputtered thin-film reversible solid oxide cell (TF-RSOC). This TF-RSOC incorporates new LNC (La<sub>0.97</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub>)-GDC (Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Gd<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2– δ</sub>) oxygen electrode with conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, GDC interlayer, and Ni-GDC hydrogen electrode. The LNC-GDC electrode, which contains no Sr, is formed with a nano-columnar and nano-porous structure by co-sputtering LNC oxide and Gd-Ce metal alloy targets. The all-sputtered TF-RSOC with LNC-GDC oxygen electrode has demonstrated extraordinarily high performance in the temperature range of 500–600 ℃, e.g., a peak power density of 2.49 W/cm<sup>2</sup> at 600℃ with H<sub>2</sub>-3 % H<sub>2</sub>O and air in fuel cell mode and a current density of 1.68 A/cm<sup>2</sup> at 600 ℃ and 1.29 V with 50 % H<sub>2</sub>O–50 % H<sub>2</sub> in electrolysis mode. This performance vastly surpasses that of conventionally sintered RSOCs and TF-RSOCs with state-of-the-art oxygen electrodes, such as LSC (lanthanum strontium cobalt perovskite)-GDC. Cell/electrode structural analysis, electrochemical evaluation, and other characterizations have attributed the exceptional performance enhancement at low temperatures to the nano-columnar and nano-porous structure (with enlarged active area and low tortuosity for oxygen gas transport in electrolysis) and Sr-free composition (without Sr segregation which can cause performance to degrade) of the LNC-GDC electrode. This TF-RSOC has also shown stable performance in short-term (about 40 h) operation without structural failure or defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mesopore-tunable synthesis of multihybrid organosilica nanoparticles with hierarchical biomimetic engineering for tumor-oriented sono-immunometabolic therapy 基于分层仿生工程的多杂化有机二氧化硅纳米颗粒介孔可调合成用于肿瘤定向声纳免疫代谢治疗

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.013

Cheng Zhang , Qinyi Chen , Shiyan Zhang, Yajie Sun, Jie Li, Yue Chen, Liyuan Zhang, Yingwen Pan, Wenpei Fan

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated solute carrier family 4 member 4 (SLC4A4) depletion represents a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating the acidic tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nonetheless, the pore sizes of biocompatible mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) are usually smaller than the dimensions of siRNA, thus constraining the encapsulation efficiency. Herein, a generic “in situ pore-tunable framework hybridization” strategy is introduced to synthesize a library of small-sized diselenide-bridged MONs (MSeNs) with accurate mesopore regulation and framework sonosensitizer hybridization. Afterward, a pore-enlarged MSeN is tailored to encapsulate SLC4A4 siRNA (siSLC4A4) for constructing a hybrid membrane-sheathed nanotracker. Inheriting the virtues of attenuated Salmonella outer membrane vesicle (OMV) and platelet membrane (Pm), the nanotracker can evade immune clearance in blood circulation while preserving immunogenic attributes. After selective internalization by tumor cells, acidity-driven swelling effects of chitosan and sono-detonated reactive oxygen species (ROS) explosion promote lysosomal escape of siSLC4A4. The acidity-alleviated tumor milieu synergizes with sono-induced immunogenic cell death to mutually reinforce antitumor immunity. Owing to the selective conjunction of Pm with tumor cells, the nanotracker precisely captures circulating tumor cells to counteract tumor metastasis. The tumor-oriented biomimetic nanotracker broadens a distinctive avenue to unleash self-complementary sono-immunotherapy for tumor regression and metastasis suppression.

小干扰RNA （siRNA）介导的溶质载体家族4成员4 （SLC4A4）耗损是缓解胰腺导管腺癌酸性肿瘤微环境的一种有前景的治疗策略。然而，生物相容性介孔有机二氧化硅纳米颗粒（MONs）的孔径通常小于siRNA的尺寸，从而限制了其包封效率。本文引入了一种通用的“原位孔可调框架杂化”策略，合成了具有精确介孔调节和框架声敏化杂化的小尺寸二硒桥化MONs （MSeNs）文库。然后，定制一个孔扩大的MSeN来封装SLC4A4 siRNA (siSLC4A4)，以构建混合膜套纳米跟踪器。该纳米跟踪器继承了减毒沙门氏菌外膜囊泡（OMV）和血小板膜（Pm）的优点，可以在血液循环中逃避免疫清除，同时保持免疫原性。在肿瘤细胞选择性内化后，壳聚糖的酸性驱动肿胀效应和声波引爆的活性氧（ROS）爆炸促进了siSLC4A4的溶酶体逃逸。酸缓解的肿瘤环境与声纳诱导的免疫原性细胞死亡协同作用，相互增强抗肿瘤免疫。由于Pm与肿瘤细胞的选择性结合，纳米跟踪器可以精确捕获循环肿瘤细胞以抵抗肿瘤转移。以肿瘤为导向的仿生纳米跟踪器为肿瘤消退和转移抑制的自互补超声免疫治疗开辟了一条独特的途径。

{"title":"Mesopore-tunable synthesis of multihybrid organosilica nanoparticles with hierarchical biomimetic engineering for tumor-oriented sono-immunometabolic therapy","authors":"Cheng Zhang , Qinyi Chen , Shiyan Zhang, Yajie Sun, Jie Li, Yue Chen, Liyuan Zhang, Yingwen Pan, Wenpei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated solute carrier family 4 member 4 (SLC4A4) depletion represents a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating the acidic tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nonetheless, the pore sizes of biocompatible mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) are usually smaller than the dimensions of siRNA, thus constraining the encapsulation efficiency. Herein, a generic “<em>in situ</em> pore-tunable framework hybridization” strategy is introduced to synthesize a library of small-sized diselenide-bridged MONs (MSeNs) with accurate mesopore regulation and framework sonosensitizer hybridization. Afterward, a pore-enlarged MSeN is tailored to encapsulate SLC4A4 siRNA (siSLC4A4) for constructing a hybrid membrane-sheathed nanotracker. Inheriting the virtues of attenuated Salmonella outer membrane vesicle (OMV) and platelet membrane (Pm), the nanotracker can evade immune clearance in blood circulation while preserving immunogenic attributes. After selective internalization by tumor cells, acidity-driven swelling effects of chitosan and sono-detonated reactive oxygen species (ROS) explosion promote lysosomal escape of siSLC4A4. The acidity-alleviated tumor milieu synergizes with sono-induced immunogenic cell death to mutually reinforce antitumor immunity. Owing to the selective conjunction of Pm with tumor cells, the nanotracker precisely captures circulating tumor cells to counteract tumor metastasis. The tumor-oriented biomimetic nanotracker broadens a distinctive avenue to unleash self-complementary sono-immunotherapy for tumor regression and metastasis suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 204-223"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural transformation of oxygen electrode from perovskite to Ruddlesden-Popper for enhanced reversible hydrogen production and power generation in protonic ceramic cells 质子陶瓷电池中钙钛矿到Ruddlesden-Popper氧电极的结构转变及可逆制氢和发电

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.013

Saroj Karki , Idris Temitope Bello , Yong Ding , Jiufeng Ruan , Anshu Kumari , Shuanglin Zheng , Yuqi Geng , Hanping Ding

The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has driven the development of reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs), which have unique capabilities for simultaneous power generation and hydrogen production. To advance this technology, electrodes with exceptional electrochemical performance, durability, and resilience to dynamic load fluctuations are urgently needed. This work proposes a novel Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) structured electrode, (Pr_0.6Sr_0.4)₂Ni_0.7Co_0.3O_4-δ (PSNC), produced by systematic strontium doping in PrNi_0.7Co_0.3O_3-δ (PNC) for intermediate-temperature reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells. The strategic Sr²⁺ substitution for Pr³⁺ causes a structural transition from an orthorhombic perovskite to a layered R-P phase, generating well-defined routes for improved ionic transport. Electrochemical characterizations reveal outstanding bifunctional performance, with the PSNC electrode obtaining a peak power density of 1.03 W cm⁻² in fuel cell mode and a current density of 1.30 A cm⁻² at 1.30 V in electrolysis mode at 600 °C. The cell demonstrates exceptional operational resilience and mechanical-electrochemical robustness, maintaining long-term stability despite vigorous dynamic voltage cycling. Faradaic efficiency experiments at 1.16 V under 50 % steam show up to 85 % efficiency and highly steady extended galvanostatic operation up to 2.0 A cm⁻², indicating the electrode’s durability and stability in harsh environments. Structural and interfacial investigations confirm the electrode’s pristine integrity and high compatibility with the electrolyte. These synergistic properties position PSNC as a promising choice for next-generation energy conversion devices, allowing for seamless transitions between power generation and hydrogen production under realistic conditions.

对可持续能源解决方案日益增长的需求推动了可逆质子陶瓷电化学电池（PCECs）的发展，该电池具有同时发电和制氢的独特能力。为了推进这项技术，迫切需要具有优异电化学性能、耐久性和动态负载波动弹性的电极。本文提出了一种新型的Ruddlesden-Popper （R-P）结构电极（Pr0.6Sr0.4）2Ni0.7Co0.3O4-δ (PSNC)，该电极是在PrNi0.7Co0.3O3-δ (PNC)中系统掺杂锶制备的，用于中温可逆质子陶瓷电化学电池。Sr2+对Pr3+的战略性取代导致从正交钙钛矿到层状R-P相的结构转变，为改善离子传输产生了明确的途径。电化学表征显示了出色的双功能性能，PSNC电极在燃料电池模式下的峰值功率密度为1.03 W cm−2，在600°C电解模式下，在1.30 V下的电流密度为1.30 a cm−2。该电池表现出卓越的操作弹性和机械电化学稳健性，即使在剧烈的动态电压循环下也能保持长期稳定性。在1.16 V和50%蒸汽条件下进行的法拉第效率实验表明，该电极的效率高达85%，并且高度稳定的扩展恒流工作高达2.0 A cm−2，表明该电极在恶劣环境下的耐久性和稳定性。结构和界面研究证实了电极的原始完整性和与电解质的高相容性。这些协同特性使PSNC成为下一代能量转换设备的有希望的选择，可以在现实条件下实现发电和制氢之间的无缝过渡。

{"title":"Structural transformation of oxygen electrode from perovskite to Ruddlesden-Popper for enhanced reversible hydrogen production and power generation in protonic ceramic cells","authors":"Saroj Karki , Idris Temitope Bello , Yong Ding , Jiufeng Ruan , Anshu Kumari , Shuanglin Zheng , Yuqi Geng , Hanping Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has driven the development of reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs), which have unique capabilities for simultaneous power generation and hydrogen production. To advance this technology, electrodes with exceptional electrochemical performance, durability, and resilience to dynamic load fluctuations are urgently needed. This work proposes a novel Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) structured electrode, (Pr<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ni<sub>0.7</sub>Co<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>4-δ</sub> (PSNC), produced by systematic strontium doping in PrNi<sub>0.7</sub>Co<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>3-δ</sub> (PNC) for intermediate-temperature reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells. The strategic Sr<sup>2+</sup> substitution for Pr<sup>3+</sup> causes a structural transition from an orthorhombic perovskite to a layered R-P phase, generating well-defined routes for improved ionic transport. Electrochemical characterizations reveal outstanding bifunctional performance, with the PSNC electrode obtaining a peak power density of 1.03 W cm<sup>−2</sup> in fuel cell mode and a current density of 1.30 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.30 V in electrolysis mode at 600 °C. The cell demonstrates exceptional operational resilience and mechanical-electrochemical robustness, maintaining long-term stability despite vigorous dynamic voltage cycling. Faradaic efficiency experiments at 1.16 V under 50 % steam show up to 85 % efficiency and highly steady extended galvanostatic operation up to 2.0 A cm<sup>−2</sup>, indicating the electrode’s durability and stability in harsh environments. Structural and interfacial investigations confirm the electrode’s pristine integrity and high compatibility with the electrolyte. These synergistic properties position PSNC as a promising choice for next-generation energy conversion devices, allowing for seamless transitions between power generation and hydrogen production under realistic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 232-243"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Concrete: From infrastructure to structural energy storage 混凝土：从基础设施到结构储能

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.016

Pan Feng , Zhaolong Liu , Long Yuan , Xin Liu , Ruidan Liu , Guanghui Tao , Zhenqi Yu , Xiangyu Meng , Jian Chen , Qianping Ran , Jinxiang Hong , Changwen Miao , Yang Lu , Jiaping Liu

Concrete, long the backbone of infrastructure, is now being reimagined as a platform for energy storage, uniting two foundations of civilization. This review introduces electrochemical energy storage concrete (E-concrete), a multifunctional material that integrates structural load-bearing with rechargeable energy storage. Leveraging concrete’s abundance, durability, and low cost, E-concrete offers a scalable route to transform infrastructure into a distributed energy storage network. To benchmark this emerging field, we propose the EC-score, the first comprehensive evaluation framework spanning both technical and sustainability metrics, including energy density, cycle life, mechanical strength, cost, scalability potential and safety. Using this framework, we trace the technological evolution of E-concrete, identify four principal development pathways, and reveal the role of concrete in electrochemical performance. Despite persistent challenges in cost, compatibility, and real-world deployment, E-concrete presents unprecedented opportunities for zero-energy buildings, off-grid resilience in extreme environments, and energy-autonomous infrastructure for the AI era. It redefines concrete as a material for both structure and storage, and as a bridge between infrastructure and energy in a net-zero future.

混凝土长期以来一直是基础设施的支柱，现在正被重新构想为能源储存的平台，将两种文明的基础结合在一起。本文介绍了电化学储能混凝土（E-concrete），一种集结构承载与可充电储能于一体的多功能材料。利用混凝土的丰富、耐用和低成本，E-concrete提供了一种可扩展的途径，将基础设施转变为分布式储能网络。为了对这一新兴领域进行基准测试，我们提出了EC-score，这是第一个涵盖技术和可持续性指标的综合评估框架，包括能量密度、循环寿命、机械强度、成本、可扩展性潜力和安全性。利用这一框架，我们追溯了e -混凝土的技术演变，确定了四个主要的发展途径，并揭示了混凝土在电化学性能中的作用。尽管在成本、兼容性和实际部署方面存在持续挑战，但E-concrete为零能耗建筑、极端环境下的离网弹性以及人工智能时代的能源自主基础设施提供了前所未有的机遇。它将混凝土重新定义为结构和存储材料，并作为基础设施和能源之间的桥梁，实现零净未来。

{"title":"Concrete: From infrastructure to structural energy storage","authors":"Pan Feng , Zhaolong Liu , Long Yuan , Xin Liu , Ruidan Liu , Guanghui Tao , Zhenqi Yu , Xiangyu Meng , Jian Chen , Qianping Ran , Jinxiang Hong , Changwen Miao , Yang Lu , Jiaping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete, long the backbone of infrastructure, is now being reimagined as a platform for energy storage, uniting two foundations of civilization. This review introduces electrochemical energy storage concrete (E-concrete), a multifunctional material that integrates structural load-bearing with rechargeable energy storage. Leveraging concrete’s abundance, durability, and low cost, E-concrete offers a scalable route to transform infrastructure into a distributed energy storage network. To benchmark this emerging field, we propose the EC-score, the first comprehensive evaluation framework spanning both technical and sustainability metrics, including energy density, cycle life, mechanical strength, cost, scalability potential and safety. Using this framework, we trace the technological evolution of E-concrete, identify four principal development pathways, and reveal the role of concrete in electrochemical performance. Despite persistent challenges in cost, compatibility, and real-world deployment, E-concrete presents unprecedented opportunities for zero-energy buildings, off-grid resilience in extreme environments, and energy-autonomous infrastructure for the AI era. It redefines concrete as a material for both structure and storage, and as a bridge between infrastructure and energy in a net-zero future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 364-374"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Scalable synthesis of semiconducting MoB2 nanosheets for flexible and multifunctional UV–Vis photodetection 用于柔性和多功能紫外-可见光检测的半导体MoB2纳米片的可扩展合成

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.008

Mizna Naseem , Muhammad Tahir , Jun Dai , Xiaolin Liu , Fazal Ul Nisa , Esha Maqbool , Waheed Ahmad , Muhammad Sabir , Dan Lu , Iqra Shahbaz , Zeyu Ma , Zhen Peng , Yixin Wang , Yihao Long , Liang He

Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for next-generation optoelectronic devices, yet the scalable production of semiconducting 2D transition metal borides (MBenes) remains a major challenge. In this work, we developed a rapid solid-state exfoliation strategy to directly obtain wide bandgap semiconducting molybdenum boride (SMB) nanosheets from commercial MoB₂ powder. The exfoliation process by lithium borohydride (LiBH₄)-assisted lithiation and hydrolysis enables efficient exfoliation of bulk MoB₂ into few-layer SMB nanosheets of lateral dimensions within minutes, overcoming the intrinsic metallic limitations of conventional MBenes. The synthesized SMB nanosheets were deposited via spray coating onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, followed by mask-assisted sputtering of Au contacts, and a low-power flexible broadband UV–visible (UV–vis) photodetector was fabricated. It exhibits excellent optoelectronic performance with a long-term stability, such as a high on-off ratio of 3.8 × 10³@0.1 V, an excellent responsivity (47 A W⁻¹), a high specific detectivity (7.9 × 10¹¹ Jones), and a rapid response/recovery (25 ms/48 ms). Beyond conventional photodetection, the flexible device enables real-time pulse monitoring, photoplethysmography (PPG), and imaging capabilities, underscoring its multifunctionality. This study presents a novel pathway for developing scalable, high-performance, and wearable optoelectronics devices based on 2D metal boride.

二维（2D）材料对下一代光电器件具有很大的前景，但半导体二维过渡金属硼化物（MBenes）的可扩展生产仍然是一个主要挑战。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种快速的固态剥离策略，直接从商业MoB2粉末中获得宽带隙半导体硼化钼（SMB）纳米片。通过硼氢化锂（LiBH4）辅助锂化和水解的剥离过程，可以在几分钟内将大块的MoB2有效地剥离成几层的SMB纳米片，克服了传统MBenes固有的金属局限性。将合成的SMB纳米片通过喷涂沉积在柔性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）衬底上，然后通过掩膜辅助溅射金触点，制成了低功耗柔性宽带紫外可见（UV-vis）光电探测器。它具有优异的光电性能和长期稳定性，如3.8 × 103@0.1 V的高通断比，出色的响应率（47 a W−1），高比探测率（7.9 × 1011 Jones）和快速响应/恢复（25 ms/48 ms）。除了传统的光探测之外，这种灵活的设备还具有实时脉冲监测、光电体积脉搏描记（PPG）和成像能力，强调了其多功能性。本研究为开发基于二维金属硼化物的可扩展、高性能和可穿戴光电子器件提供了一种新的途径。

{"title":"Scalable synthesis of semiconducting MoB2 nanosheets for flexible and multifunctional UV–Vis photodetection","authors":"Mizna Naseem , Muhammad Tahir , Jun Dai , Xiaolin Liu , Fazal Ul Nisa , Esha Maqbool , Waheed Ahmad , Muhammad Sabir , Dan Lu , Iqra Shahbaz , Zeyu Ma , Zhen Peng , Yixin Wang , Yihao Long , Liang He","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for next-generation optoelectronic devices, yet the scalable production of semiconducting 2D transition metal borides (MBenes) remains a major challenge. In this work, we developed a rapid solid-state exfoliation strategy to directly obtain wide bandgap semiconducting molybdenum boride (SMB) nanosheets from commercial MoB<sub>2</sub> powder. The exfoliation process by lithium borohydride (LiBH<sub>4</sub>)-assisted lithiation and hydrolysis enables efficient exfoliation of bulk MoB<sub>2</sub> into few-layer SMB nanosheets of lateral dimensions within minutes, overcoming the intrinsic metallic limitations of conventional MBenes. The synthesized SMB nanosheets were deposited <em>via</em> spray coating onto a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, followed by mask-assisted sputtering of Au contacts, and a low-power flexible broadband UV–visible (UV–vis) photodetector was fabricated. It exhibits excellent optoelectronic performance with a long-term stability, such as a high on-off ratio of 3.8 × 10<sup>3</sup>@0.1 V, an excellent responsivity (47 A W<sup>−1</sup>), a high specific detectivity (7.9 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones), and a rapid response/recovery (25 ms/48 ms). Beyond conventional photodetection, the flexible device enables real-time pulse monitoring, photoplethysmography (PPG), and imaging capabilities, underscoring its multifunctionality. This study presents a novel pathway for developing scalable, high-performance, and wearable optoelectronics devices based on 2D metal boride.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electrolyte engineering and nanoarchitectonics for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: Challenges, solutions, and practical applications 水溶液锌离子电池的电解质工程和纳米结构：挑战、解决方案和实际应用

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.003

Rongyu Deng , Ming Hao , Yi Yuan , Jieshuangyang Chen , Fulu Chu , Alex W. Robertson , Mengting Liu , Feixiang Wu

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are widely regarded as a promising next-generation energy storage technology owing to their safety, sustainability, and low cost. Despite these advantages, their practical implementation remains limited by intrinsic challenges such as hydrogen evolution, dendrite growth, corrosion, passivation, and the inherently narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. To overcome these limitations, extensive research efforts have focused on electrolyte engineering, which has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to regulate interfacial reactions and enhance electrochemical stability. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in electrolyte design, encompassing salt optimization, solvent tailoring, additive regulation, and the development of quasi-solid-state and solid-state electrolytes, highlighting how each strategy addresses fundamental failure mechanisms. Unlike previous reviews that primarily focus on conventional operating conditions, this work emphasizes electrolyte innovations under extreme temperature environments, an essential yet underexplored dimension for practical deployment. By integrating mechanistic insights with design principles for temperature-resilient electrolytes, this review provides a forward-looking perspective and practical guidance to accelerate the advancement of robust, scalable AZIB technologies.

水溶液锌离子电池（azib）由于其安全、可持续性和低成本等优点，被广泛认为是一种有前途的新一代储能技术。尽管有这些优点，但它们的实际应用仍然受到诸如析氢、枝晶生长、腐蚀、钝化以及水性电解质固有的狭窄电化学稳定性窗口等内在挑战的限制。为了克服这些限制，广泛的研究工作集中在电解质工程上，这已经成为调节界面反应和提高电化学稳定性的最有效策略之一。本文系统总结了电解质设计的最新进展，包括盐优化、溶剂裁剪、添加剂调节以及准固态和固态电解质的发展，重点介绍了每种策略如何解决基本失效机制。与以往主要关注常规操作条件的综述不同，这项工作强调了极端温度环境下的电解质创新，这是实际部署的一个重要但尚未开发的维度。通过将机理见解与温度弹性电解质的设计原则相结合，本综述为加速稳健、可扩展的AZIB技术的发展提供了前瞻性视角和实用指导。

{"title":"Electrolyte engineering and nanoarchitectonics for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: Challenges, solutions, and practical applications","authors":"Rongyu Deng , Ming Hao , Yi Yuan , Jieshuangyang Chen , Fulu Chu , Alex W. Robertson , Mengting Liu , Feixiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are widely regarded as a promising next-generation energy storage technology owing to their safety, sustainability, and low cost. Despite these advantages, their practical implementation remains limited by intrinsic challenges such as hydrogen evolution, dendrite growth, corrosion, passivation, and the inherently narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. To overcome these limitations, extensive research efforts have focused on electrolyte engineering, which has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to regulate interfacial reactions and enhance electrochemical stability. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in electrolyte design, encompassing salt optimization, solvent tailoring, additive regulation, and the development of quasi-solid-state and solid-state electrolytes, highlighting how each strategy addresses fundamental failure mechanisms. Unlike previous reviews that primarily focus on conventional operating conditions, this work emphasizes electrolyte innovations under extreme temperature environments, an essential yet underexplored dimension for practical deployment. By integrating mechanistic insights with design principles for temperature-resilient electrolytes, this review provides a forward-looking perspective and practical guidance to accelerate the advancement of robust, scalable AZIB technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 43-64"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flexoelectric tunnel junctions based on centrosymmetric dielectric monolayer 基于中心对称介质单层的柔性电隧道结

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.018

Qilong Cui , Qirui Cui , Weng Fu Io , Jianfeng Mao , Zhanfeng Liu , Wen Zhu , Feng Guo , Yifei Zhao , Zhaoying Dang , Zehan Wu , Anna Delin , Li Song , Jianhua Hao

Polar structures in materials provide a new pathway for controlling electron transfer in nanodevices, but are restricted to a limited number of ferroelectric materials. Here, we circumvent these limitations by developing flexoelectric tunnel junctions (FleTJs) based on centrosymmetric dielectric monolayers. In the prototype device, the flexoelectric effect induces strong electrostatic polarization fields in 1-nm-thick CrOCl monolayer barriers, which effectively modulate the band alignment of the junction, ultimately yeilding switchable conductance states with high tunnelling electroresistance (TER) up to 4 × 10². More importantly, the resistance state can be switched at a loading force as low as 253 nN, preserving the morphology of the barrier layer and ensuring excellent endurance performance for memory applications. This work establishes a versatile mechanical approach for manipulating tunnel currents at the atomic scale, advancing fundamental insights into nanoscale flexoelectricity and expanding the potential of layered dielectrics for next-generation electronics.

材料中的极性结构为控制纳米器件中的电子转移提供了新的途径，但仅限于有限数量的铁电材料。在这里，我们通过开发基于中心对称介质单层的柔性电隧道结（fletj）来绕过这些限制。在原型器件中，挠性电效应在1纳米厚的CrOCl单层势垒中诱导出强大的静电极化场，有效地调制结的带向，最终产生具有高达4 × 102的高隧穿电阻（TER）的可切换电导状态。更重要的是，电阻状态可以在低至253 nN的加载力下切换，保持势垒层的形态，并确保存储器应用的优异耐用性能。这项工作建立了一种在原子尺度上操纵隧道电流的通用机械方法，推进了对纳米尺度柔性电的基本见解，并扩大了下一代电子产品层状介电材料的潜力。

{"title":"Flexoelectric tunnel junctions based on centrosymmetric dielectric monolayer","authors":"Qilong Cui , Qirui Cui , Weng Fu Io , Jianfeng Mao , Zhanfeng Liu , Wen Zhu , Feng Guo , Yifei Zhao , Zhaoying Dang , Zehan Wu , Anna Delin , Li Song , Jianhua Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polar structures in materials provide a new pathway for controlling electron transfer in nanodevices, but are restricted to a limited number of ferroelectric materials. Here, we circumvent these limitations by developing flexoelectric tunnel junctions (FleTJs) based on centrosymmetric dielectric monolayers. In the prototype device, the flexoelectric effect induces strong electrostatic polarization fields in 1-nm-thick CrOCl monolayer barriers, which effectively modulate the band alignment of the junction, ultimately yeilding switchable conductance states with high tunnelling electroresistance (TER) up to 4 × 10<sup>2</sup>. More importantly, the resistance state can be switched at a loading force as low as 253 nN, preserving the morphology of the barrier layer and ensuring excellent endurance performance for memory applications. This work establishes a versatile mechanical approach for manipulating tunnel currents at the atomic scale, advancing fundamental insights into nanoscale flexoelectricity and expanding the potential of layered dielectrics for next-generation electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode for advanced alkali metal-sulfur batteries: Synthesis, structure, mechanism, and application 高级碱金属-硫电池用硫化聚丙烯腈阴极：合成、结构、机理及应用

IF 22 1区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Today

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.006

Qiang Wu , Yuanke Wu , Mingsheng Qin , Haolin Zhu , Shijie Cheng , Jia Xie

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a promising cathode candidate for advanced alkali metal-sulfur batteries (AMSBs), offering exceptional sulfur utilization (>90%), compatibility with carbonate electrolytes, and remarkable cycling stability. Unlike traditional elemental sulfur cathodes, SPAN’s unique structure and reaction mechanism effectively mitigate polysulfide dissolution and electrode volume expansion—two critical challenges hindering AMSBs’ commercialization. However, practical implementation remains constrained by ambiguities chemical structures, sluggish reaction kinetics, and limited sulfur content (<50%). This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in SPAN synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical mechanisms while critically evaluating modification strategies such as carbon hybridization, heteroatom doping, and morphology control. Furthermore, we further discuss SPAN’s application in Li/Na/K–S batteries and propose a roadmap for achieving high-energy–density (>500 Wh kg⁻¹) storage systems through coordinated material design and process optimization. By bridging fundamental insights with engineering challenges, this work aims to accelerate the development of SPAN-based AMSBs for sustainable energy storage.

硫化聚丙烯腈（SPAN）是一种很有前途的先进碱金属硫电池（AMSBs）阴极候选者，具有优异的硫利用率（>90%），与碳酸盐电解质的相容性以及卓越的循环稳定性。与传统的单质硫阴极不同，SPAN独特的结构和反应机制有效地缓解了多硫化物溶解和电极体积膨胀，这是阻碍AMSBs商业化的两个关键挑战。然而，实际应用仍然受到化学结构模糊、反应动力学迟缓和硫含量有限（50%）的限制。本文综合分析了SPAN合成、结构表征和电化学机理的最新进展，同时对碳杂化、杂原子掺杂和形态控制等改性策略进行了批判性评价。此外，我们进一步讨论了SPAN在Li/Na/ K-S电池中的应用，并提出了通过协调材料设计和工艺优化实现高能量密度（>500 Wh kg - 1）存储系统的路线图。通过将基本见解与工程挑战相结合，这项工作旨在加速基于span的AMSBs的可持续能源存储的开发。

{"title":"Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile cathode for advanced alkali metal-sulfur batteries: Synthesis, structure, mechanism, and application","authors":"Qiang Wu , Yuanke Wu , Mingsheng Qin , Haolin Zhu , Shijie Cheng , Jia Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mattod.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a promising cathode candidate for advanced alkali metal-sulfur batteries (AMSBs), offering exceptional sulfur utilization (>90%), compatibility with carbonate electrolytes, and remarkable cycling stability. Unlike traditional elemental sulfur cathodes, SPAN’s unique structure and reaction mechanism effectively mitigate polysulfide dissolution and electrode volume expansion—two critical challenges hindering AMSBs’ commercialization. However, practical implementation remains constrained by ambiguities chemical structures, sluggish reaction kinetics, and limited sulfur content (<50%). This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in SPAN synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical mechanisms while critically evaluating modification strategies such as carbon hybridization, heteroatom doping, and morphology control. Furthermore, we further discuss SPAN’s application in Li/Na/K–S batteries and propose a roadmap for achieving high-energy–density (>500 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>) storage systems through coordinated material design and process optimization. By bridging fundamental insights with engineering challenges, this work aims to accelerate the development of SPAN-based AMSBs for sustainable energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":387,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 65-83"},"PeriodicalIF":22.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0